A revision of Episothalma Swinhoe, 1893, with descriptions of two new species and one new genus (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Geometrinae) Author Xue, Dayong Author Wang, Xuejian Author Han, Hongxiang text Zootaxa 2009 2033 12 25 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.186318 3e00f698-e22e-41d6-86ca-bf8bec9a41f2 1175-5326 186318 Episothalma Swinhoe, 1893 Episothalma Swinhoe, 1893 a, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist . (6) 12: 149. Type species: Thalassodes sisunaga Walker, 1861 , by original designation. [ INDIA ]: Hindostan. Episthophthalma Hampson, 1895 , Fauna Br. India (Moths) 3: 483. [Emendation of Episothalma .] Redescription. Head: Antenna ciliate in male, filiform in female. Frons moderately protruding, smoothscaled. Labial palpus short, third segment in female elongate. Thorax: Hind tibia with one pair of terminal spurs in male and two pairs of spurs in female. Wing pattern: Outer margin of both wings wavy, lightly concave under forewing apex and deeply concave between M1 and M3 on hind wing; inner margin on hind wing elongate. Transverse lines on both wings distinct or indistinct; forewing with antemedial line slightly wavy; both wings with postmedial lines slightly dentate; discal spots dark brown or black dot on both sides. Both wings with ventral side much paler than dorsum; postmedial line distinct. Venation: Frenulum developed. Forewing: Vein R1 free; R2-5 and M1 diverging from the anterior angle of cell; R2 diverging before R5; M3 and CuA1 from the posterior angle of cell. Hind wing: Rs longly stalked with M1; M3 and CuA1 stalked or both from the posterior angle of cell; 3A absent. Abdomen: Dorsal crests present. Sternite 3 in male without setal patch. Male genitalia: Uncus developed, tapered or blunt at apex. Socii weak, usually shorter than uncus. Gnathos with lateral arms not joined at middle. Valva with apex rounded, setose; a longitudinal, irregularly wrinkled ridge with dense hair present in central part; a tapered, fairly sclerotized fold or hook present in the center, posterior to which there is a small lobe or a large dentate process. Transtilla a large sclerotized plate. Juxta a slightly to moderately sclerotized plate, posterior margin arched to reversed U-shape. Saccus not protruding, vinculum developed. Coremata fairly developed. Aedeagus moderately slender, broad and sclerotized posteriorly, manica often with sclerotized process, sometimes vesica sclerotized and wrinkled. Female genitalia: Apophyses anteriores very short. Lamella postvaginalis a small and rounded plate. Ductus bursae broad and fairly long, sclerotized. Corpus bursae moderately large, membranous, wrinkled, with a bicornute signum. Diagnosis. The genus Episothalma looks superficially similar to Euxena Warren, 1896 , a member of the Aracimini, on wing patterns, but can be differentiated easily on external features. The main differences are as follows: Episothalma has a much smaller discal spot on the dorsal side and paler markings on the ventral side, but Euxena has a much larger discal spot on the dorsal side and stronger markings on the ventral side; the male hind tibia has only one pair of terminal spurs in Episothalma , while there are two pairs of spurs in Euxena ; the paired setal patches of sternite 3 in the male are absent in Episothalma but present in Euxena . As a member of the Hemitheini , Episothalma is different from Euxena in the male genitalia: for example, the socii of Euxena are triangular and broader, while those of Episothalma are tapering or with small lobes proximately; coremata are developed in Episothalma but absent in Euxena . In the male genitalia, Episothalma is distinctive in the tribe Hemitheini in having a tapered, fairly sclerotized fold or hook in the center of the valva. Distribution. Oriental region, including China , Vietnam , India , Myanmar , Nepal , Thailand , Malaysia (West and East), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan).