The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida) Author Antić, Dragan Ž. Author Makarov, Slobodan E. text Zootaxa 2016 4211 1 1 205 journal article 37322 10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1 7af458af-d56d-44e3-a6f7-af97868175d9 1175-5326 272750 6B86C6BA-6AFE-4AAD-870D-04794C138D47 Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov. Figs 100–104 Diagnosis. Differs from the other Metamastigophorophyllon species by the presence of a triangular, hairy, sternal lamella and a highly complicated inner branch of the lateral process. The inner branch consists of an anterior lamellar part clothed with setae, a tube-like structure with a clearly visible opening, and a characteristic hookshaped process with a visible opening on the anterior gonopods, or by male leg-pair 7 with a short basal process and, more apically, with a wide protrusion, both mesally orientated, on the prefemur. Etymology. An adjective; to emphasize its unique, hook-shaped process on the inner branch of the lateral part of the anterior gonopods’ coxal process. Material studied (total: 14 males , 18 females , 40 juveniles ). Holotype . ABKHAZIA : male, Ochamchira District , village Otapi , near entrance to Cave “ Golova Otapa ” (“Otap’s Head”), Feb. 1983 , S. Smirnov leg. ( ZMUM ρ3360). Paratypes (total: 5 males, 24 juveniles). ABKHAZIA : 1 male , near Sukhumi , near Cave Kelassuri , litter, 11 Apr. 1983 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3361). GEORGIA : 2 males , 18 juveniles , 40 km W of Mestia , Kherkhvashi , E of Nakra (= Naki), 1250–1700 m asl, Quercus , Fagus , Carpinus , Picea , Abies , etc. forest, litter and bark, 21 Aug.–21 Sep. 1986 , S. Golovatch leg. ( IZB ) ; 2 males , 3 juveniles , 40 km W of Mestia , above Kherkhvashi , 1900–2200 m asl, timber-line ( Azalea , Picea , Abies ) and subalpine meadows, 21 Sep. 1986 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3362) ; 3 juveniles , Mestia , 1500 m asl, Betula & Rhododendron on moraine, litter and under stones, 16 Sep. 1986 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3363). Other material (total: 8 males , 18 females , 16 juveniles ). All from RUSSIA , Krasnodar Province : 3 males , 2 females , 1 juvenile , Tuapse District , 15 km SE of Novomikhaylovskiy , Psebe , deciduous forest, litter, under stones and in rotten logs, 29 Oct. 1981 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3364) ; 1 male , Goryachiy Klyuch , 10 km S of village Fanagoriyskaya , mixed forest ( Fagus , Quercus , Picea , etc.) litter, under stones and in rotten logs, 30 Oct. 1981 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3365) ; 2 females , 2 juveniles , Sochi , Dagomys , 250 m asl, Quercus , Carpinus , Fagus shrub, litter, logs, 18 May 1983 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3366) ; 1 male , Goryachiy Klyuch , 12 km SW of Fanagoriyska , near Cave Fanagoriyskaya , Fagus & Acer forest, litter, logs, 19 May 1983 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3367) ; 1 male , 7 females , 1 juvenile , Adygea , Pasture Abago near Guzeripl , Caucasian Nature Reserve , Abies & Fagus forest, Rhododendron thicket, 1100 m asl, litter, under bark and stones, 24–26 May 1985 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3368) ; 1 male , 2 females , 10 juveniles , Severakaya District , Mt Derbiy , ca 15 km SW of Ubinskaya , 800–850 m , old Quercus , Fagus , Fraxinus , Alnus , etc. forest, litter, bark, 2 Jul. 1986 , S. Golovatch leg. ( ZMUM ρ3369) ; 3 females , Adygea , Sakhray River , 20 May 2004 , K. Voigtländer leg. ( SMNG ) ; 1 male , 2 juveniles , same data, except 21 May 2004 ( SMNG ), 2 females , Adygea , Poljana , 23 May 2004 , K. Voigtländer leg. ( SMNG ). Type locality. ABKHAZIA : Ochamchira District , village Otapi , near entrance to Cave “ Golova Otapa ” (“Otap’s Head”). FIGURE 100. Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov. , paratype male from above Kherkhvashi, 40 km W of Mestia Georgia, habitus. Scale line = 1 mm. Description. Body with 31 segments (including telson) in adults. MEASUREMENTS. Males 10–10.5 mm long, vertical diameter of the largest pleurotergite 0.85–0.9 mm . Females 11.5–12 mm long, vertical diameter of the largest pleurotergite 1–1.05 mm . COLORATION ( Fig. 100 ). Dorsal and lateral sides of prozonites greyish, dorsolateral and ventrolateral sides with yellowish spots. Metazonites brownish or yellowish. Some specimens paler or darker. HEAD. Slightly concave in males. Labrum with three medial teeth and 5+5 labral and 2+2 supralabral setae. Promentum triangular, without setae. Lingual plates with 6+5 setae. Stipites with ca 25+25 setae. Antennae 1.35 mm long in holotype . Length of antennomeres (in mm): I (0.08), II (0.2), III (0.3), IV (0.15), V (0.33), VI (0.16), VII (0.12) and VIII (0.01). Length/breadth ratios of antennomeres I–VII: I (1), II (2), III (3), IV (1.5), V (2.5), VI (1.5) and VII (1.4). Antennomeres II, IV, V, VI and VII with one, three, one, four and one sensillum, respectively. Number of ocelli 19–22, arranged in 5 rows in males; 20–23 in 5–6 rows in females. COLLUM. Narrower than head, with six macrochaetae. Anterior edge semi-circular, posterior margin gently concave. FIGURE 101. Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov. , paratype male from Kherkhvashi, E of Nakra, 40 km W of Mestia, Georgia. A. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, posterior view. B. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, lateral view. C. Prozonite 15, dorsal view. D. Metazonite 15, dorsal view. E. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, dorsal view. F. Prefemur 5. G. Leg-pair 7. H. Coxae 7. FIGURE 102. Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov. , holotype male. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Coxa 7. D. Leg 7. E. Coxae 10. Scale lines = 0.2 mm. FIGURE 103. Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov. , holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; n = distal nocth; o = opening; t = telopodite; bs = branched setae; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; hp = hook-shaped process; ib = inner branch; mp = medial part; ob = outer branch; sl = sternal lamella; wv = nippled vesicle; aib = anterior part of inner branch; pib = posterior part of inner branch; ppr = posterior projection; scv = syncoxal vesicle. Scale line = 0.3 mm. BODY SEGMENTS ( Figs 100 , 101 A–E). Lateral keels not developed; only barely visible lateral swellings present. Macrochaetae short, straight and trichoid, outer somewhat longer than inner and medial. CIX (pleurotergite 15) ~ 0.75; MIX (pleurotergite 15) ~ 1.1; PIX (pleurotergite 15) ~ 0.2; MA (pleurotergite 15) ~ 140˚. TELSON. Epiproct with a pair of spinnerets and 3+3 setae (1+1 paramedian, 2+2 marginal). Hypoproct with 1+1 apical setae. Paraprocts with 3+3 marginal setae. WALKING LEGS. In both sexes, leg-pairs 1 and 2 with tarsal combs; prefemora with several long and robust setae; femora and postfemora with a group of several long and robust setae. FIGURE 104. Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov. , paratype male from Kherkhvashi, E of Nakra, 40 km W of Mestia, Georgia, gonopodal block. A. Anterior view. B. Anterior part of inner branch and sternal lamella, anterior view. C. Hook-shaped process, anterior view. D. Anterolateral view. E. and F. Lateral view. G. Posterior view. H. Distal view. c = coxite; o = opening; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; hp = hook-shaped process; ib = inner branch; mp = medial part; ob = outer branch; sl = sternal lamella; aib = anterior part of inner branch; pib = posterior part of inner branch; ppr = posterior projection; scv = syncoxal vesicle. MALE SEXUAL CHARACTERS ( Figs 101 F–H, 102). Leg-pairs 3–7 enlarged. Leg-pairs 3 and 4 each with all podomeres swollen; prefemur with a basal exterior protrusion. Leg-pair 5 with an extero-oral protrusion on prefemur. Leg-pair 6 without peculiarities. Leg-pair 7: coxae with a protrusion carrying numerous long setae, as well as one process; femora the most robust, with a short basal process and, more apically, with a wide protrusion, both orientated anteromesally; tarsus very long. Leg-pair 10 with coxal glands; with a well-developed coxal horn orientated caudad, these horns nicely abut between opening of coxal gland and remainder of coxae of leg-pair 11. Leg-pair 11 with coxal glands; without other peculiarities. ANTERIOR GONOPODS ( Figs 103 A–C, 104). Sternal plate anteriorly with a medial, triangular, hairy, posteriorly curved, sternal lamella ( sl ) [= S sensu Mauriès (1982) : 387, figs 2 and 3]. Behind this lamella, at base, a small, nippled vesicle ( wv ) present. Coxal processes fused, only a small medial notch ( n ) present distally. Both coxal processes consisting of a medial part ( mp ) [= K sensu Mauriès (1982) : 387, figs 1–3] and two lateral branches (inner and outer). Outer branch ( ob ) [= T sensu Mauriès (1982) : 387, figs 1–3] simple, twisted, slightly curved laterally and anteriorly; apically, with several denticles; mesal edges with numerous setae. Inner branch ( ib ) [= T’ sensu Mauriès (1982) : 387, figs 1–3] much more complex and consisting of an anterior part ( aib ) with a lamellar structure covered by setae; anteriorly, with a tube-like structure with a clearly visible opening ( o ). This lamellar structure connected to posterior part of inner branch ( pib ) which is in the form of characteristic hook-shaped process ( hp ) with a visible opening ( o ) and possibly with a function in sperm transfer. Medial part in the form of a wing from anterior and posterior views; laterally, covered by numerous setae; mesal edges folded inside and forming a projection ( ppr ) [= k sensu Mauriès (1982) : 387, figs 1 and 3] orientated downwards. Immediately below this projection, a pair of hairy levers ( hl ) [= N sensu Mauriès (1982) : 387, figs 1 and 3] present. Below these hairy structures, a vesicular structure ( scv ) can be seen (probably a syncoxal vesicle). The lateralmost, basal part of anterior gonopods carrying branched setae ( bs ). POSTERIOR GONOPODS ( Figs 103 D, 104D–H). Coxites ( c ) clearly divided. Telopodites ( t ) present on posterolateral side, clothed with setae. Distal part of coxal processes ( cp ) curved mesally; both with one tooth apically, while downward edges clothed with minute setae. Coxal processes orientated posteriorly. Coxal vesicles ( cv ) present on anterior side. Distribution. Abkhazia , Georgia , Russia ( Fig. 166 , red circle).