Two new species of Phaeophilacris Walker, 1871 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in Kenya, with pictorial key for Phaeophilacris (Taenacris) Gorochov, 2020 Author Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes 0000-0003-0859-0255 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, CEP 37200 - 900. Author Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio 0000-0002-3439-9991 Laboratório de Macroecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP 78060 - 900, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil Author Njoroge, Laban 0000-0002-5853-0990 National Museums of Kenya, Invertebrate Zoology Section, Box 40658 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Author Kinuthia, Wanja M. 0000-0003-3491-2043 National Museums of Kenya, Invertebrate Zoology Section, Box 40658 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Author Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes 0000-0003-3288-4405 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, CEP 37200 - 900. drops@ufla.br text Zootaxa 2024 2024-04-08 5433 3 356 372 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5433.3.4 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5433.3.4 1175-5326 10954230 149299C6-B272-46D1-8389-46342C2CAA6C Phaeophilacris ( Taenacris ) kereita n. sp. ( Figures 2–6 , 7–14 , 15–17 , 18–22 ; Table 1 ) Material examined— Holotype ( NMK/INV/T-748 ), ♂ , Kenya , Gatamaiyu Forest Natural Reserve , Kereita cave ( 36°39’46.62”E , 0°56’3.03”S ), 24.I.2020 , R.L. Ferreira ; condition: body coloration tarnished, male genitalia dissected and stored alongside the holotype, left legs I, II and III, and right leg III detached and also stored alongside the holotype . Paratype ( NMK/INV/T-749 ), ♂ , Kenya , Gatamaiyu Forest Natural Reserve , Kereita cave ( 36°39’46.62”E , 0°56’3.03”S ), 24.I.2020 , R.L. Ferreira ; condition: body coloration slightly tarnished, male genitalia dissected and stored alongside the holotype, left legs I, II and III detached and also stored alongside the paratype, right leg III missing . Diagnosis— Combination of the following characteristics: posterior portion of the epiphallus membranous and U-shaped ( Figs. 2 and 3 , Ep.p.); posterolateral lobes of the epiphallus short and dorsally projected, apex subtriangular and also dorsally projected ( Figs. 2, 5 and 6 , Ep.pl..); ectoparameres divided into anteroventral and posterodorsal lobes, posterior margin of the anteroventral lobe with a short, centralized and rounded projection pointing towards the posterior region of the genitalia, posterodorsal lobe tapered, slightly curving away from the center of the genitalia and roughly V-shaped ( Figs. 3, 5 and 6 , Ect.av. and Ect.pd.); rachis with an anteromedial constriction, forming a ring around the posterior portion of the formula, posterior margin quadrangular ( Fig. 3 , R.). FIGURES 2–6 . Phaeophilacris ( Taenacris ) kereita n. sp. (holotype) male genitalia. (2) dorsal view, (3) ventral view, (4) frontal view, (5) laterofrontal view, (6) lateral view. Abbreviations:A.p., apodema principale; Ect.av., ectoparameric anteroventral lobe; Ect.pd., ectoparameric posterodorsal lobe; Ep.a., anterior portion of the epiphallus; Ep.p., posterior portion of the epiphallus; Ep.pl., epiphallic posterolateral lobes; F., formula; R., rachis. FIGURES 7–14 . Phaeophilacris ( Taenacris ) kereita n. sp. (holotype) male body morphology. (7) head in frontal view; (8) head in lateral view, compound eye highlighted (9) head in dorsal view; (10) tegmina in lateral view; (11) tegmina dorsal view; (12) supra-anal and subgenital plates in lateral view; (13) supra-anal plate in dorsal view; (14) subgenital plate in ventral view. FIGURES 15–17 . Phaeophilacris ( Taenacris ) kereita n. sp. (holotype) left legs. (15) legs I and II, outer view; (16) leg III, inner view, apical spurs of the tibia highlighted; (17) leg III, outer view, apical spurs of the tibia highlighted. TABLE 1. Phaeophilacris ( Taenacris ) kereita n. sp. , morphological measurements (mm) of the male adult specimens.

