Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden Author Martino, Emanuela Di text Zootaxa 2023 2023-11-27 5379 1 1 106 https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1 1175-5334 10209083 430102D2-4EAA-41B3-B57F-CC532F929DA3 Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a ( Fig. 46 ; Table 41 ) Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a: 44 , text-figs 28–31, pl. 1, figs 11, 12. Material examined. Holotype by monotypy UPSZTY 2483 , Goto Islands , Kyushu , Japan ; depth 175 m . Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914. Remarks. Compared to the figures in Silén (1947a , pl. 1, figs 11–12), the preservation state of the specimen has deteriorated preventing an improvement of the description as well as size measurements, except for avicularia ( Table 41 ). The unique colony available is the designated holotype which is now fragmented in seven parts, five of which are illustrated in Fig. 46 . The rooted colony was originally stellate or cruciform, with five, flat, thick branches with bi- to trilobate tips, developing on the same horizontal plane. The autozooids are opening only on the frontal side, while the dorsal side is occupied by avicularia and kenozooids. The hypothesis is that colonies of this species live with the frontal side facing the substrate ( Silén 1947a ; Gordon 1989 ; Book & Cook 2004). Autozooidal boundaries are indistinct, the subcircular orifice is surrounded by a short peristome forming a pseudosinus proximally ( Fig. 46C ). The frontal adventitious avicularia are subcircular to oval with complete crossbar and semicircular mandibles ( Fig. 46D, E ), similar to those on the dorsal surface ( Fig. 46G ). A single lunoecium (i.e. a crescentic kenozooidal openings) is distinguishable ( Fig. 46C , arrowed). Ovicells are unknown in the genus,they have not been observed in any of the species attributed to Crucescharellina , such as C. aster Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 from New Caledonia and New Zealand localities, C. australis Bock & Cook, 2004 from Australia , C. decussis ( Harmer, 1957 ) from Sulu, Banda and Celebes Seas, and C. jugalis Gordon, 1989 from New Zealand . Crucescharellina japonica was collected at 175 m depth and C. australis at 320 m , while other species in the genus come from much deeper waters, sometimes abyssal: C. aster from 760–1573 m , C. decussis from 535–3112 m , C. jugalis from 1217–1357 m . A single colony, tentatively attributed by Gordon & d'Hondt (1997 , p. 73, figs 221–223) to C. japonica , was collected from the Philippines at 640– 668 m . Large spatulate avicularia, lacking in the holotype specimen, were observed and illustrated for this specimen. FIGURE 45. A–E. Conescharellina sp. SMNH-220511, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago. A. Lateral view of the colony. B. Group autozooids and interzooidal avicularia. C. Close-up of an orifice. D. Close-up of avicularia. E. Close-up of the apical cone with kenozooids and avicularia. F–H. Conescharellina longirostris Silén, 1947a SMNH-Type-4605, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago. F. Apical view of a colony. G. Apical view of some zooids showing a well-developed proximolateral peristome. H. Antapical view of a colony. Scale bars: A, F, H = 500 µm; B, E, G = 200 µm; C, D = 100 µm. FIGURE 46. Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a . Holotype UPSZTY 2483, Japan. A, B. General frontal view of three fragments. C. Group of autozooids. D, E. Close-up of avicularia. F. General dorsal view of two additional fragments. G. Closeup of dorsal avicularia. Scale bars: A, B, F = 500 µm; C = 200 µm; D, E = 50 µm; G = 60 µm. TABLE 41. Measurements in µm of Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a . Holotype UPSZTY 2483.

N (zooids, colonies)	Mean	SD	Min	Max
AvL	7, 1	65	±8	55	77
AvW	7, 1	73	±8	62	87

Genus Flabellopora d’Orbigny, 1851