Revision of Alaptus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Holarctic region, with taxonomic notes on some extralimital species Author Serguei V. Triapitsyn text Zootaxa 2017 2017-06-21 4279 1 1 92 journal article 31845 10.11646/zootaxa.4279.1.1 bd2c96f3-38a4-4d90-85d6-9b90db5936fe 1175-5326 1010234 9A6B42AF-E5B1-488D-9C15-4868E96F0363 Alaptus fusculus Walker, 1846 ( Figs 2 , 22–32 , 86 ) Alaptus fusculus Walker 1846 : 51 . Type locality: near London, England , UK . Anagrus concinnus Walker 1846 : 51 ( nomen nudum ), in part ( Triapitsyn 2015 ). Alaptus minimus Walker : Girault 1908 : 182 –184 (redescription, in part). Alaptus fusculus Walker : Dalla Torre 1898 : 428 (catalog); Girault 1908 : 184 (list, comments); Kryger 1950 : 33 (a good species), 34 (diagnosis, host associations, distribution, in part); Hincks 1959 : 138 –139 (historical review), 141 (key), 143 (illustration), 144–145 ( type information, diagnosis, host associations, distribution); New 1969 : 182 –192 (biology); Cheke 1977 : 17 –25 (grooming behavior); Graham 1982 : 194 ( lectotype designation [as A. fusculus Haliday in Walker ]); Viggiani & Jesu 1988 : 1020 (distribution in Italy [as A. fusculus Haliday ]); Pagliano & Navone 1995 : 35 (list); Baquero & Jordana 2002 : 77 (measurements), 79 (distribution, host associations), 87, 91 (illustrations); Viggiani 2005 : 61 (illustration and description of male genitalia); Huber et al. 2009: 292 (illustration of male genitalia); Pricop 2009 : 123 (list); Triapitsyn 2015 : 218 (list). Alaptus foersteri Soyka 1939a : 18 –19. Type locality (of the lectotype designated below): ulica Gajowicka, Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship , Poland [mentioned in the original description (p. 19) as “Gabitzstr.[asse], Breslau” (collected on a window); incorrectly indicated as Ireland by Hincks (1959) and as Germany by Vidal (2001) and Noyes (2016) ]. Synonymized under A. fusculus by Hincks 1959 : 144 . Alaptus extremus Soyka 1939a : 19 –20. Type locality: St. Ignatius Jesuit College ( Ignatiuskolleg ), Valkenburg , Limburg , Netherlands . Syn. n. Alaptus foersteri Soyka: Soyka 1939b : 27 (addition and correction to the original description), 30 (key [as försteri ]); Debauche 1948 : 55 –56 (list, key), 60–62 (diagnosis of female, remarks), plates V, VII (illustrations); Soyka 1948 : 75 (key); Boţoc 1974 : 104 (list, illustrations, distribution); Hellén 1974 : 14 (key), 15 (diagnosis, distribution); Trjapitzin 1978 : 521 , 523 (key, distribution); Donev 1985a : 62 (distribution); Donev 1988b : 205 (distribution). Alaptus extremus Soyka: Soyka 1939b : 30 (key); Soyka 1948 : 75 (key); Lou et al. 1999 : 431 (mentioned); Pricop 2010a : 69 –72 (host association, distribution, taxonomic notes (also as A. maximus [sic] and A. foersteri , illustrations). Alaptus novickyi Soyka 1948 : 72 –73, 75 (key). Type locality: Jettchenshof [as “ Jettchens Hof ”; a farm adjacent to the woods, ca. 1 km E of Pisede , ca. 53°46’N 12°46’E , 12 m , formerly in Landkreis Demmin ], Malchin , Mecklenburgische Seenplatte , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , Germany . Syn. n. Alaptus magnus Cheke & Turner 1974 : 279 –281. Type locality: Harrogate, North Yorkshire Co., England , UK . Syn. n. Alaptus forsteri [sic] Soyka: Donev 1988a : 178 (distribution). Alaptus foerstery [sic] Soyka: Donev 1990 : 69 (list). Type material examined. Alaptus fusculus Walker : lectotype male [ NMID ], designated by Graham 1982 : 194, remounted by Csaba Thuróczy (Kőszeg, Hungary ) on a new card ( Fig. 86 ) labeled: 1. [blue] “100”, 2. “ Alaptus fusculus Haliday in Walker, 1846 M. de V. Graham det. 1970 LECTOTYPE ♂ ”, 3. “Remounted by Thuróczy 2005”; next to it ( Fig. 86 ) stands a pin with an empty A. H. Haliday/F. Walker card with number “100” on the bottom (in pencil) and also with two additional, recent labels: “Original label of Alaptus fusculus Walker ” and “Remounted by Thuróczy 2005”. The lectotype has the head plus one antenna detached from the rest of the body; the other antenna (broken in two parts), a pair of wings, and one middle leg are now nicely mounted on a microslide inserted in a card on the same pin. Alaptus extremus Soyka : holotype female [NHMW] on slide ( Fig. 22 ) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus extremus (Soyka) Type”, 2. “Valkenburg – Holland Ign. Kolleg – am Fenster 15. October 1931 Coll. et. det. W. Soyka In Canadabalsam.”. The holotype ( Fig. 23 ) is in fair condition although uncleared, mounted laterally, almost complete (the tip of gaster seems to be somewhat collapsed or shriveled, so it appears that the ovipositor is more exserted beyond the apex of gaster—by about 0.15× own total length—than it is likely to be exserted naturally). Alaptus foersteri Soyka : lectotype female [NHMW], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding status of the type specimens of this taxon, on slide ( Fig. 26 ) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ foersteri Soyka Type”, 2. [red] “Type”, 3. “Breslau, Gabitzstr. am Fenster August 1933 gef. u. det. W. Soyka In Canadabalsam”. The lectotype ( Fig. 25 ) is in fair condition, mounted laterally, complete; the slide was broken and then glued in its entirety onto another slide. Paralectotypes: 1 male [NHMW] on a broken slide which was then glued in its entirety onto another slide, and labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♂ foersteri (Soyka) Type”, 2. [red] “Type”, 3. “Malkwitz b. Breslau Mai 1934 W. Soyka In Canadabalsam” (“Malkwitz bei Breslau” in the former Schlesien, Germany is now Małkowice, Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie, Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland [the place name was changed in 1937 to Waldtal]); 1 male [NHMW] on a broken slide which was then glued in its entirety onto another slide, and labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♂ foersteri (Soyka) Type”, 2. “Malkwitz b. Breslau Mai 1934 W. Soyka In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ foersteri (Soyka) ”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Malkwitz b. Breslau Mai 1934 W. Soyka In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ försteri (Soyka) ”, 2. [red] “Co- Type”, 3. “Valkenburg – Holland Kolleg – am Fenster 15. October 1931 Coll. et. det. W. Soyka In Canadab. Sept. 1938 ” (the collecting locality is St. Ignatius Jesuit College (Ignatiuskolleg), Valkenburg, Limburg, the Netherlands); 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ foersteri Soyka Co-Type ”, 2. “Valkenburg, Holland Ign. Kolleg, am Fenster Juli 1931 coll. et. det. W. Soyka In Canadabalsam”; 1 male [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♂ foersteri Co-Type ”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Riesengebirge, Schlesien weisse Wiese, Weg von Schlesier-haus nach Wiesenbaude 28. Sept. 1933 von Dr. Stammer, Breslau gef. det. W. Soyka In Canadabalsam” (this collecting site is in Karkonosze Mountains (50°44’18’’N 15°42’19’’E, 1434 m ), Karkonosze National Park, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, see comments about the type locality of A. stammeri Soyka ); 1 female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ foersteri (Soyka) det. Soyka”, 2. [red] “Para-Type”, 3. “R. I. Sc. Nat. Belg. L. G. 17.724”, 4. “J. Ghesquière vid., 1951!”, 5. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof August 1936 Lg Dr. Stammer Coll. Soyka In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [DEZA] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ foersteri (Soyka) Co- Type”, 2. “ 15 Oct. 1930 Valkenburg Kolleg am Fenster (Canadabals.)”. Alaptus magnus Cheke & Turner : holotype female [BMNH] on slide labeled: 1. “ HYMENOPTERA MYMARIDAE Alaptus magnus Cheke and Turner Holotype female”, 2. [red circle] “Holo-type”, 3. “Host: eggs of Mesopsocus immunis (Steph.) (Psocoptera) HARROGATE YORKSHIRE ENGLAND 30/7/58 TYPE NO. 5.2259”. The holotype is in fair condition, cleared, mounted laterally, almost complete but lacking one fore wing. This species was described from the holotype and 1 female paratype (not examined), the latter was in R.A. Cheke’s private collection ( Cheke & Turner 1974 ) whose current whereabouts is unknown. Alaptus novickyi Soyka : holotype female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ novickyi n. sp. (Soyka) Type”, 2. [red] “Type 1”, 3. “Jettchens Hof Malchin Mecklenburg am Fenster Aug. 1935 lg Stammer In Canadab. 1941”. The holotype is in fair condition, mounted laterally, lacking flagellum of one antenna. The ovipositor is rather long for this species but within the normal variation. FIGURES 22–24. Alaptus fusculus ♀ (holotype of A. extremus ). 22, slide; 23, habitus; 24, antenna. Material examined. BELGIUM : FLEMISH BRABANT , Lubbeek, Linden, 24.vi.1942 , H.R. Debauche [ 1 ♀ , ISNB ] (determined by H.R. Debauche as A. foersteri ) . LUXEMBOURG , near Èthe and Buzenol, 16–30.vi.1981 , P. Grootaert [ 3 ♀ , 1 ♂ , CNC ] . CANADA : ONTARIO : Innisville , 22.viii.1963 [ 1 ♀ , CNC ] . One Sided Lake , 16.vii.1960 , S.M. Clark [ 1 ♂ , CNC ] . Oxford Mills : 22–29.vi.1973 , L. Masner [ 1 ♂ , CNC ] ; 13.vii.1978 , N. Tulsiram [ 1 ♀ , CNC ]. Grenadier Island , Thousand Islands National Park (as St. Lawrence Islands National Park ), 2–9.vii.1975 , E. Sigler [ 1 ♀ , CNC ] . CHINA : BEIJING MUNICIPALITY, Mentougou District , Liyan Ling ( Linshan Mts. ), 40°00.28’N 115°30.75’E , 1749 m , 2.viii.2002 , G. Melika [ 1 ♀ , UCRC ] . DENMARK : HOVEDSTADEN , Dyrehaven ( Jaegersborg Dyrehave , Zealand Island ), Fortunens Indelukke, O . Bakkendorf : 15.vii.1951 [ 1 ♂ , ZMUC ] ; 14.vii.1954 [ 1 ♂ , ZMUC ]. [ Locality unclear], 22.vii.1928 , O. Bakkendorf [ 1 ♀ , ZMUC ] (identified by O. Bakkendorf as A. foersteri ) . FINLAND : CENTRAL FINLAND , Petäjävesi , 10.vii.1999 , M. Koponen [2 ♀, FMNH]. CENTRAL OSTROBOTHNIA, Reisjärvi, 12.vii.1980 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. KAINUU, Vaala, 14.viii.1982 , M. Koponen [2 ♀, 1 ♂, FMNH]. NORTHERN OSTROBOTHNIA: Haapavesi, M. Koponen: 