Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Augiades Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Author Siewert, Ricardo Russo 0000-0001-6212-1746 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. ricardo. siewert @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 1746 ricardo.siewert@gmail.com Author Lemes, José Ricardo Assmann 0000-0003-1107-7903 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & jralemes @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1107 - 7903 jralemes@gmail.com Author Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik 0000-0003-3655-4606 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & omhesp @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3655 - 4606 omhesp@ufpr.br Author Casagrande, Mirna Martins 0000-0002-6076-8463 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & mibras @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6076 - 8463 mibras@ufpr.br text Zootaxa 2022 2022-03-03 5105 2 237 252 journal article 20376 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.2.4 b4c98dba-203a-4c32-ad29-3019ca289cd2 1175-5326 6332657 56D37B3E-6E13-48FA-BD23-A1AF58CB4D8D Augiades vespasius vespasius ( Fabricius, 1793 ) , stat. rev., comb. nov. ( Figs 1E–J , 3D–F , 4B ) (no genus) vespasius ; Jones, 1785 –1787? [unpublished]. Icones 5 , pl. 86 (d, v). Hesperia vespasius Fabricius, 1793 . Ent. Syst. 3 , p. 334; Indiis, Dom Jones, Jon. Fig. pict. 6. tab. 86, fig. 1.—Weber, 1795. Nomencl. ent ., p. 115.—Turton, 1801. Gen. Syst. Nat. 3 , p. 157.— Zimsen, 1964 . Type Mat. Fabricius , p. 564. Phareas epimethea Plötz, 1883 (Prittwitz in litt .). Stett. ent. Ztg. 44 : 452; Brazil .—Godman, 1907. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20 : 150. Lignyostola cydana Schaus, 1902 . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 : 429; Petropolis, [Rio de Janeiro State], Brazil.—Draudt, 1922, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5 , p. 882.—J. Zikán, 1928. Ent. Rdsch ., Stuttgart, 45 : 26.—J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968. Pesq. agropec. bras. 3 : 60. Lignyostola epimethea ; Mabille & Boullet, 1919 . Ann. Sc. nat., Zool. , Paris, (10)2 : 244, 245.—Draudt, 1922, in Seitz, Gross- Schmett. Erde 5 , p. 882, pl. 171f (d, v). Augiades epimethea epimethea ; Evans, 1952 . Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2 , p. 28, pl. 12 (male gen.); syn .: cydana .—K. Brown & Mielke, 1967. Jour. Lep. Soc. 27 : 158.—Kesselring & Ebert, [1982]. Rev. Nordestina Biol . 2 : 110.—Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 1 , p. 32, 39; 2 , p. 4; syn .: cydana .—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 1 , p. 50, 62; 2 , p. 6; syn .: cydana .—K. Brown, 1992, in Morellato. Hist. nat. Japi , p. 174, fig. 15(d).—Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group, Sp. Group Nam. Hesp. (Lep.) World 8 , p. 60, 74; 9 , p. 7; syn .: cydana .—Mielke & Casagrande, 1998. Revta bras. Zool. 14 : 988.—K. Brown & Freitas, 1999. Bol. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitão, n. s., Sta. Teresa, 11/12 : 110.—Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 32, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea , in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A ; syn .: cydana , sapucayana .— Mielke, 2005 . Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 2 , p. 182; syn .: cydana , sapucayana .—Palo Jr., 2017. Borboletas do Brasil Vol.3 Hesperiidae , 1755 , 2291.—Mielke; Emery & Pinheiro, 2008. Revta bras. Ent. 52 (2): 285.— Li et al ., 2019 . PNAS 116(13) : 2, appendix 12, 31. Lygnyostola [ sic ] cydana sapucayana J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968 . Pesq. agropec. bras. 3 : 60; nom. nud . (ICZN, Art. 12.1.—no description). (no genus) epimethea ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct ., p. 137. (no genus) cydana ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct ., p. 121. Augiades epimethea ; Garwood et al ., 2009. Butt. South. Amaz ., 2nd ed., p. 275, figs (d, v).—Garwood & Lehman, 2013. Butt. C. Amer. 3, Hesp ., p. 9, fisg (d, v).—Salik et al ., 2014. Shilap Revta. Lepid. 42 (166): 273. Type material. Hesperia vespasius was described based on a figure in volume 6 of the unpublished work known as the “Jones’ Icones ”. As the volumes were rebound, the plate with the figure is now in volume 5 (see Waterhouse 1938 ). Some species described by Fabricius were based only on illustrations, and in such cases, there are no type specimens known (O. Karsholt, com. pess.). Zimsen (1964) in her publication about the type material of Fabricius also did not mention any known syntype . Thus, a male neotype of Hesperia vespasius is hereby designated, aiming to establish the correct identity of the species. The chosen neotype specimen has the same morphological characteristics of the specimen illustrated by Jones ( Icones 5, pl. 86), and is deposited at the DZUP with the following labels: / Neotypus / Neotypus Hesperia vespasius Fabricius, 1793 , Siewert, Lemes, O. Mielke & Casagrande det. 2020/ Linhares—E[spírito] S[anto] [ Brazil ] V-1982 C. Elias leg. / DZ 45.497/. Phareas epimethea Plötz, 1883 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Brazil . The type material of Plötz is deposited at ZMHU and ZSM, however, no syntypes of P. epimethea were found in those collections. Aiming to establish the correct identity of the species, one male specimen is hereby designated as the neotype of Phareas epimethea Plötz, 1883 . The same specimen used as the neotype for H. vespasius is chosen to be the neotype for P. epimethea , which has the same morphological pattern of the species described by Plötz. The following label will be added: / Neotypus Phareas epimethea Plötz, 1883 , Siewert, Lemes, O. Mielke & Casagrande det. 2020/. Lignyostola cydana Schaus, 1902 was described based on the [holo]type from Petrópolis, [ Rio de Janeiro ], Brazil . The male holotype is deposited at the USNM with the following labels: / Petropolis , Brazil ./ Collection W. Schaus / Lignyostola cydana type Schaus / Type No. 5975 U.S.N.M./. FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of Augiades species. A –C. A. crinisus (Peru, Madre de Dios, Parque Manu, Patizka, DZ 5.096) in (A) Lateral view of tegumen, saccus, uncus and gnathos and lateral view of valva; (B) Dorsal view of tegumen, uncus and gnathos; and (C) Lateral view of aedeagus. D–F. A. vespasius vespasius (Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Imbariê, DZ 45.925). G–I. A. vespasius bicolor (Brazil, Acre, Senador Guiomard, Reserva Catuaba, DZ 45.307). FIGURE 4. Female genitalia of Augiades species. A . A. crinisus (Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares, DZ 45.974). B. A. vespasius vespasius (Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Imbariê DZ 45.938). Diagnosis. FW length: males 24–27 mm (n=30) and females 26–28 mm (n=5). Augiades vespasius vespasius is distinguished from A. crinisus by the absence of hyaline spots on FW in males, although these spots may be present in some females. In some specimens, it is possible to observe the presence of these hyaline spots but never welldeveloped as in A. crinisus . The brown color of the marginal area of the wings is lighter in A. v. vespasius than in A. crinisus . The following combination of genitalic characters differentiates A. v. vespasius from A. crinisus : uncus thinner than in A. crinisus ; valva with shortly bifid distal margin; lamella antevaginalis bilobed, rectangular and with smooth margin; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized at median region. Males of A. v. vespasius differ from males of A. v. bicolor due to the absence of a postdiscal area conspicuously marked in the VHW in the latter. Females of A. v. vespasius are distinguished from A. v. bicolor by presenting in the VHW a faded yellow postdiscal area with a broad central light brown band, while the latter present a yellow-orange discal and postdiscal areas with remnants of a brown band in the postdiscal area. Variation. Some specimens have narrow hyaline spots on FW, similar to A. crinisus ( Fig. 1I–J ). Distribution. Augiades vespasius vespasius occurs in forested areas with records in the Brazilian states of Paraíba , Pernambuco , Alagoas , Bahia , Goiás , Minas Gerais , Espírito Santo , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná , and Santa Catarina ( Fig. 5 ). FIGURE 5. Geographic distribution of Augiades species. Taxonomic discussion. Plötz (1883) described Phareas epimethea , and later the species was transferred to Lignyostola by Mabille & Boullet (1919) and to Augiades by Evans (1952) , remaining as a valid species until now. Evans (1953) erroneously interpreted Telemiades nicomedes (Möschler, 1879) as Telemiades vespasius ( Fabricius, 1793 ) and his interpretation was followed by several authors (see Siewert et al. 2020 ). The specimen illustrated by Jones (Jones’ Icones 1785–1787?) and which was used for the description of Hesperia vespasius does not correspond to any species of Telemiades and undoubtedly corresponds to Augiades ( Fig. 2 ). Thus, we propose a new combination and a new status for A. vespasius vespasius , with P. epimethea as its junior synonym. By misinterpretation, Evans (1953) synonymized Eudamus phlius Plötz, 1881 with T. vespasius . Siewert et al. (2020) examined the type series of E. phlius and corroborated its synonymy with T. nicomedes , whose type material was also examined. However, some of the taxa described by Fabricius were based only on Jones’ Icones figures, and in such cases, there are no type specimens known ( Zimsen 1964 ; O. Karsholt, pers. comm.), making the designation of a neotype for Hesperia vespasius Fabricius, 1793 necessary to establish its identity. It is worth mentioning that Evans (1953) erroneously synonymized Hesperia curtius Fabricius, 1793 with Telemiades vespasius ( Fabricius, 1793 ) , but the specimen illustrated by Jones led Siewert et al. (2021) to consider that name as a junior synonym