The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications Author Sacchetti, Claudia 0000-0002-3225-3139 claudiasacc@icloud.com Author Landau, Bernard 0000-0002-7768-8494 bernardmlandau@gmail.com Author Ávila, Sérgio P. 0000-0002-3225-3139 claudiasacc@icloud.com text Zootaxa 2023 2023-05-24 5295 1 1 150 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1 journal article 53396 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1 82286fdc-a858-447c-9980-da2e8985d19c 1175-5326 7965273 F3A52660-70B8-439F-A7A0-F45ADC975EA5 Talisman scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) Plate 4 B * Murex scrobilator Linnaeus 1758: 749 . Murex rana var. Brocchi 1814: 401 ( non Murex rana Linnaeus, 1758 ). Triton scrobiculator Lamarck 1816: 4 , pl. 414, fig. 1. Bufonaria pesleonis Schumacher 1817: 252 . Triton scrobiculator Lamarck 1822: 180 . Murex nodosus Borson 1825: 310 . Ranella tuberculata Risso 1826: 203 , pl. 9, fig. 123. Triton scrobiculator Lam. — Bellardi & Michelotti 1840: 33 , pl. 2, fig. 7. Triton scrobiculator Lamarck — Reeve 1844a , pl. 8, fig. 28. Ranella coriacea Reeve 1844b , pl. 4, fig. 26. Ranella nodosa Sismonda 1847: 40 . Apollon quercina M̂rch 1852: 106. Ranella scrobiculata Kiener —Ĥrnes 1853: 212, pl. 21, figs. 3-5. Ranella nodosa E. Sism. — D’Ancona 1872: 61 , pl. 8, figs. 5a, b. Ranella nodosa (Bors.) — Bellardi 1873: 233 , pl. 15, fig. 5. Ranella ( Apollon ) nodosa (Bors.) var. subanodosa Sacco 1904: 39 , pl. 11, fig. 1. Ranella ( Apollon ) nodosa (Bors.) var. mioquinqueseriata Sacco 1904: 39 , pl. 11, fig. 2. Bursa ( Bufonariella ) scrobiculata , Linnaeo , with eight varieties—Settepassi 1970: Cymatiidae vii, pl. 5, figs. 14, 15; pl. 6, figs. 16-18. Bursa ( Bufonariella ) scrobiculator nodosa (Borson) — Caprotti 1970: 172 , pl. 6, fig. 3. Bursa ( Bufonariella ) nodosa ( Borson, 1825 ) — Pavia 1976b: 153 , pl. 2, figs. 2, 5. Ranella tuberculata Risso, 1826 — Arnaud 1978: 139 , pl. 10, fig. 167. Bursa ( Bufonariella ) scrobiculator (Linné 1758) — Cuerda Barceló 1987: 265 , pl. 23, fig. 2. Bursa nodosa ( Borson, 1825 ) — Damarco 1993: 75 , fig. unnumbered. Bursa ( Colubrellina ) scrobilator scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) — Cossignani 1994: 88 , 89. Bursa ( Colubrellina ) scrobilator coriacea (Reeve, 1844) — Cossignani 1994: 89 , fig. unnumbered. Bursa ( Bufonariella ) nodosa ( Borson, 1825 ) — Bałuk 1995: 210 , pl. 18, figs. 4-5. Bursa ( Colubrellina ) scrobilator scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) — Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. 1997: 242 , figs. 903, 904. Bursa scrobiculator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) — Verdejo Guirao 2001: 14-18 , figs. 2-17. Bursa scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) — Landau et al. 2004b: 66 , pl. 5, figs. 3-5, pl. 10, fig. 1. Bursa scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) —Rolán 2005: 99, pl. 28, fig. 419. Bursa scrobilator (Linné, 1758) —Chirli 2008: 103, pl. 37, figs. 11–16, pl. 38, figs. 1–4. Bursa scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) — Landau et al . 2009: 75 , pl. 7, figs. 10-11. Bursa scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) —Hernández et al. 2011: 512, figs. 56 F-H. Bursa scrobiculator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) — Landau et al . 2011: 19 , pl. 8, fig. 6. Santa Maria material examined. Maximum height 9.0 mm, width 6.0 mm. Two specimens from LNEG collection (unnumbered specimen), Ponta do Norte lighthouse, DBUA-F 829-1 (1) Ponta do Castelo ; DBUA-F 830 -D (1), Ponta dos Frades ; one specimen from LNEG collection (unnumbered), Ponta dos Cedros , Santa Maria Island , Azores , Touril Complex , Lower Pliocene . Description. ‘ coriacea form’: “ Shell medium-sized, solid, fusiform, slightly dorsoventrally compressed, with an elevated, scalate spire. Protoconch dome-shaped, of 3.25 smooth convex whorls, diameter 2.0 mm, height 1.83 mm, with small nucleus, diameter 0.29 mm, suture impressed. Junction with teleoconch sharply delimited, prosocline. Teleoconch of five angular whorls separated by superficial, linear