Identification key to the genera of adult female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Singapore Author Yeo, Huiqing Author Tan, Cheong-Huat Author Chong, Chee-Seng Author Lam-Phua, Sai-Gek text Zootaxa 2019 2019-07-01 4624 3 407 423 journal article 26207 10.11646/zootaxa.4624.3.9 48b848af-f1fa-4cd4-b60c-805d59ec5a7e 1175-5326 3335864 A1C2A5CA-8231-4E70-925E-184F0808F88C Key to the genera of mosquitoes in Singapore (adult females) 1 Apical half of proboscis sharply bent downwards and distinctly more slender than basal half ( Fig. 3A ); wing margin with Vshaped notch just beyond tip of vein CuA ( Fig. 3C ); large mosquito ( Fig. 3E )......................... Toxorhynchites - Apical half of proboscis not sharply bent downward, uniform in thickness throughout ( Fig. 3B ); wing margin without Vshaped notch just beyond tip of vein CuA ( Fig. 3D ); mosquito not as large ( Fig. 3F )............................... 2 2(1) Scutellum evenly rounded ( Fig. 4A ); maxillary palpus about as long as proboscis ( Fig. 4C )................. Anopheles - Scutellum trilobed ( Fig. 4B ); maxillary palpus shorter than proboscis ( Fig. 4D )................................... 3 3(2) Thoracic pleura (lateral thoracic surface) with conspicuous vertical stripe of broad silvery scales extending from area above paratergite to midcoxa ( Fig. 4E )............................................................... Zeugnomyia - Thoracic pleura (lateral thoracic surface) without conspicuous vertical stripe of broad silvery scales ( Fig. 4F ).......... 4 4(3) Vein 1A ends before (proximal to) or at origin of mcu ( Fig. 5A ); upper calypter bare ( Fig. 5C )...................... 5 - Vein 1A ends beyond (distal to) origin of mcu ( Fig. 5B ); upper calypter fringed ( Fig. 5D ) or bare.................... 8 5(4) Scutum with median longitudinal stripe of metallic scales ( Fig. 5E ); alula with piliform scales ( Fig. 5G ).............. 6 - Scutal ornamentation otherwise ( Fig. 5F ); alula bare ( Fig. 5H ) or with broad, flat recumbent scales................... 7 6(5) Tip of proboscis swollen, upturned and covered with numerous long setae ( Fig. 6A )........................ Malaya - Tip of proboscis usually slender, if slightly swollen then not upturned and not covered with numerous long setae ( Fig. 6B )............................................................................................ Topomyia FIGURE 3. (A) Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) ; (B) Anopheles epiroticus Linton & Harbach ; (C) Tx. splendens ; (D) An. epiroticus ; (E) Tx. leicesteri Theobald ; (F) Aedes malayensis Colless. FIGURE 4. (A) Anopheles kochi Dönitz ; (B) Coquillettidia nigrosignata (Edwards) ; (C) An. epiroticus Linton & Harbach ; (D) Aedes vigilax (Skuse) ; (E) Zeugnomyia gracilis Leicester ; (F) Verrallina sp. 7(5) Cell R 2 of wing as long as or longer than vein R 2+3 ( Fig. 6C ); wing scales truncate ( Fig. 6E ).................. Hodgesia - Cell R 2 of wing always shorter than vein R 2+3 ( Fig. 6D ); wing scales not truncate ( Fig. 6F )................ Uranotaenia 8(4) Tibia and femur of mid- and hindlegs with prominent distal tufts of scales ( Fig. 7A ); antennal flagellomeres short and thick ( Fig. 7C ).................................................................................. Aedeomyia - Tibia and femur of mid- and hindlegs without prominent distal tufts of scales ( Fig. 7B ); antennal flagellomeres not short and thick ( Fig. 7D )...................................................................................... 9 9(8) Antepronota enlarged and close together behind head ( Fig. 7E , shaded grey); scutum with broad, shiny metallic scales ( Fig. 7G )..................................................................................... Heizmannia - Antepronota not enlarged and well separated behind head ( Fig. 7F , shaded grey); scutum without broad, shiny metallic scales ( Fig. 7H )......................................................................................... 10 10(9) Tarsomere 1 of fore- and midlegs distinctly longer than combined length of tarsomeres 2 to 5 ( Fig. 8A ); wings with distinct pale and dark spots ( Fig. 8C )............................................................... Orthopodomyia - Tarsomere 1 of fore- and midlegs not distinctly longer than combined length of tarsomeres 2 to 5 ( Fig. 8B ); wings without distinct pale and dark spots (except Culex mimulus Edwards ) ( Fig. 8D )........................................ 