8.vii.1995 [2 ♀, FMNH]; 10.vii.1995 [2 ♀, FMNH]. Kärsämäki, 8.vii.1995 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. NORTHERN SAVONIA, Rautalampi, 17.vii.1983 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. NORTH KARELIA, Liperi, 4.viii.1993 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. PIRKANMAA, Virrat, 5.vii.1999 , M. Koponen [2 ♀, FMNH]. SOUTHERN OSTROBOTHNIA: Alajärvi, 1.viii.1995 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. Ilmajoki, 7.vii.1999 , M. Koponen [2 ♂, FMNH]. Kauhava, Ylihärmä, 13.vii.1980 , M. Koponen [4 ♀, FMNH]. Kurikka, 8.vii.1999 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. Seinäjoki (as Ylistaro), 7.vii.1999 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. SOUTHERN SAVONIA: Mikkeli, M. Koponen: 11.vii.1981 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 12.vii.1981 [2 ♂, FMNH]; 24.vii.1982 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]; 31.vii.1983 [1 ♂, FMNH]; 28.vii.1990 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 30.vii.1990 [1 ♀, FMNH]. Ristiina, 25.vii.1985 , M. Koponen [2 ♂, FMNH]. SOUTHWEST FINLAND: Kimitoön (as Västanfjärd), M. Koponen: 6.vii.1982 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 6.viii.1982 [1 ♀, FMNH]. Vehmaa, 1.vii.2002 , M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. UUSIMAA: Helsinki, M. Koponen: 26.vii.1980 [4 ♀, 2 ♂, FMNH]; 24.vii.1981 [1 ♂, FMNH]. Hyvinkää, M. Koponen: 22.vii.1982 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 27.vii.1982 [2 ♀, FMNH]. Nurmijärvi, M. Koponen: 17.vii.1981 [5 ♂, FMNH]; 18.vii.1981 [8 ♀, 19 ♂, FMNH]; 19.vii.1981 [1 ♂, FMNH]; 7.viii.1981 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 29.vii.1982 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 25.viii.1987 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 21.ix.1989 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 17.vii.1991 [1 ♂, FMNH]; 9.vii.1992 [5 ♀, FMNH]; 12.viii.1995 [2 ♀, FMNH]; 15.viii.1995 [2 ♀, 1 ♂, FMNH]. FRANCE: CÔTE-D’OR, Messigny-et-Vantoux, 18.viii.1960 , J. Barbier [1 ♀, MNHN]. GARD, La Gard ou Gardon, 43°55’45’’N 4°23’25’’E, 10–13.vi.2005 , J. George [1 ♀, UCRC]. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44°54’N 00°02’W, M. van Helden: 2.vii.1998 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 30.vii.1998 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 13.viii.1998 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 17.ix.1998 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 9.vii.1999 [4 ♀, 3 ♂, UCRC]. VAUCLUSE, Mont Ventoux, vii.1978 , M.W.R. de Vere Graham [1 ♀, BMNH]. YVELINES, Élisabethville, H.L. Parker (from elm twigs): 3.vi.1951 [numerous ♀, ♂, EMEC]; 16.v.1952 [1 ♀, EMEC]; 17.v.1952 [8 ♀, 2 ♂, EMEC]. [Locality unknown], 25.v.1950 [2 ♀, EMEC]. GERMANY: MECKLENBURG-WESTERN POMERANIA, Malchin, ca. 1 km E of Pisede, Jettchenshof, H.