suture. Spire whorls with very broad, concave sutural ramp, delimited by rounded spiral cord forming periphery, and by narrow concave abapical potion. Axial sculpture of 11-12 almost obsolete ribs, developed only on spiral sculpture, where small, rounded nodules are formed. Entire teleoconch surface covered in fine spiral sculpture of horizontally elongate granules. Varices present on all whorls at intervals of c.190º. Last whorl approximately 70% total height, convex, slightly angled at shoulder just above mid-whorl, rounded at base. Last whorl bears four subobsolete nodular cords, adapical cord most strongly developed and most nodular; cords weaken abapically. Aperture ovate, approximately 50% total height. Outer lip convex, thickened by prominent labial varix, deticulate within, with four to five sets of denticles, each set consisting of two or, in a few specimens, three denticles. Anal canal shallow, narrow; siphonal canal short, narrow, strongly adaxially recurved. Columella concave, with narrow parietal fold, below which entire columella bears numerous irregular elongate ridges. Parietal and columellar callus thickened, weakly expanded, sharply delimited. Columellar callus slightly detached over neck. Siphonal fasciole very short, bearing eight to ten finely beaded secondary spiral cords ”. ( Landau et al. 2004b: 67 ). Discussion. In their molecular phylogeny of frog shells, Sanders et al . (2020) found the genus Bursa R̂ding, 1798 to be polyphyletic, and resurrected the monotypic genus Talisman de Folin, 1887 for the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Murex scrobilator Linnaeus, 1758 . As discussed by Landau et al. (2004b: 67) two forms occur, the ‘ nodosa ’ Borson, 1825 and the ‘ coriacea ’ Reeve 1844. As suggested by the name, the ‘ nodosa ’ form has larger and fewer tubercles placed at the shoulder than the typical Mediterranean form of Talisman scrobilator ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) and the ‘ coriacea ’ form is relatively smooth compared to typical present-day Mediterranean form. Those authors considered these forms to represent extreme morphotypes of a single species. The specimen from the Azores is juvenile but suggests that it belongs to the ‘ coriacea ’ form which today occurs along the west coast of Africa, from Morocco to Angola , including the Azores. In fact, those authors stressed that in the Azores the typical scrobilator and ‘ coriacea ’ forms coexist, suggesting that they do indeed represent a single species. For further discussion, see Landau et al. (2004 b , 2009). Distribution. Talisman scrobilator , ‘ nodosa form’: Middle Miocene: Paratethys Austria , (Ĥrnes 1856; Landau et al . 2009 ), Poland ( Bałuk 1995 ). Upper Miocene: Proto-Mediterranean, Italy ( Bellardi 1873 ; Sacco 1904 ), France (Cossmann & Peyrot 1924). Lower Pliocene: central Mediterranean, Italy ( Bellardi 1873 ; Pavia 1976b ; Chirli 2008). Upper Pliocene: western Mediterranean, Estepona Basin, Spain ( Landau et al . 2004b ); central Mediterranean, Italy ( Bellardi 1873 ; Glibert 1963 ; Sacco 1904 ; Caprotti 1970 ; Damarco 1993 ). Lower Pleistocene: Agaete, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands ( Meco et al. 2002 ); Balearic Islands ( Cuerda Barceló 1987 ). Talisman scrobilator , ‘ coriacea form’: Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (this paper); Guadalquivir Basin, Spain ( Landau et al . 2011 ). Upper Pliocene: western Mediterranean, Estepona Basin, Spain ( Landau et al ., 2004b ). Lower Pleistocene boundary: Caribbean, Moin Formation, Costa Rica ( Gabb, 1881 ; BLP coll.; Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, many localities; Tulane University collections, now in USNM and IGNS). Present-day: Mediterranean, Straits of Gibraltar , Portugal and Canaries (Hernández et al. , 2011), and northern Morocco ( B. scrobilator , (“typical” form); southwards along the West African coast, Madeira, Cabo Verde Islands and Selvagens Islands (Rolán, 2005) to Angola (“ coriacea ” form); the two forms intergrade at the Azores. Lives on rocky shores, 10-100m depth ( Poppe & Goto, 1991 ).