11 FIGURE 5. (A) Uranotaenia sp.; (B) Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) ; (C) Malaya genurostris Leicester ; (D) Ae. aegypti ; (E) Ml. genurostris ; (F) Uranotaenia sp.; (G) Ml. genurostris ; (H) Uranotaenia sp. FIGURE 6. (A) Malaya genurostris Leicester ; (B) Topomyia sp. (courtesy of WRBU); (C) Hodgesia sp.; (D) Uranotaenia sp.; (E) Hodgesia sp.; (F) Uranotaenia sp. 11(10) Proboscis laterally compressed (proboscis thicker when viewed laterally compared to dorsally) and curved downwards ( Fig. 9A ); base of hindcoxa more or less in line with or slightly above dorsal margin of mesomeron ( Fig. 9C, E )..... Armigeres - Proboscis not curved downward and not laterally compressed (proboscis about same thickness when viewed laterally and dorsally) ( Fig. 9B ); base of hindcoxa mostly well below dorsal margin of mesomeron ( Fig. 9D, F ).................. 12 12(11) Postspiracular setae absent ( Fig. 9G )................................................................... 13 - Postspiracular setae present ( Fig. 9H ).................................................................. 19 13(12) Antennal flagellomere 1 approximately 3 times as long as flagellomere 2 ( Fig. 10A ); maxillary palpus as long as clypeus ( Fig. 10C )....................................................................................... Ficalbia - Antennal flagellomere 1 approximately same length as flagellomere 2 ( Fig. 10B ); maxillary palpus longer than clypeus ( Fig. 10D )............................................................................................ 14 14(13) Alula bare or with broad, flat decumbent scales ( Fig. 10E ); tip of proboscis slightly swollen ( Fig. 10G )....... Mimomyia FIGURE 7. (A) Aedeomyia catasticta Knab ; (B) Coquillettidia crassipes (van der Wulp) ; (C) Ad. catasticta ; (D) Tripteroides tenax (de Meijere) ; (E) Heizmannia scintillans Ludlow ; (F) Tp. tenax ; (G) Heizmannia sp.; (H) Culex sitiens Wiedemann. FIGURE 8. (A) Orthopodomyia sp. (courtesy of WRBU); (B) Aedes malayensis Colless ; (C) Orthopodomyia sp.; (D) Coquillettidia crassipes (van der Wulp) . - Alula with fringe of hair-like scales ( Fig. 10F ); tip of proboscis not swollen ( Fig. 10H )........................... 15 15(14) Yellow- to orange-colored mosquitoes, sometimes with purplish scales ( Fig. 11A ); scutum with sparse yellow scales ( Fig. 11C )................................................................................... Coquillettidia - Dull brown-coloured mosquitoes, or with silvery iridescent scales ( Fig. 11B ); scutum covered with numerous scales ( Fig. 11D )............................................................................................ 16 FIGURE 9. (A) Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) ; (B) Aedes malayensis Colless ; (C) Ar. subalbatus ; (D) Ae. malayensis ; (E) Ar. subalbatus ; (F) Verrallina sp.; (G) Coquillettidia crassipes (van der Wulp) ; (H) Ae. malayensis (inset: Ae. caecus Theobald). FIGURE 10. (A) Ficalbia minima (Theobald) ; (B) Mimomyia chamberlaini metallica (Leicester) ; (C) Fi. minima ; (D) Mi. c. metallica ; (E) Mi. hybrida (Leicester) ; (F) Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) ; (G) Mi. luzonensis (Ludlow) ; (H) Ae. vigilax (Skuse) . FIGURE 11. (A) Coquillettidia crassipes (van der Wulp) ; (B) Culex bitaeniorhynchus Giles ; (C) Cq. crassipes ; (D) Cx. sitiens Wiedemann. 16(15) Pulvilli well developed (conspicuous) on all tarsi, most prominent on mid- and hindlegs ( Fig. 12A ); prespiracular setae absent ( Fig.12C, E )...................................................................................... 17 - Pulvilli inconspicuous, seemingly absent on all tarsi ( Fig. 12B ); prespiracular setae present ( Fig. 12D, F ), not to be confused with postpronotal setae.............................................................................. 18 17(16) Lower mesepimeron with fewer than 4 setae ( Fig. 12G )................................................. Culex - Lower mesepimeron with 4 or more setae ( Fig. 12H )................................................... Lutzia 18(16) Prealar knob with 1 or 2 setae ( Fig. 13A ); remigial setae absent ( Fig. 13C )............................. Tripteroides - Prealar knob with numerous setae ( Fig. 13B ); remigial setae present ( Fig. 13D )............................ Culiseta 19(12) Wing with mixture of broad dark and pale asymmetrical scales ( Fig. 13E ); abdominal tergum VIII short and broad, appearing blunt when viewed dorsally ( Fig. 13G )........................................................... Mansonia - Wing scales not usually broad, usually symmetrical ( Fig 13F ); abdominal tergum VIII tapered posteriorly, appearing pointed when viewed dorsally ( Fig. 13H )...................................................................... 20 20(19) Head with distinctive spoon-shaped patch of silver scales between eyes extending to antennal pedicels ( Fig. 14A ); yellowbrown mosquitoes with silver scales ( Fig. 14C )....................................................... Udaya - Head without silver scales between eyes, if pale scales present, not in spoon-shaped patch and not extending to antennal pedicels ( Fig. 14B ); color and scales otherwise ( Fig. 14D )................................... Aedes and Verrallina