Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) from Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica with Descriptions of Four New Species
Author
Stampar, Sérgio N.
Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática-LEDA, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), FCL / Assis, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, 19806 - 900, Assis, SP, Brazil
Author
Mills, V. Sadie
NIWA Invertebrate Collection, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade Hataitai, 6021 Wellington, New Zealand
Author
Keable, Stephen J.
Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia
text
Records of the Australian Museum
2020
2020-07-29
72
3
81
100
journal article
10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1762
2201-4349
4654407
62E3C79A-499F-48DE-AFD9-111D52235D33
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
sp. nov.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
BC26F829-165B-4AA4-B4CF-0AF6673C72E7
Figs 11–13
,
Table 4
Holotype
.
NIWA
Invertebrate Collection (
NIC
),
NIWA 87139
, Gaer Arm, Whale Rock, Fiordland,
45.2825°S
167.1211667°E
(
19/ii/2013
), depth c.
15 m
.
Paratype
.
NIWA 145027
, same details as
holotype
.
Diagnosis
. Labial tentacles dark brown. Eight mesenteries attached to siphonoglyph, P2 with 3/4 of gastral cavity, labial tentacles in three rows.
Variation
. Long (up to
150 mm
long) and thin (
10–20 mm
width) cerianthid; 64–70 light brown marginal tentacles (
20–22 mm
in preserved specimens), at least one line over marginal tentacle length, arrangement 3412.3412.3412, with more than 6 pores per tentacle; 56–62 dark brown labial tentacles (up to 07 mm long in preserved specimens), arrangement (2)313.2123.2123, unpaired labial tentacle present; pleated stomodeum extending over 1/6 to 1/7 of total body length, hyposulcus
3 mm
long, hemisulci distinct; siphonoglyph wide, connected to four pairs of mesenteries; free parts of sterile directive mesenteries shorter than siphonoglyph length, without mesenterial filaments. Second protomesenteries almost reaching aboral pole with 3/4 of gastral cavity, fertile, bearing ciliated tracts with bundles of craspedonemes at the very beginning, followed by very short cnido-glandulars tract and long (c. 90% of the mesentery) craspedion tracts. Third protomesenteries sterile, longer than B1 and much longer than directives, with craspedonemes. M and m-metamesenteries long, fertile; M1 reach 3/5 of total body length and M2 reaching almost the same, but shorter than M1, with bundles of craspedonemes; B and b-mesenteries, sterile, with B almost twice length of b; see
Fig. 12
for schematic arrangement of mesenteries. The cnidome of the species (
Fig. 13
) is composed of spirocysts, holotrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores (three
types
) and ptychocysts distributed as shown in
Table 4
.
Figure 10
. Cnidome of
Ceriantheopsis microbotanica
sp. nov.
based on two specimens (AM G18354 and AM G18358).
Holotype
description
(
NIWA
87139). Rather elongated polyp,
7 cm
long,
19 mm
diameter just below marginal tentacles and
7 mm
near aboral end. Marginal tentacles 64, arranged in four pseudocycles,
20–22 mm
long and
0.8–1 mm
in diameter near the base, light brown with longitudinal line. The space between cycles of marginal and labial tentacles dark brown coloured. Labial tentacles 56, about 07 mm long, brown, directive labial present, arrangement of marginal tentacles 3412.3412.3412… and labial tentacles (2)313.2123.2123.... Oral disk
16 mm
wide, stomodeum
10 mm
long, dark brown, siphonoglyph wide and rather short with 8 mesenteries attached, hyposulcus
3 mm
long with short hemisulci
1 mm
long. Free parts of directive mesenteries without mesenterial filament. Second protomesenteries almost reach aboral pole, fertile, bearing ciliated tract with bundle of craspedonemes. Third protomesenteries sterile, longer than B1, with craspedonemes. M and m-metamesenteries long, fertile; M1 and M2 reach 3/4 of total body length and M1 longer than M2, with bundle of craspedonemes; B and b-mesenteries, B twice longer than b.
Stampar
et al.
