Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition Author Ekins, Merrick Author Erpenbeck, Dirk Author Hooper, John N. A. text Zootaxa 2020 2020-05-12 4774 1 1 159 journal article 22182 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1 269cf599-428d-464d-8f21-994d69110c5c 1175-5326 3825140 B0C4A2F8-F2AB-4147-BB12-63720EEF2516 Cladorhiza australis sp. nov. Figures 7 & 8 , Tables 5 & 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C924F06-535C-418A-9328-F418F21ADB98 Material examined : Holotype : QM G337456 off Freycinet Peninsula , Station 6, Tasmania , Australia , 41° 37’ 32.0”– 41° 41’ 21.2” S 149° 33’ 5.4”– 149° 35’ 3.5” E , 4022–4052 m , Beam Trawl , Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator , Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Samples 6-158, 6-162.1 18/v/2017 . Paratype : QM G337474 off Newcastle , Station 65, New South Wales , Australia , 33° 26’ 27.6”– 33° 26’ 6”S , 152° 42’ 7.2”– 152° 39’ 54” E , 4280– 4173 m , Beam Trawl , Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator , Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Sample 65-122.2, 30/v/2017 . Etymology : This species is named for its southern distribution. Distribution : This species is presently known only from the abyssal zone off Tasmania and New South Wales , East Coast of Australia , at abyssal depth. Description: Growth form : An erect, unbranched, pedunculate ‘crinorhizoid’, parasol-shaped sponge with filaments extending outwards, almost horizontally from the body ( Figure 7 K ). The filaments in the holotype (G337456) are 13 mm long and 0.3 mm wide. The body of the sponge is a double cone, 8 mm in diameter across the centre. The stem of the sponge is 100 mm long, but is broken. The stem is flattened and 1 x 2 mm thick and terminates in basal roots. The body of the sponge is disc-shaped with a central papillate apex. The paratype (G337474) is identical to the holotype except that it is smaller, in poorer condition, with the body 9.54 mm in diameter across the base of the cone, and the remaining bases of the filaments are only 3 mm in length. Colour : A tan coloured body with off white filaments and stem Ectosomal skeleton : The ectosomal skeleton, on the body and the filaments is covered on the external surface with tridentate ‘unguiferate’ anisochelae ( Figure 8 D ). The ‘cleistochelate’ anisochelae are uncommonly distributed in the sub-surface region of the ectosome supported by the medium sized mycalostyles. On the stem however, the outer layer of the membranous ectosome is covered by a uniform carpet of ‘cleistochelate’ anisochelae ( Figure 8 A,B ) and this is also supported by the medium sized mycalostyles forming a protective sheath of the endosome ( Figure 8 C ). Endosomal skeleton : The endosomal skeleton of the body, the filaments, the stem and the roots consisting mainly of the larger mycalostyles in concentrated longitudinal bundles ( Figure 8 C ), but also includes the rarer medium and small mycalostyles. The large mycalostyles originate in the centre of the body and radiate out to become the horizontal filaments. Megascleres: The megascleres consist of three different forms of mycalostyles varying in their terminations, but all having a larger diameter in the centre of the spicule than at the ends. The largest mycalostyles have blunt ends, occasionally sinuous and oxeote in shape. The medium-sized and smaller, thin, supporting mycalostyles both have sharp tips. Dimensions are given in Table 6 Microscleres : The microscleres consist of abundant small anchorate ‘unguiferate’anisochelae with three large alae and three smaller alae on each end, and less common larger multidentate anchorate anisochelae with upper alae overlapping lower alae (i.e. reminiscent of the ‘cleistochelate’ condition). These ‘cleistochelate’ anisochelae mostly have three upper alae, sometimes four, and three curved lower alae. Sigmas are rare, slightly contort, and consist of a single size class ( Table 6 ). Molecular data: The 28S sequence of QM G337456 is provided in the Sponge Barcoding Database under accession number SBD#2314 and the molecular difference to other congenerics displayed in Figure 3 . Remarks : In addition to the ‘unguiferate’ anchorate anisochelae common to many other species of Cladorhiza , C. australis sp. nov . has a second unique form of anisochelae that verges on the ‘cleistochelate’ morphology which is not present in any of the other species (see Table 5 ). Lopes et al. (2011) proposed that similar to the chelae transformation series in myxillids (arcuate-anchorate-birotulate) ( Hajdu et al. 1994 ), cladorhizids also appear to have a transformation series from arcuate isochelae-cleistochelae-abyssochelae. It is possible, therefore, that this ‘cleistochelate’ anchorate anisochelae condition, as demonstrated in C. australis sp. nov . , is similar through the progressive expansion of alae longitudinally until they touch or nearly touch each other ( Lopes et al. 2011 ). FIGURE 7. Cladorhiza australis nov. sp. Holotype QM G337456. A. Larger multidentate (3–4 upper alae) ‘cleistochelate’ anisochelae. B. ‘Cleistochelate’ anisochelae showing four upper alae. C. Smaller tridentate ‘unguiferate’ anisochelae. D. Sigma. E. Large mycalostyle. F. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in E. G. Medium-sized mycalostyle. H. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in G. I. Small mycalostyle. J. Magnified ends of the small mycalostyle illustrated in I. K. preserved holotype. L. preserved roots of the holotype. FIGURE 8 . Cladorhiza australis nov. sp. Holotype QM G337456. A. Stem of the sponge, showing the carpet of ‘cleistochelate’ anisochelae, and where they have been abraded off the underlying sheath of the ectosome. B. Close-up of the ‘cleistochelate’ anisochelae in A. C. Stem of the sponge with the ectosome peeled off the underlying mycalostyle bundle of the endosome. Note the mycalostyle contained in the ectosome. D. Two filaments, the uppermost filament has part of the ectosomal layer containing the ‘unguiferate’ anisochelae removed showing the mycalostyles in the endosome. Of the 44 known species of Cladorhiza only seven have ‘parasol’ growth form (dubbed the ‘crinorhiza’ morphological group of cladorhizids by Ridley & Dendy 1886 ): C. mirabilis ( Ridley & Dendy, 1886 ) , C. longipinna In addition to the unique anisochelae character described above, C. austalis sp. nov. differs from these in a combination of other characters (see Table 5 ). Cladorhiza australis sp. nov. differs from C. mirabilis , C. hubbsi , C. mexicana and C. poritea sp. nov. in lacking pseudoamphiasters. It differs from C. longipinna in its spicule sizes, in particular having smaller unguiferate anisochelae, larger mycalostyles in three size classes, and the possession of sigmas. Cladorhiza similis also has three size classes of mycalostyles but each with a smaller size range than those of C. australis sp. nov. , and it also lacks sigmas. Cladorhiza corona has mycalostyles of approximately the same size range as C. australis sp. nov. distributed throughout all parts of the skeleton except in the ectosome, but has in addition (sub)tylostyles and sigmancistras in the ‘crown’ (a structure that is apical to body and surrounded by the filaments), and short anisoxeas in the basal disc (which was not collected in our species). Similarly, C. kensmithi (also a parasol-shaped growth form with a ‘crown’), has three size classes of mycalostyles of more-or-less the same size range as those of C. australis sp. nov. , sigmancistras, and strongyles in its basal rhizoid holdfast. Finally, C. australis sp. nov. differs from C. poritea sp. nov. in lacking pseudamphiasters, but having sigmas in addition to unguiferate anisochelae as microscleres. TABLE 5 . Comparative morphological and distributional data for all known species of Cladorhiza .

Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza australis sp. nov.	present study	Pedunculate erect, unbranched, ‘crinorhizoid’ parasol- shaped sponge with filaments nearly horizontal to the discshaped body, long thin stem, basal attachment missing	75 x 2	Axis of stem and body cored by longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles of 3 size/ shape classes	mycalostyles 1, 1380–4960 x 21–85 mycalostyles 2, 1000–1940 x 15–30 mycalostyles 3, 485–1080 x 15–30	undifferentiated	undifferentiated unguiferate anisochelae 24–35 x 2–5 cleistochelate anisochelae 35–44 x 18–32		absent	sigmas 43–100 x 2–5	E. Australia, off Tasmania and New South Wales, abyssal
Cladorhiza moniqueae sp. nov.	present study	Pedunculate erect, unbranched, with body a horizontally aligned teardrop- shaped cushion, 6 medusoid-like tentacular filaments, on short (broken) stem, basal attachment missing	15 x 7	Axis of stem cored by bundles of mycalostyles extending into the cushion- shaped body where they form a thick radiating mass, eventually piercing the ectosome and hispid surface	mycalostyles 1, 777-(1321)-1760 x 18-(28)-37 mycalostyles 2, 569-(929)-1120 x 9-(14)-19	undifferentiated	unknown	tridentate unguiferate anisochelae 49-(55)-60	36-(44)-49 x sigmas 1, 1-(2)-4 165-(241)-289 x 7-(10)-15 sigmas 2, 71-(109)-166 x 2-(4)-6		E. Australia, off New South Wales, abyssal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total Skeleton height x stem width (mm)		Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras Sigmas (L μm) and (L μm) other microscleres		Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza poritea sp. nov.	present study	Pedunculate erect, unbranched, ‘crinorhizoid’ parasol- shaped sponge with conical acuminate body with filaments extending downwards, long thin stem, basal attachment missing	10–50 x 1–1.5	Axis of stem and body cored by longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles with variable size range, filaments 10–30 mm consisting of smaller bundles of mycalostyles	mycalostyles 523–6650 x 8–75	undifferentiated	unknown	unguiferate anisochelae 20–36 x 1.6–4.2	absent	asymmetrical pseudoamphiasters 93–168 x 6–15.3	Off Fraser Island, Queensland, and Freycinet Peninsula, Tasmania, abyssal
Cladorhiza investigator sp. nov.	present study	Stipitate erect, unbranched with horizontal filaments at right angles and encircling the entire stem in 9 rows, largest at base, smallest at apex, basal rhizoid rootlets	117 x 3	Axis of stem, rootlets and filaments cored by tight longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles of 3 size categories	mycalostyles 1, 1240-(1509)-1880 x 18-(27)-41 mycalostyles 2, 600-(914)-1210 x 12-(16)-21	undifferentiated	subtylostyles 356-(624)-905 x 3-(6)-12	unguiferate multidentate anchorate anisochelae 1, 20-(24)-28, anchorate anisochelae 2, 13-(17)-19	36-(40)-44 x 2–3	sigmas 36-(76)-152 Freycinet x 2-(3)-6 Peninsula, Tasmania, Australia, abyssal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza pentaeiros sp. nov.	present study	Stipitate erect sponge with fine filaments radiating in five directions projecting from the cylindrical stalk at 1 mm intervals	77 x 3	Axis of stem, rootlets and filaments cored with five tight longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles of 3 size categories	mycalostyles 1, 1340-(1733)-2310 x 22-(32)-44 mycalostyle 2 552-(938)-1420 x 10-(15)-20 mycalostyles 3, 336-(568)-896 x 3-(6)-11	undifferentiated	undifferentiated anchorate ‘unguiferate’ anisochelae 16-(22)-25 x 2-(2)-2		absent	sigmas 27-(34)-43 x 1-(2)-2	Bermagui, New South Wales, Australia, bathyl
Cladorhiza sp. 1	Stipitate erect, unbranched, bottle-brush shaped, filaments covering whole stem forming 7 columns, long basal rhizoid rootlets	205–405 x 6	Axis of stem prominently radial with small core from which arms radiate outwards composed of mycalostyles forming the filaments, at right angles to the arms are 7 bundles of longitudinal mycalostyles	Large mycalostyles 1, 1510–3110 x 22–56, small mycalostyles 2, 426–1690 x 6–24	undifferentiated	undifferentiated palmate & unguiferate anchorate anisochelae 1, 42–69 x 1.5–4 unguiferate anchorate anisochelae 2, 21–31 x1–3		31–46 x 2–4	sigmas 1, 58–229 x 3–12 sigmas 2, 61–106 x 1–4	Great Australian Bight, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of Chelae (L μm) basal attachment (LxW μm)		Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas Locality/ depth (L μm) range and other microscleres
Cladorhiza abyssicola Sars, 1872	Lundbec k 1905:79; Sars, 1872 ; Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury- Esnault & Rapp, 2015: 1330–1332, Fig. 12; Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdonald & Rapp, 2017: 22, Figs. 16–17	Arbuscular- 15–45 arborescent x 1–2 erect, tree- like branched central stem with numerous side branches in several planes, each branch bearing numerous thin filaments and terminating in a small swelling, basal stem anchored by rhizoids	Axis, branches and filaments all consist of a dense core of longitudinally arranged mycalostyles/ strongyles, mycalostyles of filaments anchored into main axial skeleton	mycalostyles- strongyles 270-(486)-930 x 5.2-(12.6)- 25.1	undifferentiated	undifferentiated anchorate anisochelae 15.0-(20.5)- 28.6		31.4-(40.4)- 52.8	sigmas 1, 76–140 sigmas 2, 30–45	North and Mid-Atlantic, Mediterranean, North Sea and Arctic, mesophotic- bathyal
Cladorhiza acanthoxea Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury- Esnault & Rapp, 2015	Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury- Esnault & Rapp, 2015: 1332–1334, Fig. 13	Stipitate erect, 85 x 2–3 elongate sponge with main stem bearing numerous thin unevenly placed radiating filaments	Axis of stem composed of longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles/ strongyles with acanthoxeas lining axis, projecting filaments composed of shorter thinner megascleres projecting tangential to the axis	mycalostyles- strongyles 1, 710–1780 x 14.1–31.4 Acanthoxeas 162–233 x 7.9–17.3	mycalostyles- strongyles 2, 260–780 x 6.3–20.4	not present	anchorate anisochelae 20.4–29.8	absent	sigmas 37.7–45.5	W coast Africa off Gabon– Congo, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza arctica Koltun, 1959	Koltun 1959: 79–80 , Fig. 34; Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdonald & Rapp, 2017: 25, Fig. 18	Pedunculate erect, unbranched clavate body tapering downwards into a slender stem, root- like basal attachment, upper body with few filaments	400 x?	Longitudinally arranged mycalostyles in the stem, which spread, following the tapering surface, into the body	mycalostyles 728–1508 x 12–36	mycalostyles 364–873 x 6–11	acanthoxeas 135–239 x 6–8	anchorate anisochelae (tridentate) 35–40	absent	absent	Kara Sea near Ushakov Island, central Arctic Ocean, bathyal
