The Afrotropical Miomantiscaffra Saussure 1871 and M. paykullii Stal 1871: first records of alien mantid species in Portugal and Europe, with an updated checklist of Mantodea in Portugal (Insecta: Mantodea) Author Marabuto, Eduardo text Biodiversity Data Journal 2014 2 4117 4117 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e4117 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e4117 1314-2828--4117 Miomantis caffra Saussure, 1871 Materials Type status: Other material . Occurrence: recordedBy: Eduardo Marabuto ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; Taxon: genus: Miomantis; specificEpithet: caffra; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Saussure, 1871; Location: continent: Europe; country: Portugal ; countryCode: PT; stateProvince: Lisboa; county: Cascais; municipality: Carcavelos; locality: Sao Miguel das Encostas ; verbatimElevation: 50 ; decimalLatitude: 38.701 ; decimalLongitude: -9.336 ; Event: samplingProtocol: ad hoc observation ; eventDate: 2014-09-09 ; habitat: garden Type status: Other material . Occurrence: recordedBy: Eduardo Marabuto ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; Taxon: genus: Miomantis; specificEpithet: caffra; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Saussure, 1871; Location: continent: Europe; country: Portugal ; countryCode: PT; stateProvince: Estremadura; county: Lisboa; municipality: Oeiras; locality: Quinta do Marques ; verbatimElevation: 35 ; decimalLatitude: 38.696 ; decimalLongitude: -9.329 ; Event: samplingProtocol: ad hoc observation ; eventDate: 2014-09-20 ; habitat: garden Type status: Other material . Occurrence: recordedBy: Eduardo Marabuto ; individualCount: 2 ; sex: male ; Taxon: genus: Miomantis; specificEpithet: caffra; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Saussure, 1871; Location: continent: Europe; country: Portugal ; countryCode: PT; stateProvince: Lisboa; county: Cascais; municipality: Carcavelos; locality: Sao Miguel das Encostas ; verbatimElevation: 50 ; decimalLatitude: 38.701 ; decimalLongitude: -9.336 ; Event: samplingProtocol: ad hoc observation ; eventDate: 2014-09-22 ; habitat: garden Type status: Other material . Occurrence: recordedBy: Eduardo Marabuto ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; Taxon: genus: Miomantis; specificEpithet: caffra; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Saussure, 1871; Location: continent: Europe; country: Portugal ; countryCode: PT; stateProvince: Lisboa; county: Cascais; municipality: Carcavelos; locality: Sao Miguel das Encostas ; verbatimElevation: 50 ; decimalLatitude: 38.701 ; decimalLongitude: -9.336 ; Event: samplingProtocol: ad hoc observation ; eventDate: 2014-09-27 ; habitat: garden Description Adapted from Giglio-Tos (1927) , who placed it as a synonym of M. monacha (Fabricius, 1787) and Ramsay (1990) . Small or medium-sized species. Male green-coloured (occasionally brown) but distal part of pronotum may be obscured reddish brown. Wing hyaline except green area along space between radial and medial veins and pale, often contrasting radial vein. Female larger, stouter, pastel green with opaque green forewing and yellow hindwing. Head broader than the pronotum, especially in the male. Eye prominent globular bulging, more apparent in male. Pronotum slender, as long as or longer than fore coxa and smooth in male, finely toothed in female. Forewing distally dilated and exceeding the tip of the abdomen and cerci in male, much shorter not reaching the tip of abdomen in female. Foreleg patterned with inner coxa bearing 4-6 dark spots and finely toothed with 5-6 spaced small spines, stronger in female. Femur with 2-3 dark spots interiorly, 4 discoidal and 4 external spines. Fore tibia with 7 external spines. body length: 40-43mm; pronotum length: 10-13mm in male, to 16mm in female; forewing length 31mm in male, 22mm in female. Portuguese specimens The six observed and collected individuals of M. caffra are adult specimens found by porch lights at night. All are identical in pattern and therefore only the first is described, while measurements are also given for the remainder. It is a match for the description in Giglio-Tos 1927 but particularly Ramsay 1990 and is represented in Fig. 2. This specimen is bright green with metazone (distal section of pronotum) and femora with a pale reddish brown suffusion. Forewings are hyaline except the green radial-medial and a pronounced white medial vein. Head bears large bulging and round eyes and does not appear depressed as M. paykullii . Abdomen upperside is bright yellow. Raptorial forelegs bear the typical spine scheme and pattern of the genus and species: 5-6, 4, 7 with 4 dark spots on coxae and 3 prominent black femoral spots and darkened spines. Biometrics, n=6: pronotum length: 11 (10-11)mm; whole body length: 37 (36-38) mm; forewing length: 29 (27-31) mm; fore-leg length measurements - coxa: 7 (6-7)mm, femur: 9 (8-9)mm, tibia: 5 (4-5)mm; ratio forewing/ pronotum length: 2.7 (2.7-2.8). Distribution Originally endemic to the extreme south of Africa in South Africa and Mozambique. Original area spans from Cape of Good Hope to Maputo Bay, the former Transvaal province and Natal ( Giglio-Tos 1927 ). Now, M. caffra is an alien and spreading species in New Zealand's North Island around Auckland ( Ramsay 1984 , Ramsay 1990 ). Recorded habitats and distribution in Portugal The area surrounding sightings of M. caffra is a suburban neighbourhood where managed gardens are abundant. Paspalum spp. lawns are widespread interspersed with stands of Lantana camara , Pittosporum tobira , Yucca aloifolia , Nerium oleander and cultivated Rosa spp. Other widely planted exotic species include Buxus sempervirens , Ligustrum ovalifolium , Phoenix canariensis and Hibiscus spp. Such gardens are watered every night and the whole environment contrasts with natural vegetation types. Here, the natural series would be a meso-thermomediterranean xerothermophilous vegetation adapted to a limestone substrates, the woodland series Arisaro clusii- Querco broteroi sigmetum, typical of western Portugal ( Mesquita et al. 2005 ). Climax stands of this vegetation series are scarce and the more open and thermic seral stages occupy the now few but biodiverse fragmented areas. Ecology All from Ramsay (1990) . Overall similar to M. paykullii . Presumably a generalist and adaptive species with a preference for warm-temperate situations. M. caffra is annual and females live longer than males as most of the latter are eaten during copulation. Development time is variable and nymphs do not synchronise emergence, reaching adult stage at different times, not necessarily depending on temperature. While males are capable of oriented flight and are attracted to lights, females only glide, at best.