Taxonomic revision of Paraphasma Redtenbacher, 1906 (Phasmatodea, Pseudophasmatidae) based on phallic and external morphology Author Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I. 0000-0002-3966-3202 pedroivocm@gmail.com Author Morales, Adriana C. 0000-0002-2108-427X adriana.morales@unesp.br Author Cancello, Eliana M. 0000-0003-3125-6335 ecancell@usp.br text Zootaxa 2022 2022-03-30 5122 1 1 80 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5122.1.1 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5122.1.1 1175-5326 6399540 EC13A69D-D6FA-4926-AC59-648A5626C9B9 Paraphasma spinicauda Chiquetto-Machado sp. nov. Figs 35–39 , Table 8 . http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B1F6133F-896F-4981-AA43-6C35BDE2FE0F Paraphasma sp. 3 , Chiquetto-Machado & Cancello, 2021: 4 , 26, figs 9, 19B, 21A, 23A, 25, 26. Holotype : ♂ , Ecuador , Napo Province , Coca , ii.1982 , G. Onore , B.M. 1985–61, Jungle vegetation ( NHM 012502938 ) ( Fig. 35 ). Paratypes : 4♀ , same data as holotype ( NHM 012502931 , 012502932 , 012502933 , 012502935 ) ( Fig. 38 ) ; 3♀ , Ecuador , Napo Province , Coca , iv.1982 , G. Onore , B.M. 1985–61, Jungle vegetation ( NHM 012502934 , 012502936 , 012502937 ) ; 1♂ , Brazil , Amazonas , Benjamin Constant , Nova Aliança , 04º15’20”S , 69º20’42”W , iv.2004 , Coleta manual, Xavier Fº, F. F. ( INPA *) . Etymology. Noun in apposition formed by the Latin words spina (= spine) and cauda (= tail), referring to a diagnostic feature of this species, the pair of posterolateral spiniform projections on the tergite X of males. Diagnosis. The male can be easily identified by the unique terminalia morphology ( Fig. 36A–D ), with a pair of spiniform projections on the posterolateral regions of tergite X ( Fig. 36B–D : arrows), cerci strongly incurved and with acuminate apex ( Fig. 36A–D ), and posterior margin of subgenital plate acuminate ( Fig. 36B,C ). Diagnostic features of the female include the straight posterior margin of sternite VII, lacking a rounded indentation, and the praeopercular organ more pronounced than in other species of the genus, developed into a distinct bulge with blunt apex, sometimes surpassing the posterior margin of sternite VII ( Fig. 38G,H ). Although not exclusive of P. spinicauda sp. nov. , additional features that may be useful for the identification of this species are the rounded tegmina ( Fig. 35E ) and the body maintaining relatively bright colors in dried specimens, predominantly shiny black with light yellow regions ( Figs 35 , 36 , 38 ). Description of male. Color ( Figs 35 , 36 ): Body mostly shiny black or dark brown, with a pair of light yellow lateral stripes extending along head, prothorax, mesothorax and costal region of tegmina and hindwing. Head, pro- and mesothorax with conspicuous light yellow dorsomedian line; pro- and mesothorax diffusely stained in the same color. Legs shiny black or dark brown, with light yellow stains; profemur more densely stained. Femora-tibiae and tibiae-tarsi joints also light yellow, as well as apex of tarsi and tarsal claws. Body ventrally brown; subgenital plate black-stained. Head ( Fig. 35A–D ): Smooth; about as long as wide; sub-rectangular in dorsal view; vertex weakly convex. Compound eye very prominent, large, covering half of head length, almost round in lateral view. Ocelli well-developed; median one distinctly separated from lateral pair.Antennae filiform, very long, distinctly surpassing end of abdomen; scape compressed dorsoventrally; pedicel cylindrical, slightly shorter than scape; first flagellomere about 3x longer than pedicel. Thorax ( Fig. 35A–D ): Prothorax smooth; slightly longer and distinctly narrower than head; weakly convex dorsally and ventrally, laterally flat. Pronotum sub-rectangular, with slight constriction on anterior third; anterolateral corners with rounded indentations, outlining openings of paired defensive glands; posterior margin convex; pair of gentle dorsolateral carinae originating posterior to