Cladorhiza bathycrinoides Koltun, 1955	Koltun, 1955: 48 , Pl. VI Fig 1; Koltun 1959: 80– 81 , Fig. 35; Koltun 1970: 185 , Lopes & Hajdu 2014: 348	Pedunculate erect, long stem with large subspehrical body bearing abundant apical filaments, large basal rhizoids	20–120 x 2	unknown	styles 1, 551–2150 x 10–44 styles 2, 550–1100 x 10–17	undifferentiated	undifferentiated	tridentate unquiferous anisochelae 33–83	33–44	sigmas 1, 33–111 sigmas 2, 33–44	NW Pacific, Okhotsk Sea, mesophotic- bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of Chelae (L μm) basal attachment (LxW μm)		Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza caillieti Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2014	Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2014: 112 , Figs. 7–9	Stipitate erect, abundant bottle-brush filaments on most of stem, basal rhizoid attachment	70–91 x 2.1–2.6	Axis and filaments with large mycalostyles, base and filaments with 2 size classes of smaller mycalostylesstyles	mycalostyles 1, 1267–1477 x 27–41	mycalostyles- styles 2, 633–981 x 12–24 mycalostyles- styles 3, 295–469	same as filaments	multidentate unguiferate anisochelae 1, 32–36 unguiferate anisochelae 2, 17–21	42–46	sigmas 1, 158–162 sigmas 2, 77–116 sigmas 3, 79–11	Endeavor Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge Canada, bathyal
Cladorhiza corallophila Göcke, Hestetun, Uhlir, Freiwald, Beuck & Janussen, 2016	Göcke, Hestetun, Uhlir, Freiwald, Beuck & Janussen, 2016: 514 , Figs. 2–4	Arbuscular erect, multiple stems producing bushy colonies, lateral processes project from stems in 1 plane, covered in filaments, no distinct basal attachments	100 x 2	Axis of stems and branches cored by dense aggregation of mycalostyles, strongyles and occasional oxeas, filaments with few megascleres	mycalostyles 280–420 x 8–14.4 strongyles 200–410 x 11.2–17.6 oxeas 300–440 x 6.4–9.6	undifferentiated	undifferentiated Anchorate unguiferous anisochelae 17.6–24		absent	sigmas 75.2–88	Mauritania, mesophotic

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza corona ( Lehnert, Watling & Stone, 2005 )	Lehnert, Watling & Stone, 2005: 1359 , Figs 1–2	Pedunculate erect, parasol ‘crinorhizoid’ morphology, long stem, two planes of different appendages, basal disk holdfast	225–325 x 1–9	Axis of stem and basal appendages with thick bundles of long mycalostyles, crown with tracts of long mycalostyles fanning out in 1 plane, with single thin subtylostyles perpendicular to the axial skeleton, basal plate with mycalostyles and short anisoxeas densely packed in one plane parallel to the substrate	mycalostyles 600–4260 x 10–65	(sub-)tylostyles 510–1650 x 8–20 (in the crown)	anisoxeas 140–660 x 38–43	anchorate anisochelae 30–42	35–42	absent	Aleutian Islands, mesophotic- bathyal
Cladorhiza corticocancella ta Carter, 1876	Carter, 1876: 27 ; Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdona ld & Rapp, 2017: 25–27, Figs. 19–20	Arbuscular- arborescent erect, tree-like, dichotomously branched, stem covered in a large number of partly coalesced filaments with numerous cavities, connected to by an amorphous growth or plate	200 x?	Axis of stem with bundles of mycalostyles forming a solid core, axis of filaments made up of tightly packed mycalostyles perpendicular to the centre of the main skeleton	mycalostyles 475-(670)- 799 x 9.4-(17.5)- 25.1	undifferentiated	undifferentiated anchorate anisochelae 25.3-(32.7)- 37.7		46.6-(61.3)- 95.5	112-(155)-182	Shetland and NE Atlantic, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras Sigmas (L μm) (L μm) and other microscleres		Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza depressa Kieschnick, 1896 (virtually unrecognisable)	Kieschnick 1896 , Lehnert et al. 2005: 1361 , Lopes & Hajdu 2014: 348	Erect, laterally flattened, surface with numerous bushy filaments	?	Skeletal fiberglass- like network with coarse branches of large styles and oxeas	large styles (amphi)oxeas	unknown	unknown	anisochelae unknown present		sigmas present	Ternate, Indonesia