:
Ceriantharia
from
Australia
,
New Zealand
and
Antarctica
93
Remarks
. This species is only known from two specimens collected from a rock wall habitat in Fiordland at scuba diving depths. Environmental conditions in the fjords create unique conditions in the shallow sub-tidal zone, just below the low-salinity layer, making it similar to deep-sea habitats; hence many deep sea dwelling and ancient species can be found at a much shallower depth in Fiordland than anywhere else in the world (
Wing, 2003
).
Ceriantharia
have been recorded as dominant members of the soft sediment community on the sand slope areas of the rock wall zone in Fiordland (Grange
et al.
, 1981), but their ability to escape from the tube they occupy into the sediment is a reason for loss in most sampling attempts (Stampar
et al.
, 2016). Thus, while image-based records of
Ceriantharia
by divers and underwater camera systems are numerous, corresponding instances of specimens are rare. The range of this species is very close to that recorded for
Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis
sp. nov.
and they are probably sympatric in some localities. Although the anatomy is quite distinct, based solely on external morphology it is quite difficult to discern between the two species. However, like all species of the genus
Ceriantheopsis
,
C. zealandiaensis
is quite thin and long compared to
Pachycerianthus
and this may give a gross guide in the field. Unlike
Pachycerianthus antarcticus
,
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
does not appear to maintain already fertilized oocytes: although both specimens examined are already fully mature, there is no sign of these in the gastrovascular cavities.
Figure 11
. Holotype specimen of
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
sp. nov.
, NIWA 87139.
(A)
Whole specimen;
(B)
detail of syphonoglyph.
Table 4
. Cnidome of
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
sp. nov.
based on two specimens (NIWA 87139;145027). Mean and range given for each cnida.
|
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
sp. nov.
|
| length (in µm) |
width (in µm) |
| column |
| pytchocysts |
71.0 (62.5–76.8) |
28.2 (22.5–35.2) |
| holotrich |
70.5 (66.4–73.3) |
17.2 (16.1–18.9) |
| atrichs |
26.2 (22.5–32.5) |
7.8 (6.5–8.4) |
| b-mastigophores ii |
28.4 (26.9–29.8) |
6.4 (5.6–7.5) |
| marginal tentacles |
| b-mastigophores ii |
28.2 (26.5–29.7) |
6.3 (5.5–7.5) |
| atrichs |
30.5 (29.2–32.1) |
8.2 (7.8–8.9) |
| labial tentacles |
| b-mastigophores i |
41.2 (37.5–43.5) |
15.4 (13.9–16.7) |
| b-mastigophores ii |
28.2 (26.5–29.7) |
6.3 (5.5–7.5) |
| atrichs |
26.4 (24.1–29.4) |
6.1 (5.6–6.8) |
| stomodeum |
| b-mastigophores i |
42.8 (38.9–46.5) |
15.8 (14.6–16.4) |
| b-mastigophores ii |
26.7 (25.7–28.7) |
6.4 (6.0–7.1) |
| b-mastigophores iii |
13.5 (12.4–14.6) |
3.8 (3.3–4.2) |
| atrichs |
28.7 (25.6–30.2) |
7.8 (6.9–8.3) |
| mesenteries Type b |
| atrichs |
27.8 (25.5–29.2) |
7.6 (6.7–8.2) |
| mesenteries Type m |
| b-mastigophores ii |
25.5 (24.7–27.7) |
6.2 (5.8–7) |
Figure 12
. Graphical representation of the arrangement of mesenteries of
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
sp. nov.
Abbreviations:
M.C.,
multiplication chamber;
dm,
directives;
T.P.,
terminal pore;
S,
siphonoglyph;
B,
betamesenteries (convoluted mesentery);
M,
metamesenteries (double filament);
P,
protomesenteries.
Figure 13
. Cnidome of
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis
sp. nov.
based on two specimens (NIWA 97139, 145027).
Distribution
. Fiordland,
New Zealand
.
Etymology
. The specific name,
zealandiaensis
, is based on the name of the ancient submerged continent that contains
New Zealand
, the country where the specimens were collected.
Order
Penicillaria
Hartog, 1977
Family
Arachnactidae
McMurrich, 1910