♂	NMK/INV/T-748	NMK/INV/T-749
Head width	3.478	3.833
Head length	2.317	2.24
Intraocular distance	1.939	2.041
Compound eye width	0.583	0.623
Compound eye length	1.111	1.203
Pronotum width	4.775	5.236
Pronotum length	2.898	2.88
Right tegmina width	2.277	2.217
Right tegmina length	5.195	6.079
Left femur I length	10.014	12.061
Left tibia I length	10.226	12.229
Left tarsus I length	7.038	9.036
Left femur II length	9.181	10.922
Left tibia II length	9.621	11.405
Left tarsus II length	6.751	7.523
Left femur III length	15.639	17.82
Left tibia III length	17.601	19.991
Left tarsus III length	7.756	8.383
Body length	18.181	18.188

Male genitalia ( holotype , Figs. 2–6 )—phallic complex short in general view ( Figs. 2–6 ). Epiphallus : anterior portion dorsally projected and inclined towards the anterior region of the body, lateral margins rounded and expanding, to a small extent, towards the posterior end of the genitalia ( Figs. 2 and 6 , Ep.a.); posterior portion membranous and U-shaped ( Figs. 2 and 3 , Ep.p.); posterolateral lobes short, predominantly membranous, with a slightly sclerotized band extending along their entire length, dorsally projected (in lateral view) and curved towards the center of the genitalia (in dorsal and ventral views), apex subtriangular and also dorsally projected, with dorsolateral surface covered with setae, lateral setae elongated ( Figs. 2, 3 and 6 , Ep.pl.); rami missing (Rm.). Ectoparameres : sclerotized and divided into anteroventral lobe and posterodorsal lobe ( Figs. 3–6 , Ect.av. and Ect.pd.); anteroventral lobe well-developed, expanding both ventrally and laterally, with an almost quadrangular contour in lateral view, inner margin with a medium-sized rounded projection, posterior margin with a short, centralized, and rounded projection pointing towards the posterior region of the genitalia ( Figs. 3–6 , Ect.av.); posterodorsal lobe tapered, extending posteriorly, reaching in length the posterior margin of the epiphallus and slightly curving away from the center of the genitalia, with a shape similar to that of a fin in ventral view, outline roughly V-shaped in lateral and laterofrontal views ( Figs. 3–6 , Ect.pd.). Endoparamere : apodema principale membranous, concave (in lateral view), extremities slightly dorsally projected ( Fig. 3 , A.p.). Rachis : almost as long as the central margin of the posterior portion of the epiphallus, sclerotized, with an anteromedial constriction, forming a ring around the posterior portion of the formula, posterior margin with a quadrangular outline (in ventral view) and small acute centered projection in frontal view ( Figs. 3 and 4 , R.). Formula : almost as long as the apodema principale, rectangular-shaped and membranous, region adjacent to the constriction of the rachis smaller in diameter and slightly sclerotized ( Fig. 3 , F.). Variations in the male genitalia ( paratype )— Epiphallus : posterolateral lobes (Ep.pl.) with a sclerotized and wide band extending along their entire length, dorsally projected but not curved towards the center of the genitalia; rami (Rm.) slightly sclerotized, elongated, longer than the apodema principale. Endoparamere : apodema principale (A.p.) slightly sclerotized. Formula (F.) shorter than the apodema principale, rectangular and sclerotized, with the margin adjacent to the constriction of the rachis being more sclerotized than the rest of the structure. Body morphology ( holotype , Figs. 7–17 )— Body color (after fixation in ethanol 70%) : head, pronotum, tegmina, abdomen, cerci and legs pale whitish yellow, without dark spots ( Figs. 7–14 ); Body color (in vivo observations) : general coloration pale brown, locomotor appendages ranging from pale brown to yellowish-orange ( Figs. 21 and 22 ). Head : slightly pubescent, dorsoventrally elongated ( Figs. 7 and 8 ), fastigium covered by long setae and approximately as wide as half the length of the antennal scape ( Fig. 9 ); scape well-developed, 1.5 times longer than the compound eyes in lateral view ( Fig. 8 ); maxillary palp divided into five palpomeres, the first two short and of similar length, palpomeres III and IV elongated and of comparable length, the terminal palpomere longer than the others with a club-shaped apex ( Fig. 8 ); labial palp short and divided into three parts, the posterior palpomere as long as the anterior and median palpomeres combined, featuring a rounded and dilated apex ( Fig. 8 ); ocelli absent, and the compound eyes slightly reduced, dorsal region near the antennal cavities depigmented ( Figs. 7–9 ). Thorax : pronotum pubescent, with its anterior and posterior margins arched and covered by elongated bristles, the median region intersected by an anteroposterior groove, lateral lobes subtriangular, facing downward and slightly towards the head ( Figs. 8 and 11 ); metanotal gland poorly developed, confined to the anterior margin of the metanotum, adorned with numerous setae, concealed by the tegmina, and subdivided into left and right lobes, which are separated by a whitish line that extends anterodorsally until reaching the supra-anal plate ( Fig. 13 ). Abdomen : tergites pubescent; supra-anal plate subtriangular and pubescent, with a rounded posterior margin covered by long bristles, shorter than the subgenital plate and equal in length to the paraprocts ( Figs. 12 and 13 ); subgenital plate approximately two times longer than the supra-anal plate, pubescent, with lateral and posterior margins also covered by long bristles, subtriangular-shaped, apex of the posterior margin straight ( Figs. 12 to 14); cerci pubescent and covered by long setae throughout their length, the inner portion of the base covered by globose setae ( Figs. 12 to 14). Tegmina : slightly