Cladorhiza diminuta Lopes & Hajdu, 2014	Lopes & Hajdu, 2014: 347 , Fig. 10	Pedunculate erect, elongate body, conical or spherical, peduncle attached by an enlarged base	5–8.2 x 2.3–3.2	Main axis with longitudinal bundles mycalostyles and subtylostyles, smaller bundles of mycalostyles in the apical body, mycalostyles in base	mycalostyles 298–595 x 8–15	undifferentiated undifferentiated unguiferate absent anisochelae 13–18				sigmas 28–53	Campos Basin, SE Brazil, SW Atlantic, mesophotic
Cladorhiza ephyrula Lévi, 1964	Lévi, 1964: 74 , Pl.II F–G	Pedunculate erect, unbranched, convex cushion-like disk or vase on short stem, with apical/ lateral processes, basal attachment not recorded	18–35 x?	Axis with longitudinal bundles of styles- subtylostyles	styles- subtylostyles 1400–2900 x 27–35 styles 1100–1300 x 24–25	undifferentiated undifferentiated arcuate absent anisochelae 75–88				sigmas 1, 150–200 sigmas 2, 45–65	SW Indian Ocean off Cape TownDurban, abyssal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of Spicules of lateral main axis filaments or body (LxW μm) (LxW μm)	Spicules of Chelae (L μm) basal attachment (LxW μm)		Sigmancistras Sigmas Locality/ (L μm) (L μm) depth range and other microscleres
Cladorhiza Lundsten , evae Reiswig Lundsten, & Austin, Reiswig 2014: & Austin, 116–119, 2014 Figs. 10–12		Stipitate erect, filaments arranged in 4– 5 discreet longitudinal rows covering entire stem, rhizoid basal attachment	137–187 x 1.7– 3.4	Axis, filaments and base with 3 sizes of mycalostyles, with the smallest more abundant in filaments	mycalostyles undifferentiated 1, 1783–2703 x 18–47 mycalostyles- styles 2, 792–1656 x 15–37 mycalostyles- styles 3, 692–958 x 13–35	undifferentiated multidentate unguiferate anisochelae 21–25		40–44	sigmas 1, 160–180 sigmas 2, 60–84	Alarcon Rise, Cabo Pulmo, Mexico, bathyal
Cladorhiza Topsent , flosabyssi 1909: 12; Topsent, Lehnert et 1909 al. 2005: 1361		Arbuscular erect, long thin stem, long thin flower- like bouquet of filaments at apex of stem, no basal attachment	115 x?	Axis of stem and filaments cored by longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles, surrounded by tylostyles in the flesh	mycalostyles undifferentiated 3000–5000 x 70 tylostyles 400–700 x 4–12	undifferentiated arcuate unquiferate anisochelae 24–41		absent	sigmas 42–47	Central Atlantic, Cape Verde, bathyal
Cladorhiza Lambe , fristedtii 1900: 21; (Lambe, Lehnert et 1900) al. 2005: 1361		Stipitate erect, 65 x 2–4 unbranched, short stem, cylindrical pinnate body with many horizontal thorn- like filaments, expanded root-like basal attachment		Compound axis of spiculo-fibres cored by horizontal bundles of styles, small tylostyles scattered through the body, and with small spiculo-fibres at right-angles to the axis of filaments	styles- undifferentiated mycalostyles 465–1500 x 13–20 tylostyles 85–124 x 6	undifferentiated palmate anisochelae 15–20		absent	absent	North Pacific, W Greenland, mesophotic

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of Chelae basal attachment (L μm) (LxW μm)		Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza gelida Lundbeck, 1905	Lundbeck, 1905: 83 , Pl.3, Fig. 1, Pl. 11, Fig. 3; Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury- Esnault & Rapp 2015: 1334–1335, Fig. 14; Koltun 1959: 81–82 ; Hestetun, Tompkins-Macdonald & Rapp 2017: 27-30 , Figs 21–22	Arbuscular erect, branched tree-like with one or several main stems with numerous pinnate branches in 1 plane, branches covered in numerous filaments, short stem with basal plate or rootlets	250 x 2–4	Axis of stem, root and body with bundles of subtylostyles- mycalostyles, without differential distribution in the sponge	subtylo to mycalostyles 380-(622)-1000 x 7.0-(16.6)-25.1	undifferentiated	undifferentiated ancorate 37.7-(52.3)- anisochelae 85.8 22.8-(31.2)- 42.3			sigmas 86-(139)-174	North Atlantic, bathyal- abyssal
Cladorhiza grimaldii Topsent 1909 .	Topsent, 1909: 9 , Pl. I, Fig. 6, Pl. II, Fig. 5	Stipitate erect, unbranched, short stem, pinnate body with filaments horizontal to axis, with small discoid basal attachment	125 x?	Axis of stem with bundles of larger styles, surrounded by 2 smaller classes of styles in the flesh and filaments	fusiform styles 1, 935–1005 x 27 30	fusiform styles 2, 775–650 x 20 styles 3, 580 x 13	undifferentiated anisochelae 30–34		absent	sigmas 170–180 x 5	Central Atlantic, Cape Verde, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza hubbsi Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017	Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017: 255–257 , Fig. 6	Erect parasol morphology, with ‘chrinorhizoid’ filaments at base of conical body, apex flat, on thin stalk, basal attachment not recorded	110 x 1.1	3 size classes of mycalostyles, presumed undifferentiated distribution in sponge	mycalostyles 1, 4298–5836 x 60–80 mycalostyles 2, 3712–4632 x 43–79 mycalostyles 3, 2097–3033 x 29–59	undifferentiated	undifferentiated tridentate unguiferate anisochelae 29–33		85–103	pseudoamphiasters California, 128–144 USA, bathyal