-J. Stammer: viii.1935 [2 ♀, NHMW] (one identified by W. Soyka as A.? foersteri and the other identified and incorrectly labeled by him as a “Co-Type” of A. foersteri ); vii.1936 [1 ♀, EMEC] (identified by W. Soyka as A. foersteri ); viii.1936 [1 ♀, ISNB]. IRELAND: [locality, date, and collector unknown] [2 ♀, NHMW] (identified by A. Foerster as “ Al. minimus Walk. ” and by W. Soyka as A.? foersteri ]. ITALY: CALABRIA, Cosenza Prov., Camigliatello Silano, vii–viii.1985 , L. Micieli [2 ♀, DEZA] (det. by G. Viggiani). CAMPANIA: Napoli Prov., Portici, Entomological Garden, G. Viggiani: 18.vii.1967 [1 ♂, DEZA]; 24.vii.1967 [1 ♀, DEZA]; 3.x.1968 [1 ♀, DEZA] (det. by G. Viggiani). Salerno Prov., 2.5 km SW of Acerno, 40°43.54’N 15°02.36’E, 560 m , 6.vi.2003 , M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [2 ♂, UCRC]. LAZIO: Roma Prov., Castelporziano Presidential Estate: coastal dunes in N corner, 41°42.150’N 12°21.038’E, 5 m , 11.vi.2003 , M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [2 ♀, UCRC]; Fosso di Trafusina, 41°46.670’N 12°24.751’E, 30 m , 11.vi.2003 , M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 ♀, UCRC]; La Focetta, 41°41.474’N 12°22.633’E, 10 m , 11.vi.2003 , M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 ♀, UCRC]. PIEDMONT, Asti Prov., Belveglio, x.1986 , emerged ii–iii.1987 , C. Vidano (on grape) [5 ♀, 5 ♂, DEZA] (det. by G. Viggiani). KYRGYZSTAN: ISSYK-KUL, S Shore of Lake Issyk-kul, 10 km E of Kadzhi-Saj, 42°10’33’’N 77°18’55’’E, 1675 m , 2–6.vii 1999 , C.H. Dietrich [1 ♀, UCRC]. NETHERLANDS: LIMBURG, Valkenburg, 15.x.1931 , W. Soyka (on window, St. Ignatius Jesuit College) [2 ♀, NHMW] (identified by W. Soyka as A. foersteri ). POLAND: LOWER SILESIAN VOIVODESHIP, Karkonosze Mountains (50°44’18’’N 15°42’19’’E, 1434 m ), Karkonosze National Park (as “Riesengebirge” on the label), 28.ix.1933 , H.-J. Stammer [1 ♀, NHMW] (misidentified and labeled by W. Soyka as a “Para-Type” of A. minimus ). PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP, Białowieża, 7–9.vii.1988 , M. Koponen [2 ♀, 1 ♂, FMNH]. PORTUGAL: MADEIRA, Madeira Island: Funchal, M. Koponen: Monte, 550 m , 3.ix.1996 [1 ♀, FMNH]. Vale do Paraíso, 740 m , 6–7.ix.1996 [2 ♀, FMNH]. Ribeiro Bonito (head of trail), 29.vii.1985 , M.W.R. de Vere Graham [1 ♂, BMNH]. RUSSIA: LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST’, Vaganovo, 60°05’24.5’’N 31°02’08.3’’E, 25 m , 15–30.vi.2016 , A. Knyshov [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]. MOSCOVSKAYA OBLAST’: Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M.E. Tretiakov: 25.vi–2.vii.2000 [1 ♀, 5 ♂, UCRC]; 24.vii.2000 [2 ♀, 7 ♂, UCRC]; 25.vii.2000 [3 ♂, UCRC]; 26.vii–14.viii.2000 [5 ♀, 15 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 15–25.viii.2000 [11 ♀, 15 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 23.viii.2000 [1 ♀, 13 ♂, UCRC]; 25–31.viii.2000 [6 ♂, UCRC]; 20.vii.2001 [2 ♀, 6 ♂, UCRC]; 25.vii.2002 [2 ♀, UCRC]. Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, E.Ya. Shuvakhina: 20–31.vii.2000 [14 ♀, 23 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 1–10.viii.2000 [4 ♀, 17 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 10–20.viii.2000 [4 ♀, 4 ♂, UCRC]; 20–31.viii.2000 [2 ♀, 2 ♂, UCRC]; 6–26.vi.2001 [3 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M.V. Michailovskaya: 28.vi–4.vii.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 11–14.vii.1999 [2 ♀, 2 ♂, IBPV, UCRC]; 24.vii–1.viii.1999 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 1–4.viii.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 5–11.viii.1999 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 12–17.viii.1999 [3 ♀, IBPV, UCRC]; 28.viii–5.ix.1999 [1 ♂, UCRC]; viii–ix.1999 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 6–14.ix.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 1–10.vii.2000 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 11–14.vii.2000 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 26–31.viii.2000 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 15–30.ix.2000 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 12– 17.vii.2001 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 17.viii.2001 [1 ♀, UCRC]; ix–x.2001 [1 ♀, UCRC]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island: 2 km E of Sokol, near Belaya River, D.J. Bennett, T. Anderson: 21.vii.2001 [1 ♀, CAS]; 24.vii.2001 [1 ♂, CAS]. 2–3 km E of Sokol, a tributary of Belaya River, 10.viii.2001 , D.J. Bennett, T. Anderson [1 ♀, CAS]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Mikhaylovskoye, “Aviator” farm (near Stavropol’ airport), 22.viii.2002 , E. Khomchenko [1 ♀, UCRC]. UK: ENGLAND: Buckinghamshire Co., Hell Coppice, 30.viii.1958 , M.W.R. de Vere Graham [1 ♀, BMNH]. Dorset Co., Bournemouth, S.G.C. Brown: 8.x.1981 [1 ♀, BMNH] (misidentified by S.G.C. Brown as A. minimus ); viii.1982 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 8.x.1982 [2 ♀, 1 ♂, BMNH]. Hampshire Co., Awbridge, 51°01’18’’N 1°32’27’’W, 52 m , C. Vardy: vii.1981 [1 ♀, BMNH]; ix.1981 [1 ♀, BMNH]. North Somerset, Brockley, 16.vii.1919 , J.P. Kryger [1 ♂, NHMW] (misidentified by J.P. Kryger as Camptoptera papaveris Foerster ). North Yorkshire Co.: Harrogate, Royal Horticultural Society Garden Harlow Carr (as “plantation”), E. Broadhead: emerged 6.vii.1956 from eggs of Mesopsocus sp. [1 ♀, MMUE]; emerged in 1958 from eggs of Mesopsocus unipunctatus (Müller) [4 ♀, 1 ♂, MMUE]. Malham Tarn (near Malham), W.D. Hincks: 27.vii.1958 [1 ♀, MMUE]; 17.viii.1958 [1 ♂, MMUE]; 24.vii.1959 [1 ♂, MMUE]. Oxfordshire Co., Beacon Hill, 5.vii.1959 , W.D. Hincks [1 ♀, MMUE]. Surrey Co., Pyrford, 29.vi.1914 , C.O. Waterhouse [1 ♀, BMNH]. [No locality], xi.1920 , J.P. Kryger [1 ♀, ZMUC]. [No data], F. Enock: [1 ♀, 1 ♂, BMNH] (misidentified by F. Enock as A. minimus ); [1 ♀, 1 ♂, MMUE]. SCOTLAND, Sutherland, Achany (near Lairg), 2–16.viii.1975 , P. Entwhistle [3 ♀, BMNH]. USA: ALASKA, Matanuska-Susitna Borough, 18.vii.1978 , P.H. Arnaud, Jr. [1 ♀, CAS]. CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Berkeley, University of California Botanical Garden: Strawberry Canyon, 2.v.1966 , F.E. Skinner [3 ♀, EMEC]; 17.vi.1966 [1 ♀, EMEC]; 8–10.vii.1966 [1 ♀, EMEC]. Fresno Co., Reedley, A. Smeds Vineyard, 12.iv.1996 , K.M. Daane (from blackberry leaves) [2 ♀, UCRC]. Madera Co., Madera, R. Radoicich Vineyard, 12.vi.1996 , K.M. Daane (from blackberry leaves) [1 ♀, UCRC]. Marin Co., Mill Valley (in redwoods): 17.x.1965 , R.L. Doutt [2 ♀, EMEC]; 29.x.1965 [2 ♂, EMEC]. FLORIDA: Orange Co., Apopka, Kelly Park, 7.iii.1975 , W.R.M. Mason [1 ♀, CNC]. Sarasota Co., Oscar Scherer State Park, 27–29.v.1978 , N.F. Johnson [1 ♀, CNC]. MAINE, Penobscot Co., Lincoln, vii–viii.1952 , A.E. Brower (on bark) [1 ♀, USNM]. SOUTH CAROLINA, Florence Co., Florence, [date unknown], F.F. Bibby [1 ♀, USNM]. VIRGINIA, Bull Run Mountains [exact locality unknown], 15.iv.1974 , G.F. Fedde [1 ♂, USNM]. Extralimital material examined. ARGENTINA : BUENOS AIRES , Bella Vista , 1.vii.1963 , A.A. Ogloblin [ 1 ♀ , MLPA ] . Redescription . FEMALE ( types of the synonyms listed above and non-type specimens from Europe). Body length of