sclerotized and moderately translucent, pubescent, reduced, and lanceolate, rounded at the apex and partially covering tergites I and II, as well as the anterior portion of tergite III; inner margins not touching; dorsal field intersected by two or three poorly-marked longitudinal veins, while the lateral field is bordered by an also poorly-marked longitudinal vein curving towards the center of the body, posterior portion of the lateral field whitish and thickened ( Figs. 10 and 11 ). Legs : pubescent; leg I ( 28.01 mm ) longer than leg II ( 25.55 mm ), femur bearing small forward-pointing denticles on both ventral margins, tibia devoid of tympanum ( Fig. 15 ); tibia of legs I and II bearing two ventral apical spurs ( Fig. 15 ); tarsomere I of legs I ( 4.92 mm ) and II ( 3.94 mm ) serrated ventrally and longer than tarsomeres II and III combined ( Fig. 15 ); leg III ( 41 mm ) longer than legs I and II, tibia serrated dorsally, bearing four subapical spines on the outer dorsal margin ( Fig. 17-w, x, y, z ) and three on the inner dorsal margin ( Fig. 16-m, n, o ), as well as three apical spurs on the outer surface ( Fig. 17-a, b, c ) and four on the inner surface ( Fig. 16-d, e, f, g ); spur “a” longer than the others, spur “b” longer than spur “c”; spur “f” longer than the others, spur “e” longer than spurs “d” and “g”, tarsomere I ( 4.61 mm ) of leg III also serrated ventrally, longer than tarsomeres II and III together, and bearing two small dorsal subapical spines and two apical spurs, with the inner one longer than the outer one ( Figs. 16 and 17 ). Variations in body morphology ( paratype )— Legs : tibia of left leg III bearing five subapical spines instead of four on the outer margin. FIGURES 18–22 . Phaeophilacris ( Taenacris ) kereita n. sp. habitat. (18) Gatamaiyu Forest, Kereita cave external environment; (19) Kereita cave entrance; (20) Kereita cave main chamber; (21) cluster of P. ( T. ) kereita n. sp. around crack in the rock formation; (22) adult male of P. ( T. ) kereita n. sp. Ecological remarks— Kereita cave is located within the limits of the Gatamaiyu Forest Natural Reserve. Gatamaiyu Forest ( Fig. 18 ) is a remaining section of the Kikuyu Escarpment Forest, encompassing a vast area of 37,620 hectares. This expansive forested landscape comprises several distinct forest blocks, including Kereita, Kinale, Kamae, Kieni, Raggia, Kijabe, and Uplands, in addition to Gatamaiyu. Within Gatamaiyu Forest, which spans 4,720 hectares, approximately 75% consists of native forest, while 8% is characterized by exotic tree species. The remaining portion features scrublands, bamboo groves, and herbaceous croplands. Despite extensive logging activities occurring in the 1950s and 1960s, Gatamaiyu Forest has remarkably regenerated over time. This forest serves a vital role as a watershed area for numerous rivers and springs, including the Gatamaiyu, Bathi, Kiruiru, and Nyanduma rivers. The entrance to Kereita Cave is situated at an altitude of 2,400 meters above sea level, nestled in the heart of the forest, adjacent to a substantial waterfall ( Fig. 19 ). Due to its proximity to the lake created by the waterfall, it is likely that during periods of heavy rainfall, the lower main chamber of the cave may experience flooding. Nevertheless, the cave floor in the main chamber is consistently damp due to the mist generated by the waterfall, which permeates through the cave entrance. The cave consists of a main chamber, approximately 20 meters in length, and a secondary upper conduit, spanning approximately 10 meters. Notably, individuals of the species Phaeophilacris ( T. ) kereita n. sp. were not observed within the lower main cave chamber. Instead, they were primarily found in the lateral upper conduit, particularly along the cave’s ceiling and walls. These specimens tended to cluster around cracks in the rock formations ( Fig. 21 ). It is worth mentioning that the majority of the specimens observed in these aggregations were immatures, with only two adult males identified ( Fig. 22 ), despite the presence of several sub-adult male specimens. The primary organic materials present in the cave included plant debris carried in by water and bat guano. An intriguing aspect of the cave environment is the intense noise level caused by the nearby waterfall. The noise is so pronounced that even holding conversations inside the cave becomes challenging.Consequently, any form of acoustic communication by the crickets is impeded. The behavior of these specimens was particularly intriguing. Typically, cave crickets tend to exhibit evasive behavior, scurrying away when approached with headlamps, suggesting a degree of photophobia and a tendency to seek shelter when disturbed. However, what sets Phaeophilacris ( T. ) kereita n. sp. apart is the surprising composure of these specimens: they remained remarkably calm, even in the presence of a human with powerful lights in close proximity. Unlike other species, they did not display any attempts to seek shelter but rather remained still and composed. Although the waterfall near Kereita Cave is a tourist attraction, the cave itself appears to receive very few visitors. To access the cave, one must cross the river, as its entrance is on the opposite bank from the trail. Additionally, because the cave entrance is in close proximity to the waterfall, many visitors seem hesitant to enter, often choosing to avoid it. As a result, the interior of the cave remains relatively undisturbed, showing minimal signs of human interference. Furthermore, access to the cave is only permitted when visitors are accompanied by park rangers, as the area is known to have elephants and other wildlife that could pose a risk to humans.