Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae) Author Schools, Molly 0000-0002-2687-7885 molly.schools@temple.edu Author Hedges, S. Blair 0000-0002-0652-2411 sbh @ temple. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0652 - 2411 sbh@temple.edu text Zootaxa 2021 2021-05-20 4974 2 201 257 journal article 6363 10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1 16a1742e-cafe-4c2e-a8c3-2e1b3b57d456 1175-5326 4775440 0CCA430E-5601-42CB-847F-87B22BFD3112 Genus Sauresia Gray, 1852 Long-headed Four-toed Forest Lizards Fig. 19 Sauresia Gray, 1852:282 . Type species: Sauresia sepsoides Gray, 1852:282 , by original designation. Embryopus Weinland, 1863:135 . Type species: Embryopus habichii Weinland, 1863:135 , by original designation. FIGURE 19. (A) In life image of Sauresia sepsoides (Voucher not available, SBH 267756). Photograph by S. B. Hedges. (B) The distribution of Sauresia on Hispaniola and islets. Arrow indicates distribution on Grande Cayemite. Diagnosis. Species of Sauresia have (1) claw sheath, present, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, four, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–12, (9) dorsal scale rows, 101–127, (10) relative head width, 9.36–12.2, (11) relative rostral height, 41.3–66.2, (12) relative frontonasal length, 1.70–2.56, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.431, (14) relative axilla-groin distance 63.9–69.9. From Advenus gen. nov. , we distinguish Sauresia by the digits per limb (four versus five in Advenus gen. nov. ), the longest toe lamellae (8–12 versus 16–17), the dorsal scale rows (101–127 versus 96), the distance between the parietal scales (0–0.431 versus 0.632), and the relative axilla-groin distance (63.9–69.9 versus 60.0). From Caribicus gen. nov. , we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus absent in Caribicus gen. nov. ), keels on the dorsal body scales (absent versus their presence in Caribicus gen. nov. ), digits per limb (four versus five), relative frontonasal length (1.70–2.56 versus 2.98–3.32), and the distance between the parietal scales (0– 0.431 versus 0.468–1.42). From Celestus , we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Celestus ) and the digits per limb (four versus five). From Comptus gen. nov. , we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Comptus gen. nov. ), keels on the dorsal body scales (absent versus their presence in Comptus gen. nov. ), digits per limb (four versus five), the longest toe lamellae (8–12 versus 13–23), the relative frontonasal length (1.70–2.56 versus 2.95–3.65), and the relative axilla-groin distance (63.9–69.9 versus 51.9–60.0). From Panolopus , we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Panolopus ), digits per limb (four versus five), dorsal scale rows (101–127 versus 83–100), and the relative axilla-groin distance (63.9–69.9 versus 49.7–59.6). From Wetmorena , we distinguish Sauresia by the distance between the parietal scales (0–0.431 versus 0.447–1.03). Content. One species ( Table 3 ): Sauresia sepsoides . Distribution. Sauresia is only known from Hispaniola but is notably absent from the driest parts of the island, including northwestern Haiti and some areas in the southern Dominican Republic ( Fig. 19 ). Etymology. The generic name ( Sauresia ) is a feminine noun derived from the Greek word sauros (lizard) and the suffix - esia (originating within), alluding to the fact that members of this genus resemble snakes but are actually lizards. Remarks. Sauresia is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses ( Fig. 2 ). For most of the time since it was named in 1852, Sauresia has been recognized as a valid genus, distinct from Celestus . The genus was synonomized with Celestus by Hass et al. (2001) because their study using immunological data found relationships that differed from previous studies ( Savage & Lips 1993 ). Our study shows that the stem divergence time of Sauresia is comparable to the stem times of other genera of celestines ( Fig. 3 ). Our phylogenies also show high levels of divergence (4–7 Mya) among populations of this species ( Fig. 3 ). These results, together with other molecular and morphological data, and greater sampling of populations, indicate that the genus Sauresia includes at least 11 additional species (Schools & Hedges, unpubl.).