A revision of the Annulariidae of Central America (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea) Author Watters, G. Thomas text Zootaxa 2014 3878 4 301 350 journal article 42318 10.11646/zootaxa.3878.4.1 e778cf07-b718-454a-98d1-1a9edbe071aa 1175-5326 252701 B6AF841A-2D56-4F76-847F-44E881DF38B5 Gouldipoma chiapasense ( Crosse & Fischer, 1877 ) Figure 4 A–L , 12 C Type material. MNHN-IM-5415, 5416, 5417 (3), syntypes (figs. 6 A–B); JDC, “ holotype ” fide Chevallier (1965) , possibly one of the three MNHN syntypes ; UF 218272 (1), “ paratype .” Type locality. “Chiapas, reipublicae Mexicae.” Type figured. Fischer & Crosse, 1890 : pl. 41, figs. 8, 8a, fide Chevallier, 1965 : 28. Chresonymy. Choanopoma chiapasense Crosse & Fischer, 1877 : 362 –363; Fischer & Crosse, 1890 : 181 , 182–184, pl. 41, figs. 8, 8a–d [includes varieties β and γ ]; Bequaert & Clench, 1931 : 426 ; Bequaert & Clench, 1933 : 541 , 542; Bequaert, 1957 : 225 ; Chevallier, 1965 : 28 ; Watters, 2006 : 291 –292. Tudora ( Tudorisca ) chiapensis [ sic ] ( Crosse, 1877 ). Henderson & Bartsch, 1921 : 76 . Licina ( Choanopomops ) chiapasense ( Crosse & Fischer, 1877 ) . Baker , 1928 : 49 . Choanopoma sumichrasti variety chiapesense Crosse & Fischer, 1877 . Solem, 1961 : 196 –197, pl. 10, fig. 4, map 1. Choanopoma ( Choanopomops ) sumichrasti variety chiapasense Crosse & Fischer, 1877 . Solem, 1961 : 196 –197, pl. 10, fig. 4, map 1. Choanopoma sumichrasti Crosse & Fischer, 1874 . Chevallier, 1965 : 28 [in synonymy of Choanopoma chiapasense Crosse & Fischer, 1877 ]. Choanopoma ( Choanopomops ) sumichrasti var. chiapense [ sic ] Crosse, 1877 . Thompson, 1966 : 28 , fig. 4 [operculum]. Choanopoma sumichrasti var. Thompson, 1966 : 28 . Halotudora chiapasensis ( Crosse & Fischer, 1877 ) . Watters, 2006 : 73 , 291–292. Choanopoma chiapensis [ sic ] Crosse & Fischer, 1874 . Thompson, 2011 : 44 . Choanopoma ( Choanopomops ) chiapasense Crosse & Fischer, 1877 . Thompson, 2011 : 45 , 285, 290. Distribution and habitat. This species occurs in the Cretaceous limestone highlands from 245–3,800 m elevation in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Chiapas Highlands in Oaxaca and Chiapas states in México into Guatemala . No other annulariid occurs at such high elevations. Conservation. The majority of the range of the species is unprotected. Other material (specimens examined: 327). México . Oaxaca State: UF 213703 (32), Lagunas, 259 m ; UF 213704 (48), 2.3 km N of Lagunas, 245 m . Chiapas State: UF 218272 (1), Chiapas; UF 19141 (19), 2.3 km S of La Trinitaria, 1,615 m ; UF 213687 (6), 6.3 km SSE of La Trinitaria, 1,646 m ; UF 213694 (16), 10.6 km SSE of La Trinitaria, 1,372 m ; UF 213691 (2), 16.4 km SSE of La Trinitaria, 1,006 m ; UF 213688 (28), 20.1 km SE of Comitán on Hwy. 190; UF 213689 (4), 21.9 km SE of Comitán, 1,402 m ; UF 213693 (4), 20.9 km NW of Comitán, 1,890 m ; UF 213690 (18), UF 213692 (9), 23.5 km NW of Comitán, 1,981 m ; UF 19144 (9), 13.8 km E of Chiapa de Corzo, 945 m ; UF 19142 (11), UF 29311 (1), 24 km E of Chiapa de Corzo, 1,341 m ; UF 213701 (10), 12.9 km N of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1,158 m ; UF 19143 (20), UF 213698 (6), 13.0 km N of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1,128 m ; UF 29312 (12), UF 213699 (14), 13.5 km N of Tuxtla Gutiérrez on road to Cañón del Sumidero, 3,800 m ; UF 213696 (6), 22.7 km N