Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Author Jo, Yeong-Seok Author Baccus, John T. Author Koprowski, John L. text Zootaxa 2018 2018-11-19 4522 1 1 216 journal article 27944 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1 58e0c7c5-75ec-4b1b-beb0-d01527f710f9 1175-5326 2610198 C24EFA8A-A5A0-4B06-A0A9-632F542B9529 Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 —Red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 p.67 ; Type locality- Sweden ; Won, 1968 p.368 ; Han, 1994 p.46 ; Won & Smith, 1999 p.22 ; Oh, 2004b p.265 . C. xanthopygus Milne-Edwards, 1867 p.376 ; Type locality- northern Manchuria; Kishida & Mori, 1931 . C. luhdorfi Bolau 1880 p.33 ; Type locality- 280 mile east of Vladivostok , northern Manchuria . C. isubra Noack, 1889 p.9 ; Type locality- Suchan River , North and East Manchuria . C. bedfordianus Lydekker, 1896 p.932 ; Type locality- Manchuria. C. xanthopygus var. typicus de Pousargues, 1898 p.209 . C. canadaensis xanthopygus : Kuroda, 1938 p.7 . C. elaphus xanthopygus : Tate, 1947 p.346 ; Won, 1958 p.431 ; Won, 1967 p.49 ; Won, 1968 p.371 ; Yoon, 1992 p.129 . FIGURE 71. Range map of Cervus elaphus in Korea. Range: Red deer were abundant in extreme northeastern Korea in the early 1900s ( Lee 1965 ) but became rare by the 1960s ( Won 1968 ). Populations may persist in North Korea at Mt. Baekdu and adjacent areas ( Woo 1990 ; Won & Smith 1999 ), although this remains uncertain ( Fig. 71 ). Remarks: Genetic investigations using mtDNA indicated that an eastern lineage including populations from North America had a closer relation to the populations in Mongolia and northeastern China than populations in Europe ( Mahmut et al . 2002 ). Ancestral populations of C . elaphus emigrated from northeastern Eurasia to North America via Beringia during the last glacial period in the Pleistocene ( Geist 1998 ). The genetic distances (2.0%) between North American and Mongolian populations provided an estimated divergence time between 52,000 and 80,000 years ( Polziehn & Strobeck 1998 ). The recognized subspecies of red deer in Far East Asia including Korea is C. e. xanthopygus ( Won & Smith 1999 ) . Conservation status: The North Korean government designated habitat in Samjiyeon at Mt. Baekdu a Natural Monument ( Kim et al. 2015 ). The Red Data Book for North Korea lists C. elaphus as a ‘Rare’ species (MAB National Committee of DPR Korea 2002 ). The South Korean government has not addressed the conservation status of the red deer.