A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification Author De Pinna, Mário C. C. Author Ferraris, Carl J. Author Vari, Richard P. text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007 2007-08-31 150 4 755 813 https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00306.x journal article 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00306.x 0024-4082 5122EB63-C0A1-446B-A285-1D12A43C6E57 SUBFAMILY CETOPSINAE BLEEKER, 1858 Type genus : Cetopsis Spix and Agassiz, 1829 Diagnosis (Br:> 5, jk: 99, bs: 99): Single row of dentary teeth, or more than one row of teeth present only along approximately one-half of length of tooth-bearing surface, plus some additional teeth located near symphysis (4); Adductor mandibulae muscle hypertrophied, extending dorsally to midline of neurocranium (7); Levator arcus palatini muscle very developed and clearly visible in dorsal view (reversed in Cetopsis oliveirai ) (16); Dorsal portion of hyomandibula with distinct anterior process forming long, direct articulation with ventrolateral margin of neurocranium (17); Metapterygoid extending posteromedial of entopterygoid (21); Vomerine teeth disposed in one row (39); Rigid layer of fibrous cartilage associated with anterolateral margins of mesethmoid, forming protective wall surrounding anteromedial portions of olfactory capsule (52); Distal portion of posterior ceratohyal broadened (78, reversed in Denticetopsis sauli ); Third and fourth branchiostegal rays distinctly shorter than other rays (82); Coracoids extending for two-thirds or less of length of cleithrum (102); Contralateral posterior basipterygial cartilages fused medially at base, forming single stem for posterior cartilaginous process(es) (110); Lateral branch of basal bifurcation of posterior basipterygial cartilage ax-head shaped (112, State 2, reversed to state 0 in Cetopsis oliveirai ); First pelvic-fin ray base segments orientated obliquely, with distinct laminar expansion (115, State 2, reversed to State 1 in Cetopsidium morenoi ); Figure 35. Cetopsidium minutum , ANSP 175839, 21 mm SL; Guyana, Essequibo River. Pelvic fins with medial membrane joining contralateral medial rays and abdomen (117, State 1 or 2, reversed to State 0 in Cetopsis candiru ); Last anal-fin ray and caudal peduncle united by membranous connection extending at least to basal one-half of ray and may extend along entire length of ray (119, reversed to State 0 in species of Paracetopsis , Cetopsis motatanensis , the clade formed by Cetopsis oliveirai , C. coecutiens and C. candiru , and in the clade formed by C. pearsoni , C. plumbea , C. sandrae , C. montana , C. orinoco , C. gobioides and C. arcana , with a subsequent transition to State 1 in the latter species); Adipose fin absent in adults (122, convergent in the outgroup species Nematogenys inermis ).