the dry-mounted, critical point dried specimens 400–500 µm, of the slide-mounted specimens 400–600 µm. Body dark brown, appendages mostly brown. Antenna ( Figs 24 , 27 , 28 ) shorter than body; scape 2.5–2.9× as long as wide, F1 either about as long as pedicel or slightly longer, F2 the longest funicle segment and 6.0–7.0× as long as wide, F3 shorter than F2 and slightly longer than F4, F5 the widest funicle segment; clava 2.8–3.7× as long as wide, with 4 mps, as long as long as combined length of F4 and F5 plus about half length of F3. Fore wing ( Figs 23 , 25 , 29 ) 430–590 µm long, 8.1–9.2× as long as wide; disc slightly infumate and with a complete row of usually 13–19 setae closer to anterior margin besides the admarginal rows (occasionally with as few as 11 such setae); longest marginal seta 3.2–3.7× maximum wing width. Hind wing ( Fig. 29 ) 16–18× as long as wide; disc strongly infumate, with 1 complete row of setae a little closer to posterior margin; longest marginal seta 6.0–6.8× maximum wing width. Ovipositor ( Figs 23 , 25 ) length 240–318 µm, exserted at least a little beyond apex of gaster (by up to 0.17× its own total length, but usually by only about 0.1×), occupying most of it length, and usually 1.7–1.8× length of metatibia (occasionally 1.6×). MALE ( paralectotypes of A. foersteri and non-type specimens from Europe). Body length of slide-mounted specimens 440–550 mm . Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features of antenna and genitalia and the following. Antenna ( Fig. 30 ) with scape 2.2–2.8× as long as wide, Fl slightly longer than pedicel and a little shorter than following segments, all flagellar segments much longer than wide; fore wing ( Fig. 31 ) 310–560 µm long, 7.4–8.5× as long as wide, with a complete row of usually 13–18 setae closer to anterior margin and very rarely with an additional seta closer to apex just below the complete row of setae. Genitalia ( Fig. 32 ) length 52–64 µm. . FIGURES 25–27. Alaptus fusculus ♀ (lectotype of A. foersteri ). 25, habitus; 26, slide; 27, antennae. Diagnosis. See the key and also the diagnoses of A. minimus and A. terebrans Kryger , to both of which (particularly to the former) it is very similar. Distribution. Nearctic: Canada * and USA *; Palaearctic: Belgium ( Debauche 1948 [as A. foersteri ] ), Bulgaria ( Donev 1978 [as A. foersteri and also possibly as A. extremus , but the latter record needs confirmation]; 1988b [as A. foersteri ], 1990 [as A. foerstery ]), China *, Denmark ( Trjapitzin 1978 [as A. extremus ] ), Finland ( Hellén 1974 [as A. foersteri ] ), France *, Germany , Greece ( Donev 1985a [as A. foersteri ] ), Ireland ( Soyka 1939a [as A. foersteri ] ), Italy ( Viggiani & Jesu 1988 ; Viggiani 2005 ), Kyrgyzstan *, Macedonia ( Donev 1988a [as A. forsteri ] ), Netherlands ( Soyka 1939a [as A. foersteri and A. extremus ] ), Poland ( Soyka 1939a [as A. foersteri ] ), Portugal * ( Madeira *), Romania ( Boţoc 1974 [as A. foersteri ]; Pricop 2009 , 2010a [as A. extremus ]), Russia *, Spain ( Baquero & Jordana 2002 ), and UK : England ( Kryger 1950 [as A. terebrans Enock ]; Cheke & Turner 1974 [as A. magnus ]) and Scotland *; Neotropical: Argentina *. The previous records of A. extremus from Germany by Vidal (2001) , Pricop (2010a) and Noyes (2016) need verification, as does the previous record of A. fusculus