Cladorhiza iniquidentata Lundbeck, 1905	Lundbeck, 1905:91–92 , Fig. 4, Pl. III, Fig. 6, Pl. XII Fig. 5; Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdonald & Rapp, 2017:30:00	Arbuscular erect, with central stem and side branches covered in filaments projecting in all directions	43 x 1–2	Axis of stem and branches with longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles, axis of filaments with overlapping mycalostyles anchored into the main stem	mycalostyles 487-(600)-688 x 18.9-(22.4)- 26.2	undifferentiated	undifferentiated anchorate anisochelae 19.6-(23.6)- 28.8		absent	absent	IcelandFaroe Ridge, bathyal
Cladorhiza inversa Ridley & Dendy, 1886	Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 94 , Pl. XX, Fig. 8, Pl. XXI, Fig. 3; Castello- Branco, Hestetun, Rapp & Hajdu, 2016:300–301 , Fig. 3	Pedunculate erect, with conical head bearing long filaments, unbranched long stalk, basal attachment missing	190 x 3	Axis of body and stem with longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles, filaments cored by larger mycalostyles, and flesh of body with tylostyles	mycalostyles 1, 542-(975)- 1500 x 11-(19)-30 fusiform tylostyles 270-(303)- 365 x 8-(11)- 13	mycalostyles 2, 1496-(1799)-2111 x 31-(36)-48	undifferentiated tridentate anchroate anisochelae 23-(25)-27		absent	absent	South Atlantic, between Rio de la Plata and Tristan da Cunha, abyssal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height Skeleton x stem width (mm)		Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza kenchingtonae Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdonald & Rapp, 2017	Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdonald & Rapp, 2017: 30– 33, Figs. 24–25	Stipitate erect, very slender, arching, long thin branches with filamentous projections on one side only, stem attached with basal plate	2000 x 5	Axis with closely packed mycalostyles, filaments inserted into stem in an alternating pattern forming two oblique rows	styles- mycalostyles 262-(1369)- 2381 x 14.5- (26.6)-42.0 acanthoxeas 139-(175)-218 x 11.6-(20.1)- 26.5	undifferentiated	undifferentiated	anchorate anisochelae 28.1-(31.5)-35.2 x 2.4-(3.0)-3.6	29.9-(33.4)- 36.0 x 2	absent	Flemish Cap, NE of Grand Banks, N Atlantic, bathyal
Cladorhiza kensmithi Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017	Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017: 250–253 , Figs. 2–3	Crinorhizoid’ form with numerous filaments parasol- shaped, on long stem with densely branching basal rhizoid holdfast, 2–4 spermatocystbearing discs on short, slender stalks on apex of body	208–325 x 1–2.1	Axis of stem cored by mycalostyles 1–3, filaments cored by mycalostyles 1&3, basal rhizoid cored by strongyles and mycalostyles 3	mycalostyles 1, 3138–4850 x 49–75 mycalostyles 2, 1009–1501 x 15–29 mycalostyles 3, 242–452 x 13–17	mycalostyles 1 & 3	strongyles 421–1023 x 10–22 mycalostyles 3	tridentate unguiferate anisochelae 33–37	43–50	absent	Off N California, bathyal- abyssal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza linearis Ridley & Dendy, 1887	Ridley & Dendy 1887: 90 , Pl. XX. Fig. 6; Pl. XXI. Figs. 2, 2a; ( Lévi 1964: 73 , Fig. 17, Pl. III Fig. F)	Stipitate erect, slender axis with lateral tufts of spicules, coalesced stems with many small lateral filaments regularly spaced on apex of stems, no basal attachment recorded	80–106 x 4–5	Axis of stems with longitudinal bundles of styles, filaments cored by small bundles of spicules perpendicular to the stem	styles ~3000 (styles 1, 2500–3000 x 50)	(styles 2, 1100–1300 x 18)	not present	anisochelae 32 (unguiferate tridentate anisochelae 25–32)	absent	sigmas 170 x 10 (sigmas 1, 170–180 x 10 sigmas 2, 11–14)	Central S Pacific, bathyal- abyssal
Cladorhiza longipinna Ridley & Dendy, 1886	Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 92 , P1. XX. Fig. 2; P1. XXI. Figs. 4,21; Koltun 1970:185– 186 , Fig. 13, Pl. VI, Figs. 3–5	Pedunculate erect, ‘crinorhizoid’ parasol morphology, long thin stem with apical suspherical body bearing long radial projections outwards and downwards, basal attachment not recorded	27 x 5	Axes of stem and lateral processes cored by bundles of long mycalostyles	mycalostyles 1, 3000 x 50– 55 mycalostyles 2, 200–1000 x 10–16	undifferentiated	not recorded	unguiferate tridentate anisochelae 30–78	absent	absent	NW Pacific, bathyal -hadal