of Nisoniades mimas (Cramer, 1775) . Examined material. BRAZIL : Goiás— Goiás Velho , 28.XII.1976 , 1 male and 1 female , 4.I.1987 , 1 female , ex-coll. Gifford , DZ 45.890, DZ 45.891, DZ 45.889 ( DZUP ) ; Vianópolis , Ponte Funda , 26.I.1986 , 1 female , N. Tangerini leg ., ex-coll. N. Tangerini , DZ 45.888 ( DZUP ) . Minas Gerais — Itueta , 24.V.1970 , 1 male , C. Elias leg ., DZ 45.905 ( DZUP ) ; Marliéria , Parque Estadual do Rio Doce , 200 m , 27.VII.1972 , 2 males , 16.IV.1974 , 1 male , H. Ebert leg ., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.907, DZ 45.909, DZ 45.908 ( DZUP ) ; 350 m , 8–9.III.1994 , 1 male , Mielke leg ., DZ 45.904 ( DZUP ) ; Teófilo Otoni , 12 Km S , 600 m , 11.II.2007 , 1 male , Mielke & Casagrande leg ., DZ 45.906 ( DZUP ) . Paraíba — João Pessoa , 16.II.1953 , 1 female , Kesselring leg. , ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.787 ( DZUP ) ; 14.VIII.1954 , 1 female , H. Ebert leg., DZ 45.777 ( DZUP ) . Pernambuco — Camaragibe , 24.I.1960 , 1 male , H. Ebert leg ., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.817 ( DZUP ) ; São Lourenço da Mata , Tiúma , 100 m , 4.X.1958 , 1 male , 22.XII.1961 , 1 male , H. Ebert leg ., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.767, DZ 45.827 ( DZUP ) . Alagoas — Maceió , 28.I.1945 , 1 male , 5.II.1945 , 1 female , VI.1967 , 1 female , 13.VI.1968 , 1 male , 16.III.1975 , 1 male , 26.XI.1972 , 1 female , A. Cardoso leg ., DZ 45.892, DZ 45.893, DZ 45.897, DZ 45.895, DZ 45.894, DZ 45.896 ( DZUP ) ; A. Cardoso leg ., ex-coll. Cardoso , ( DZUP ) . Bahia — Camacan , Reserva Serra Bonita , 200 m , 3–10.XII.2016 , 1 male , Mielke , Carneiro , Dias , Dolibaina & Santos leg ., DZ 46.030 ( DZUP ) ; Itamaraju , 100 m , 20.VII.1977 , 1 male , Mielke , Moure & Elias leg ., DZ 45.807 ( DZUP ) . Espírito Santo — Baixo Guandu , 23.XI.1971 , 1 male , 26.III.1973 , 1 male and 1 female , C. & C. T. Elias leg ., DZ 45.737, DZ 45.717, DZ 45.707 ( DZUP ) ; Conceição da Barra , 5.X.1968 , 1 female , C. & C. T. Elias leg ., DZ 45.687 ( DZUP ) ; Itaguaçu , 7.XI.1971 , 2 males , C. Elias leg ., DZ 45.397, DZ 45.407 ( DZUP ) ; Linhares , 30.VII.1966 , 1 male , Mielke & Brown leg ., DZ 45.697 ( DZUP ) ; 28.III.1970 , 1 female , 11.II.1972 , 1 male , 12.III.1972 , 1 male , 19.VI.1972 , 1 male , 5.VII.1972 , 1 male , 10.VII.1972 , 1 female , 20.IX.1972 , 1 male , 5.X.1972 , 1 male , 25–30.VI.1973 , 1 male and 2 females , 4.X.1973 , 1 male , 2.V.1974 , 1 female , 22–30.IV.1974 , 1 male , 17–22.VI.1974 , 3 males , II.1978 , 1 male , V.1980 , 1 male and 1 female , VII.1980 , 1 male and 3 females , VII.1981 , 1 female , V.1982 , 2 males and 3 females , C. Elias leg ., DZ 45.747, DZ 45.377, DZ 45.387, DZ 45.537, DZ 45.427, DZ 45.637, DZ 45.357, DZ 45.417, DZ 45.617, DZ 45.677, DZ 45.627, DZ 45.367, DZ 45.727, DZ 45.667, DZ 45.507, DZ 45.517, DZ 45.527, DZ 45.597, DZ 45.437, DZ 45.447, DZ 45.557, DZ 45.547, DZ 45.567, DZ 45.577, DZ 45.587, DZ 45.467, DZ 45.497, DZ 45.457, DZ 45.477, DZ 45.487 ( DZUP ) ; Santa Teresa , 30.VIII–5.IX.1966 , 2 males , 28.XII.1966 , 1 male , C. & C. T. Elias leg ., DZ 45.647, DZ 45.657, DZ 45.757 ( DZUP ) . Rio de Janeiro — Cachoeiras de Macacu , Boca do Mato , 23.IV.1992 , 1 male , 17.II.1999 , 1 male , 7.IV.2006 , 1 female , 12.IV.2006 , 1 female , 13.III.2008 , 1 female , 20.V.2008 , 1 