of Tuxtla Gutiérrez; UF 213700 (2), 11.7 km SE of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 823 m ; UF 213695 (7), 9.8 km SSE of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 823 m ; Grego coll. (3), Los Cotorres, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; UF 213697 (1), Cañón del Sumidero, 1,219 m ; UF 19145 (5), 7.2 km N of Bochil, 1,402 m ; UF 190634 (15), ravine 18 km SE of Las Rosas, 1,630 m ; UF 190645 (22), Chinkultic ruins, 1,340 m ; UF 19153 (1), 13.2 km S of Solusuchiapa, 488 m ; UF 190551 (23), 4 km SSW of Ogutzil, 1,000 m . Guatemala . Guatemala Department: UF 200652 (2), limestone hill 1 km NNW of Naranjito, 675 m . Description. Shell conical, moderately high-spired, solid. Smallest adult specimen seen 10.1 mm in length, largest 20.2 mm , average 15.6 mm (decollate). Protoconch usually lost in adult, 1.5 large, rounded, smooth, pale whorls, not clearly demarcated from teleoconch. Teleoconch of 4 – 4.5 rounded whorls. Umbilicus narrow, partially occluded by the outer lip. Spiral sculpture absent, even in the umbilicus. Axial sculpture of numerous (ca. 200/ whorl) fine, densely crowded threads. Suture strongly indented, narrowly channeled. Tufts absent but the axial lamella may render the suture serrate. Aperture oval. Inner lip smooth, exserted, conspicuous. Outer lip lamellate, reflected widely perpendicular to whorl, more or less evenly expanded, somewhat narrower facing umbilicus, auriculate posteriorly, just touching or barely solute from previous whorl. Base color dingy white to tan, syntype purplish-brown. Most specimens lack a well-developed color pattern, but when present it consists of ca. 7 diffuse brown bands, sometimes broken into spots, bands continuous over adapertural face of peristome, visible inside aperture. Aperture white, rarely brown. Operculum multispiral with a calcareous, erect but reflected lamella. Radula and anatomy unknown. Variation in specimens. Specimens vary in the strength of the color pattern. Most have little or no indication of any pattern but occasional individuals are boldly banded or spotted. Comparison with other species. This species has been confused with G. sumichrasti but is discerned by the much wider outer lip and the less developed color pattern. It also resembles P. cordovanus but differs in having a multispiral, lamellate operculum. Remarks. Solem (1961) and Thompson (1966) considered Choanopoma chiapasense a variety of Choanopoma sumichrasti , but by 2011 Thompson recognized it as distinct. The two species seem easily separated and are regarded here as separate. They overlap in the western portion of the range of C. chiapasense . Original description (translated here from Latin). “Shell rather narrowly perforate, oblong-turret, solid, thinly striated, densely longitudinally impressed, slightly shiny, pale violet-brown; spire quite elevated, apex a good part truncate; suture impressed; 4.5 remaining whorls, last remaining spire small, base nearly flat, pale, nearly white; aperture subcircular, inside pale violet-brown; peristome double: inner narrowly reflexed, shiny, white, outer rather expanded, thinly lamellate, slightly appressed, not shiny, dirty white.—Operculum subcircular, projecting from shell, dirty white, outer margin free, lamella solute, slightly elevated; nucleus subexcentric.” 15 mm . Etymology. Chiapas + L. - ense , from—from Chiapas.