defensive glands and extending until nearly posterior margin. Mesothorax slightly rugose, approximately 1.5x longer than prothorax; about as wide as prothorax on anterior half and gradually widening on posterior half. Mesonotum with weak longitudinal carina extending along each lateral margin; mesepisternum with more pronounced carina extending along ventral margin. Metathorax and median segment smooth; parallel-sided, as wide as posterior region of mesothorax; dorsally convex, laterally flat, weakly convex ventrally; metathorax about 3x longer than median segment; both combined almost 2x longer than mesothorax. Metepisternum with longitudinal carina extending along ventral margin. Legs ( Fig. 35A–D ): Fairly long and slender. Profemur about 1.3x longer than combined length of mesothorax, metathorax and median segment; curved and compressed basally; approximately trapezoidal in cross-section, with carinate edges and distinct ventromedian carina; anterodorsal carina weakly raised. Mesofemur slightly longer than pro- and mesothorax combined; 0.6x length of profemur. Metafemur slightly shorter than profemur. Meso- and metafemur sub-rectangular in cross-section, with dorsal and ventral faces slightly convex; edges weakly carinate; ventromedian carina absent. Tibiae slightly shorter than corresponding femur, 1.5–2x longer than corresponding tarsus; rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section; ventromedian carina absent; with conspicuous area apicalis . Pro- and metabasitarsus slightly longer than following three tarsomeres combined; mesobasitarsus about as long as following three tarsomeres combined. Wings ( Fig. 35A–E ): Tegmina short, not reaching median region of metanotum; in dorsal view 2–2.5x longer than wide; rounded, but apical margin slightly truncate; shoulder pad very prominent, varying from dull protuberance to relatively blunt spine; anal region with conspicuous reticulate venation. Hindwing well-developed, reaching abdominal tergite VII. Abdomen ( Figs 35A–C , 36 ): Almost 2x longer than the combined length of head, thorax and median segment; dorsally and ventrally smooth. Segments gradually shortening from II to VIII. Tergites VIII–X ( Fig. 36A–D ) very short and distinctly wider than II–VII. Tergites IX and X strongly convex; IX about 1.5x longer than X. Tergite X ( Fig. 36A–D ) distinctly longer than wide; posterior margin truncate in dorsal view; posterolateral regions rounded and swollen, developed into a pair of stout, somewhat blunt spiniform projections, pointing ventrally and inwards ( Fig. 36B–D : arrows). Posterior margin of tergite X bearing approximately 30 uniformly distributed minute teeth, not grouped into well-delimited thorn pads. Cerci ( Fig. 36A–D ) slightly longer than tergite X; strongly incurved, round in cross-section, tapering apically; apex acuminate. Epiproct small, rounded, hardly visible under tergite X. Vomer ( Fig. 36E ) subtriangular, symmetric; about as long as wide; basal region broad, gradually constricting towards apex. Subgenital plate ( Fig. 36B–D ) approximately boat-shaped, about 3x longer than sternite VIII; distinctly divided into anterior and posterior region; posterior margin distinctly acuminate. Phallic organ ( Fig. 37 ): Dorsal sclerite wider than long ( Fig. 37 , in red), roughly X-shaped in dorsal view; distal process elongate and narrow, directed posteriorly and to the left ( Fig. 37 : dp); distal right region of dorsal sclerite also developed into a process, similar in size and shape to distal process, directed posteriorly and to the right. Dorsal and ventral lobes partially fused on left side. Dorsal lobe ( Fig. 37 : dl) subdivided into main body on the left and a ventral smaller pouch on the right ( Fig. 37 : asterisks). Sclerite of the ventral lobe of “small-double type ” ( Fig. 37 , in green), composed of two separate small regions, both restricted to inner face of ventral lobe; smaller region positioned more basally and to the left, larger region more distally