Cladorhiza mani Koltun, 1964	Koltun, 1964: 35 , Fig. 9	Pedunculate (?) erect, long stem, broadened upper body	150 x 0.5	Unknown	mycalostyles 800–1550 x 38– 50 thin styles 1000 - 1850 x 12–14 (fewer) curved tylostyles 950–1100 x 6–7	undifferentiated	undifferentiated unguiferate tridentate anisochelae 22–23		absent	sigmas 28–70	Prince Edward & Bouvet Islands, N Atlantic, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza methanophila Vacelet & Boury- Esnault, 2002	Vacelet & Boury- Esnault: 142; Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury- Esnault & Rapp, 2015: 1335	Arbuscular erect, branched tree-like, central stem and branches covered with numerous unbranched filaments, basal disc holdfast	44–400 x 5–6	Axis of stem and branches with bundles of mycalostyles, spirally twisted in the main axis, filaments with fewer mycalostyles embedded in and projecting from axis, basal disc with thicker mycalostyles	mycalostyles 310–960 x 5–20 styles 160–320 x 1.6–4.7	undifferentiated	mycalostyles 310–680 x 10–29	anchorate unguiferous anisochelae 20–25	40–55	sigmas 95–145	Barbados Trench and Mid Atlantic Ridge, bathyal- abyssal
Cladorhiza mexicana Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017	Lundsten, Reiswig & Austin, 2017: 253 , Figs. 4–5	Erect parasol- shaped, ‘crinorhizoid’ body with radiating long filaments at base of body, on long stalk, presumed basal holdfast not collected	300 x 1–3	3 size classes of mycalostyles, presumed undifferentiated distribution in sponge	mycalostyles 1, 3577–4133 x 58–74 mycalostyles 2, 2650–3246 x 45–63 mycalostyles 3, 1293–1931 x 23–39	undifferentiated	undifferentiated	tridentate unguiferate anisochelae 33–36	47–55	asymmetrical Gulf of pseudoamphiasters California, 102–115 Mexico, bathyal
Cladorhiza microchela Lévi, 1964	Lévi, 1964: 73 , Pl. IV, Fig. F	Stipitate erect, long stem with widely spaced perpendicular pinnate paired filaments on either side of stem	55 x 0.5– 0.8	Axis of stem and filaments cored by longitudinal bundles of styles	styles 1, up to 3200 x 45–50 styles 2, 1 100–1400 x 12–15	undifferentiated	not recorded	tridentate unquiferous anisochelae 13–14	absent	absent	South China Sea, abyssal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza mirabilis ( Ridley & Dendy, 1886 )	Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 98 , Pl. XX, Fig. 5, Pl. XXI, Figs. 8–10; (present work from re- examination of lectotype BMNH 1887.5.2. 141); [ Koltun 1970: 187 , Fig. 13]	Pedunculate erect, ‘crinorhizoid’ parasol-shaped with conical cap-shaped body with terminal papillae, perched on the end of a long slender stem, with numerous long filaments surrounding the body, basal attachment not recorded	56? (13 x 2)	Axis of stem, body and filaments cored by bundles of styles- mycalostyles of a single size class, with single styles projecting on the terminal papillae, cortex encrusted with pseudoamphiasters and other microscleres	styles>3500 (styles- mycalostyles 1, ~6000 x 11 styles 2, ~300 x 5) [mycalostyles ~3500 x 15–50]	undifferentiated	absent	tridentate unguiferate anisochelae 38 (31–48) [‘anchors’ 33–38]	absent	sigmas 75.6 (88–114) [sigmas 76] birotules (‘amphiasters’) with 5 terminal alae 230 (pseudoamphiasters 127–295) [‘amphiasters’ 88–230]	SE Pacific, off S Easter Island, & N Pacific, abyssal
Cladorhiza moruliformis Ridley & Dendy, 1886	Ridley & Dendy 1887: 90 , Pl. XX, Fig. 3, Pl. XXI, Fig. 1, 15, 19; Dressler- Allame, Göcke, Kersken, Plotkin & Janussen, 2017:197–198, Fig. 9; Hestetun, Rapp & Xavier 2017:183–184 , Fig. 13	Pedunculate erect, spherical club-shaped body covered in large projections, filaments with swollen tips, short stalk, base missing	14 x 2.5	Axis of stem with tightly packed bundles of mycalostyles that continue into the center of the body, projections composed of a thinner central core of megasclere bundles, creating a radial skeleton in the body.	mycalostyles 1, 1513- (2117)-2563 x 32.1-(46.4)- 56.7 mycalostyles 2, 407-(997)- 1358 x 7.1-(19.4)- 26.4	undifferentiated	absent	anchorate anisochelae (tridentate) 50.3-(56.2)- 62.3	absent	sigmas 1, 233-(315)-384 sigmas 2, 126-(149)-187	Wilkes Land & Weddel Sea, Antarctica, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza nematophora Lévi, 1964	Lévi 1964: 74 , Pl.4 G	Pedunculate erect, with large subspherical body bearing long lateral and apical processes, on short tapering stem, no basal attachment recorded	15–12 x 1.5	Axis of stem and processes with bundles of mycalostyles	mycalostyles 1, 1800–2500 x 30–35 mycalostyles 2, 900–1400 x 15–20	undifferentiated	absent	tridentate unguiferate anisochelae 50–60	absent	sigmas 1, 195–200 x 5–6 sigmas 2, 125–150	W Indian Ocean, off Madagascar & Kenya, bathyalabyssal