male , N. Tangerini leg ., ex-coll. N. Tangerini , DZ 45.948, DZ 45.939, DZ 45.942, DZ 45.943, DZ 45.944, DZ 45.949 ( DZUP ) ; Casimiro de Abreu , Barra de São João , 29.IX.1990 , 1 female , 4.X.1990 , 2 females , N. Tangerini leg ., ex-coll. N. Tangerini , DZ 45.941, DZ 45.940, DZ 45.946 ( DZUP ) ; Duque de Caxias , Imbariê , 25 m , 10.III.1954 , 2 males , 16.II.1966 , 1 female , 2.VIII.1968 , 1 female , H. Ebert leg ., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.924, DZ 45.925, DZ 45.927, DZ 45.938 ( DZUP ) ; Itatiaia , Parque Nacional de Itatiaia , 1.200 m , 11.I.1973 , 1 female , Mielke leg ., DZ 45.937 ( DZUP ) ; Nova Iguaçú , 8.IV.1925 , 1 male , D’Almeida leg ., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 45.931 ( DZUP ) ; Petrópolis , 14.XII.1939 , 1 female , Gagarin leg ., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 45.928 ( DZUP ) ; Rio de Janeiro , 22.IV.1945 , 1 male , Otávio C. Silva leg ., ex-coll. D’Almeida , DZ 45.932 ( DZUP ) ; 8.IV.1955 , 1 male , 13.IV.1962 , 1 female , 27.IV.1963 , 1 male , 2.IV.1964 , 1 male , 19.IV.1964 , 1 female , D’Almeida leg ., ex-coll. D’Almeida , DZ 45.933, DZ 45.936, DZ 45.935, DZ 45.934 ( DZUP ) ; 8.VI.1958 , 1 female , 29.III.1965 , 1 female , N. Tangerini leg ., ex-coll. N. Tangerini , DZ 45.947, DZ 45.945 ( DZUP ) ; 8.IX.1992 , 1 female , ex-coll. Frey , DZ 45.929 ( DZUP ) ; 13.V.1961 , 1 male , Gagarin leg. , ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 45.926 ( DZUP ) . São Paulo — Adolfo , 450 m , 18.XI.1967 , 2 females , H. Ebert leg. , ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.898, DZ 45.900 ( DZUP ) ; Araras , 600 m , 6.I.1966 , 1 female , H. Ebert leg ., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.899 ( DZUP ) ; Rio Claro , 600 m , 13.IV.1963 , 1 female , H. Ebert leg ., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 45.901 ( DZUP ) ; Teodoro Sampaio , Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo , 17–19.VIII.1989 , 1 female , 5–8.XII.1989 , 1 female , Mielke & Casagrande leg ., DZ 45.902, DZ 45.903 ( DZUP ) . Paraná — Antonina , Cacatu , 20 m , 16.V.1977 , 1 male , Mielke leg ., DZ 45.913 ( DZUP ) ; 21.IV.2007 , 2 males , Mielke & Casagrande leg ., DZ 45.922, DZ 45.923 ( DZUP ) ; Cedro , 18.IV.2013 , 1 female , Mielke , Siewert & Zacca leg ., DZ 45.915 ( DZUP ) ; Carambeí , III.1948 , 1 female , A. Lossa leg ., ex-coll. Justus Jor, DZ 45.917 ( DZUP ) ; Diamante do Norte , Estação Ecológica do Caiuá , 6.X.2009 , 1 male , Carneiro , Leite , Dias & Dolibaina leg ., DZ 45.920 ( DZUP ) ; 23.IV.2011 , 1 male , Dolibaina & Salik leg ., DZ 45.918 ( DZUP ) ; 18.IX.2011 , 1 male , Carneiro & Salik leg ., DZ 45.916 ( DZUP ) ; Guaíra , Parque Nacional 7 Quedas , 14–16.II.1978 , 1 male , Mielke & Miers leg ., DZ 45.914 ( DZUP ) ; Guaraqueçaba , Tagaçaba , 17.IV.1971 , 1 male and 2 females , Moure & Mielke leg ., DZ 45.911, DZ 45.910, DZ 45.912 ( DZUP ) ; Morretes , Morro Alto , 300 m , 19.IV.2009 , 1 male , Mielke leg ., DZ 45.921 ( DZUP ) ; Paranavai , 12 Km W de Santo Antônio do Caiuá , 300 m , 15.XII.2009 , 1 female , Mielke , Maia , Carneiro & Dolibaina leg ., DZ 45.919 ( DZUP ) . Santa Catarina — Joinville , 10–200 m , 16.IV.1971 , 1 female , Mielke & Miers leg ., DZ 45.886 ( DZUP ) ; 25.IV.1971 , 1 male , 13.VI.1973 , 1 male , Miers leg ., DZ 45.887, DZ 45.885 ( DZUP ) .