and to the right; each region forming a dull protuberance. Two base apodemes ( Fig. 37 , in blue) projecting into dorsal lobe as spatulate expansions. FIGURE 35. Paraphasma spinicauda Chiquetto-Machado sp. nov. , male, holotype (NHM 012502938). A–C. Habitus, dorsal ( A ), lateral ( B ) and ventral ( C ) views. D. Anterior region of the body, dorsolateral view. E. Tegmina, dorsal view. F. Labels. Scale bars = 10 mm , unless otherwise indicated. FIGURE 36. Paraphasma spinicauda Chiquetto-Machado sp. nov. , male terminalia. A–D. Terminalia in dorsal ( A ), lateral ( B ), ventral ( C ) and oblique caudal ( D ) views. E. Drawing of the vomer. Abbreviations: Ce, cerci; S8, sternite VIII; SPa, anterior region of the subgenital plate; SPp, posterior region of the subgenital plate; T8, T9, T10, tergites VIII, IX and X; TP, thorn pad. Arrows = spiniform projection on the posterolateral region of tergite X. Scale bars = 1 mm. Description of female. Color ( Fig. 38 ): As in male. Head ( Fig. 38A–D ): As in male, but slightly longer than wide. Thorax ( Fig. 38A–D ): As in male except for the following proportions: prothorax as long as head; metathorax 3–3.5x longer than median segment; metathorax and median segment combined 2–2.5x longer than mesothorax. Wings ( Fig. 38A–D ): As in male, but hindwing reaching abdominal tergite VIII. Abdomen ( Fig. 38A–C,F–H ): Approximately 1.8x longer than the combined length of head, thorax and median segment; dorsally and ventrally smooth, but tergite X gently carinate longitudinally. Segments II and III the longest; then gradually shortening from III to VII. Tergites VIII–X ( Fig. 38F,G ) distinctly shorter and slightly narrower than II–VII; tergite IX slightly shorter than VIII and about 1.3x longer than X. Tergite X slightly longer than wide; tectiform; posterior margin slightly emarginate. Cerci ( Fig. 38F–H ) short, about as long as tergite X; straight and cylindrical; apex blunt. Epiproct rounded; hardly visible under tergite X. Sternite VII with straight posterior margin and bearing conspicuous praeopercular organ ( Fig. 38G,H ), developed into a strongly pronounced, shiny bulge, sometimes surpassing posterior margin of sternite VII. Subgenital plate ( Fig. 38G,H ) lanceolate, extending until posterior margin of tergite X; apex somewhat sharp; inner face longitudinally carinate. Cerci, tergite X and subgenital plate densely pilose. Description of egg ( Fig. 39 ). Capsule elongate, sightly higher than wide; higher and wider on median region, narrowing towards operculum and polar area; almost flat on polar area. Capsule with a pair of parallel stripes of thick bristles extending from opercular collar to polar area, touching sides of micropylar plate; a similar pair of stripes extending along ventral face of capsule, but merging into a single stripe before reaching polar area; areas around operculum and polar area bearing bristles of the same type ; other regions of capsule with few, sparse bristles. Operculum oval, slightly higher than wide, with two concentric circles of bristles; outer circle formed by long, thick bristles; inner one formed by approximately 10 minute bristles. Micropylar plate elongate, smooth, positioned medially on capsule. Median line hardly visible. Internal micropylar plate not examined. Egg mostly dark brown; dorsal and ventral stripes of bristles light brown. Measurements (mm, n = 1): capsule length, 3.4; capsule width, 1.5; capsule height, 1.6; operculum width, 1.0; operculum height, 1.2; micropylar plate length, 0.9; micropylar plate width, 0.4. Distribution ( Fig. 1 : purple circles). Paraphasma spinicauda sp. nov. is known only from two localities: the type locality, which probably refers to the Coca River, in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and a locality in western Amazonas state, Brazil , near the city of Benjamin Constant. Additional material examined. ECUADOR . Napo : 1 egg , same data as paratype NHM 012502931 (extracted from the female terminalia) .