The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns Author Schmitz, Patrick Author Rubinoff, Daniel text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2011 2011-04-20 162 1 15 42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x journal article 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x 0024-4082 5440227 HYPOSMOCOMA UHAUIOLE SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. ( FIGS 1B , 6 , 11B ) Material examined: HOLOTYPE ♂ : [1] ‘H[ AWAI ]I: Kauai, Uhau‘iole Stream | ‘cone’ case, VIII-8-[20]07 | em[ergence]. X-31-[20]07, #DR07H1A | leg [ it ]. D[aniel]. Rubinoff, W[ill]. Haines’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | uhauiole | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM . PARATYPES : 16 ♂ , 23 ♀ , from Kauai Island , Hawaii , USA ; 5 ♂ , 13 ♀ , with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 16.viii.2007 ( 1 ♀ ), 17.viii.2007 ( 1 ♀ , dissected PS143), 18.viii.2007 ( 1 ♀ ), 19.viii.2007 ( 1 ♀ ), 21.viii.2007 ( 1 ♀ ), 26.x.2007 ( 2 ♀ ), 31.x.2007 ( 1 ♀ ), 7.xi.2007 ( 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ ), 26.xii.2007 ( 2 ♂ , one dissected PS142), 2.i.2008 ( 2 ♂ , dissected PS154 and PS160), 8.i.2008 ( 1 ♀ ), 30.i.2008 ( 1 ♀ ) ; 1 ♂ , 2 ♀ , HI: Kauai Island , Uhau‘iole Stream , among rocks, 8.viii.2007 , Haines , Rubinoff , coll .; 2 ♂ , 2 ♀ , HI: Kauai , Uhau‘iole St [rea]m., 7.4 mi [les] from Kuamo’o R [oa]d., 27.ii.2004 , ‘cone’, Em [e]rg[ed]. 4.v.2004 ( 2 ♂ ), 12.v.2004 ( 1 ♀ ), 27.v.2004 ( 1 ♀ ), Rubinoff , coll .; 1 ♀ , HI: Kauai , Uhau‘iole Stream , ii.2004 , Emerg [e]d. 26.iii.2004 , Rubinoff , coll .; 9 ♂ , 6 ♀ , HI: Kauai , N. Fork of Wailua river , N 22.06269° , W 159.46791° , elev[ation]. 1186 f[ee]t, ‘cone’ case, 23.ii.2009 , em[ergence]. 20.iii.2009 ( 1 ♀ ), 28.iii.2009 ( 2 ♀ ), 29.iii.2009 ( 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ ), 30.iii.2009 ( 8 ♂ , 2 ♀ ), #DR09B4A, coll[ectors]. P[atrick]. Schmitz , D[aniel]. Rubinoff , M[ichael]. San Jose ; 1 ♂ , HI: Kauai , Keahua stream, N 22.07143° , W 159.41765° , elev. 607 ft , ‘cone’ case, 23.ii.2009 , em. 4.iv.2009 , #DR09B6A, coll. P. Schmitz , D. Rubinoff , M. San Jose ; 1 ♀ , HI: Kauai , Uhauiole stream, N 22.06557° , W 159.42076° , elev. 613 ft , ‘cone’ case, 23.ii.2009 , em. 25.iii.2009 , #DR09B5A, coll. P. Schmitz , D. Rubinoff , M. San Jose. Deposited in BPBM , MHNG , UHIM , and USNM . Diagnosis: Hyposmocoma uhauiole is most similar in forewing markings to H. kahamanoa sp. nov. , H. kahaiao sp. nov. , and H. saccophora Walsingham, 1907 , but it differs from these species in that the males have a thick sclerotized ring and sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, and in that the male genitalia have small rounded sclerotized spur-like setae on the right valva and very long setae on the left valva. Description: Male ( N = 17) ( Figs 1B , 6 ). Wingspan 6.5–7.9 mm ( holotype : 7.8 mm ). As H. kahamanoa , except forewing uniformly dark grey, sometimes with very few scattered white scales, with no distinct markings, although on some specimens the dark grey and/or cream markings can be more or less visible. Male genitalia ( N = 1) ( Fig. 6 ). As for H. kahamanoa , except for valvae with three rounded spurlike setae on right valva and three on left valva sequentially longer distally, being four to six ¥ the length of those on right valva. Female ( N = 23). Wingspan 7.1–9.0 mm. As H. kahamanoa , except forewing uniformly dark grey. Female genitalia ( N = 1) ( Fig. 11B ). As for H. kahamanoa , except for posterior apophyses about 3.5 ¥ length of anterior apophyses. Larval case ( N = 247). Cone-shaped structure, 7.0– 8.0 mm in length, as H. kahamanoa , except case ventrally not as smooth, with more texture underneath and more a dull white than silver colour. Cases frequently less straight than H. kahamanoa giving the case a less angular, more irregular appearance. Etymology: The name H. uhauiole is derived from the Uhau‘iole stream on the eastern side of the island of Kauai where this species can be found. Biology: Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae can be collected day or night on rocks in streams on the island of Kauai in February and August, but probably occur nearly year-round. The larvae of this moth can be seasonally abundant on rocks along the shoreline and in the middle of the streams where they occur. Moths were often seen flying between emergent rocks and crawling actively on them during the day. This species is partially sympatric and synchronic with Hyposmocoma ipowainui and Hyposmocoma wailua , a burrito and a bugle-cased species, respectively (see below for species descriptions). The exact range of this species is not clear, although it is replaced by the superficially similar species, H. kawaikoi , on the western side of Kauai, from which H. uhauiole is quite genetically distinct ( Rubinoff, 2008 ). This suggests historical barriers to gene flow confirming at least the partial allopatry that we observed. Initial genetic data suggest the possibility of a cryptic species within the H. uhauiole lineage, but we were unable to see any corresponding morphological divergence and leave this issue for future research. Distribution: Known only from various streams (Uhau‘iole, Wailua, and Keahua streams) found on the eastern side of the island of Kauai where it appears to be endemic. Remarks: This species can be abundant on and under rocks in and near flowing water but frequents small and large rocks, unlike the burrito-cased sympatric species, which seems to prefer large boulders, avoiding smaller rocks. Preliminary COI sequence data suggests a cryptic cone-cased sympatric species, but we have yet to find morphological characters to support any division.