from the USA ( Noyes 2016 ). Hosts. Mesopsocus immunis (Stephens) , M. unipunctatus (Müller) ( Hincks 1959 ; Broadhead & Cheke 1975 ; Cheke 1977 ; Cheke & Turner 1974 [as A. magnus ]), and Mesopsocus sp. ( Mesopsocidae ) and some other Psocoptera listed by New (1969) , Baquero & Jordana (2002) and Noyes (2016) ; also from eggs of unidentified Psocoptera on Malus pumila ( Pricop 2010a [as A. extremus ] ). FIGURES 28–29. Alaptus fusculus ♀ (Mamontovka, Pushkino, Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia). 28, antenna; 29, fore and hind wings. Comments. The lectotype male of A. fusculus is consistent with its redescription by Hincks (1959) who correctly associated it with conspecific, non-type females from the United Kingdom . Its body is black and the appendages are brown. Soyka (1939a) described A. foersteri from the type series which includes one female and one male “genotypes” from Poland (within its current borders) and also from 7 female and 4 male “cotypes” from Ireland , the Netherlands , and Poland . While the “genotypes” are, without any doubt, syntypes , it can be also argued that the “cotypes” are rather paratypes in their modern understanding rather than syntypes . However, because W. Soyka’s peculiar designations are open for different interpretations, I prefer treating them as other syntypes , hence the proposed paralectotype designations. The holotype female of A. extremus is almost identical to the lectotype of A. foersteri (including their ovipositor length: metatibia length ratios, which are 1.7 and 1.8, respectively), which is a synonym of A. fusculus according to Hincks (1959) , and which I confirm. Their other important measurements are: A. extremus ( holotype , Fig. 23 ): body length about 400 µm, fore wing length 530 µm, ovipositor length 276 µm, fore wing 9.2× as long as wide, with 13 or 15 discal setae in a row; A. foersteri ( lectotype , Fig. 25 ): body length 473 µm, fore wing length 480 µm, ovipositor length 269 µm, fore wing 8.6× as long as wide, with 13 (on one wing) or 19 (on the other wing) discal setae in a row. The holotype of A. novickyi is just a very large specimen of A. fusculus with a rather long (318 µm) ovipositor; its other important measurements are: body length about 500 µm, fore wing length 560 µm, fore wing with 13 discal setae in a row, ovipositor 1.7× length of metatibia. From the mostly relative measurements given in the short description of the holotype of A. deccanensis Anwar & Zeya from Mandya, Karnataka , India ( Anwar & Zeya 2014 ), the proportions of the individual funicle segments and ovipositor length: metatibia length ratio can be determined. The latter ratio is almost 2.0 and, especially from the illustrations provided, I conclude that A. deccanensis is likely to be within either A. fusculus or A. minimus , as it has some features of both. Its body length of 320 µm, fore wing chaetotaxy, and especially the proportions of F2 of the female antenna (3.8× as long as wide) are similar to those of A. minimus but the ovipositor length relative to the length of the metatibia is more similar (yet a little greater) to A. fusculus . Indeed, Anwar & Zeya (2014) compare their species with A. extremus , which is shown here to be a synonym of A. fusculus . I did not have a chance to examine the holotype female of A. deccanensis (in ZDAMU).