The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns Author Schmitz, Patrick Author Rubinoff, Daniel text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2011 2011-04-20 162 1 15 42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x journal article 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x 0024-4082 5440227 HYPOSMOCOMA EEPAWAI SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. ( FIGS 12A , 14A , 15 , 20A ) Material examined: HOLOTYPE ♂ : [1] ‘H[ AWAI ]I: Kauai, Kawaikoi stream | N 22.13158° , W 159.62161° | elev[ation]. 3490 f[ee]t, ‘bugle’ case, II-24-09 | em[ergence]. IV-13-09, #DR09B7B | coll[ectors]. P[atrick]. Schmitz, D [aniel]. Rubinoff, M [ichael]. San Jose’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | eepawai | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM . PARATYPES : 18 ♂ , 15 ♀ , from Kauai Island , Hawaii , USA ; 4 ♂ , 3 ♀ , with same data as holotype ; 7 ♂ , 1 ♀ , with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 14.iv.2009 ( 2 ♂ ), 15.iv.2009 ( 2 ♂ ), 20.iv.2009 ( 3 ♂ , 1 ♀ ) ; 7 ♂ , 10 ♀ , HI: Kauai , Alakai Swamp area , Kawaikoi stream at road, ‘cone’ case, V-18-05, em. 18.vi.2005 ( 2 ♂ , one dissected PS144), 16.vi.2005 ( 4 ♂ , 2 ♀ ), 19.vi.2005 ( 1 ♂ , dissected PS156), 24.vi.2005 ( 1 ♀ ), 28.vi.2005 ( 1 ♀ ), 1.vii.2005 ( 5 ♀ , one dissected PS179), 7.vii.2005 ( 1 ♀ ), #DR05E1, leg [ it ]. D. Rubinoff , W[ill]. Haines ; 1 ♀ (dissected PS145). Deposited in BPBM , MHNG , UHIM , and USNM . Diagnosis: Within the genus Hyposmocoma , H. eepawai is a mostly uniform greyish-blue colour that is somewhat similar in forewing pattern to H. ipowainui sp. nov. , H. kaikuono Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008 , and H. kaupo Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008 . However, it can be easily separated from these species by its smaller size, the absence of subcostal brush, and the differences in male and female genitalia. Description: Male ( N = 16) ( Figs 12A , 15 ). Wingspan 10.4–10.6 mm ( holotype : 10.6 mm ). Head with greyish-blue white tipped scales. Haustellum with greyish blue, brown tipped scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved with greyish-blue brown tipped scales, subapically white ring on second segment, and slender darkish brown third segment. Antenna flagellum darkish brown; scape with scales white tipped at the end; antennal pecten present with up to eight thin setae. Thorax greyish-blue; metascutellum greyish-beige. Foreleg coxa with off-white and greyish-blue brown tipped scales; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly darkish brown with off-white ring at apex and middle of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I- V . Midleg as foreleg, but also with ring of greyish-blue scales on tibia postmedially and extended off-white rings, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg. Forewing mostly greyish-blue with pale tipped scales, with very few scattered rusty scales; dark brown markings as a basal band, a pair of spots medially, disconnected from each other along diagonal, and a more or less conspicuous small spot postmedially in midline; off-white markings as a small notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin. Hindwing greyish brown. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally uniform shiny grey; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long pale beige scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook arising from distinct sclerotized ring on the right side of VII abdominal tergum, large with blunt apex; minute sclerotized point on the left side. Genital flaps on VIII abdominal sternum, rounded, broad, and thin. Figure 13. Holotypes of aquatic medium burrito-case Hyposmocoma spp. , adult males. A, Hyposmocoma aumakuawai sp. nov. ; B, Hyposmocoma waihohonu sp. nov. ; C, Hyposmocoma moopalikea sp. nov. Male genitalia ( N = 2) ( Fig. 15 ). Uncus-like processes attached to tegumen, right process elongate and flattened on entire length, curved ventrally, apically pointed, about 6.5 ¥ length of left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, with long and slender arms, slightly enlarged apically, bent upward in the middle, adorned with setae arranged comb-like along dorsal margin, with two sclerotized spur-like setae of same length on each valva, minute and apically rounded on right valva, large and claw-like on left valva, being six ¥ length of those on right valva. Phallus large, heavily sclerotized, slightly bent to the right, blunt tipped, with large bulbous base; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two lobes, thin, angled upward, both adorned with small setae until apex, left lobe bulbous apically. Female ( N = 14). Wingspan 10.1–11.7 mm . Frenulum with three acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia ( N = 1) ( Fig. 20A ). Papillae anales slightly longer than large. Apophyses thin and straight, with posterior apophyses very long about three ¥ length of anterior apophyses. Ostium-bearing process heavily sclerotized, atrophied, with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated behind of corpus bursae. Apical margin of sternum VII with no emargination medially. Larval case ( N = 82) ( Fig. 14A ). Bugle-shaped structure, 4.0– 6.5 mm in length, small and triangular, decorated with beige, brown, and black bits of sand woven densely with silk filaments; bicoloured, underside shiny grey, darker above; aperture of case covered with a flat and bare operculum, that can be closed tightly by the larvae with its mandibles from the inside; case background colour dark grey. Biology: Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks of Kawaikoi stream on the island of Kauai in February and May. Distribution: Known only from the island of Kauai where the Kawaikoi stream drains the north-western plateau of the Alaka‘i swamp. We have found it nowhere else and therefore presume it to be endemic to this drainage. Etymology: The name H. eepawai , from the Hawaiian, ‘e‘epa , a supernatural being in Hawaiian mythology with a strange shape, refers to the bugle shape of the larval case of this species, and, wai , water, refers to its aquatic lifestyle. Remarks: Remarkably, the island of Kauai supports three endemic species of aquatic cones, H. kawaikoi , H. uhauiole , and H. wailua , whereas there is only a single aquatic bugle case type , H. eepawai , found only in the Alaka‘i swamp on west Kauai. Not only are these two case types independent lineages, as confirmed by genetic analysis (Rubinoff & Schmitz, 32 P. SCHMITZ and D. RUBINOFF occurring on Kauai, are externally completely different, their male and female genitalia are almost identical. Figure 14. Case types of aquatic Hyposmocoma spp. , larvae. A, Hyposmocoma eepawai sp. nov. , lateral aspect; B, Hyposmocoma ipowainui sp. nov. , dorsal aspect; C, Hyposmocoma aumakuawai sp. nov. , dorsal aspect. Figure 15. Male genitalia of Hyposmocoma eepawai sp. nov. from specimen on slide PS156. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, ventral aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect. 2010), but also the similar case types reveal very localized speciation across this oldest of the current high Islands. It is interesting to note that like many other Hyposmocoma species , whereas adults of H. eepawai and H. cinerosparsa Walsingham, 1907 , both