Cladorhiza nicoleae Castello- Branco, Hestetun, Rapp & Hajdu, 2016	Castello- Branco, Hestetun, Rapp & Hajdu, 2016: 297–300 , Fig. 2	Pedunculate erect, globular body on long stem, body with radial filaments, basal attachment not present	26 x 4.5	Axis of stem and body with longitudinal tracts of mycalostyles in 2 sizes, filaments with similar tracts of mycalostyles projecting from axis	mycalostyles 1, 939-(1252)- 1618 x 15- (21.5)-24 mycalostyles 2, 445-(659)-832 x 4.8-(9.1)-9.7	undifferentiated	absent	tridentate unguiferate anchorate anisochelae 34–38 x 9–44	19-(29.8)-39	sigmas 24-(32.3)-39	SE Brazil, off Quissama, mesophotic
Cladorhiza oxeata Lundbeck, 1905	Lundbeck, 1905: 97 ; Hestetun, Tompkins- Macdona ld & Rapp, 2017: 33–34, Figs. 26–27	Arbuscular erect, branched tree-like, solid branching main stem with side branches, both covered with numerous filaments, short basal attachment	300 x 5–10	Axis of stem and branches composed of tightly connected bundles of oxeas, producing a smooth rigid central skeleton	oxeas 390-(615)-845 x 4.9-(22.0)- 38.9	undifferentiated	undifferentiated multidentate anchorate anisochelae, 5 teeth, 22.6-(33.3)- 42.0		26.7-(43.4)- 55	sigmas 100-(125)- 153	Amphi- Atlantic, boreo-Arctic, mesophotic- bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology Total height Skeleton x stem width (mm)		Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm) Sigmancistras (L μm)		Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza penniformis Göcke & Janussen, 2013	Göcke & Janussen, 2013: 63–65 , Fig. 12	Stipitate erect, 110 x 2 long stem, feather-like pinnate with a thin main axis and even thinner lateral filaments attached at right angles, no basal attachment recorded	Axis of stem cored by several condensed tracts of styles-mycalotyles, filaments cored by slender tracts of styles with spicules fanning out at connections of filaments and main axis	mycalostyles 612.5-(972)- 1375 x 13-(17)-23	undifferentiated	undifferentiated	anchorate anisochelae 19-(22)-25	absent	sigmas 1, 42–45 sigmas 2, 100–115	Antarctica, E Weddell Sea, abyssal
Cladorhiza Dendy, pentacrinus 1887: Dendy, 1887 279, Pl. 15		Pedunculate 24 x 2 erect, long stem with subspherical apical body bearing a circlet of short thick filaments (‘pinnae’), with a rhizoid basal attachment of long slender branching rootlets	Axis of stem cored by longitudinal tracts of larger mycalostyles, tracts becoming radial in the body corresponding to each filament and composed of smaller mycalostyles, with each tract supporting a filament diminishing in number at their apex, basal rhizoids cored by slender tracts of styles becoming single spicules at their termination	larger mycalostyles ~1500 x 20	smaller mycalostyles and styles	smaller styles ~63	arcuate tridentate anisochelae ~38	absent	sigmas 110 x 4	SW Pacific, NE of New Zealand, bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza pteron Reiswig & Lee, 2007	Reiswig & Lee, 2007: 518–522 , Figs. 1–21	Stipitate erect, trowel-shaped, pinnate, unbranched bilaterally symmetrical body with flattened keel, stem and body about equal in length, complete fringe of spatulate filaments, males with several reproductive frontal lobes, attached to substrate by a small basal disc	382 x 8	Axis of stem cored by tracts of larger mycalostyles with rare intermediate styles in between, filaments cored by tracts of larger mycalostyles perpendicular to axis, and smaller mycalostylesanisoxeas dominant in the basal disc	mycalostyles 1042-(2569)- 3636 x 24-(51)-73 rare styles 1539–2460 x 15–18	undifferentiated	smaller mycalostyles- anisoxeas 370-(788)-1333 x 24-(38)-55	anchorate- unguiferate anisochelae 24-(28)-33	32-(37)-42	absent	San Juan & Rodriguez Seamounts, S California, bathyal
Cladorhiza rectangularis Ridley & Dendy, 1886	Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 88 , Pl. XX, Fig.10; ( Koltun 1959: 82 , Fig. 37); [ Koltun, 1970: 182–184 , Fig. 11]	Stipitate erect, unbranched body, slender stem regularly encircled by long slender filaments in 4 rows in 2 vertical planes, stem anchored by several delicate rhizoid rootlets	50 x 1	Axis of stem cored by thick bundles of styles, filaments (“pinnae”) and rootlets cored by fewer styles	styles 2000 x 19 (styles 650–2000 x 14–36) [styles 1, 2500–3000 x 24–50 styles 2, 500–1300 x 13–18]	undifferentiated	undifferentiated	anisochelae 25 (anisochelae 18–27) [anisochelae 16–32]	absent	sigmas 130 x 7 (sigmas 1, 120–170 x 6–10 sigmas 2, 30–50 x 2–4) [sigmas 1, 100–180 sigmas 2, 50]	Central S Pacific, N Pacific (Bering Sea) & NW Pacific, abyssal- hadal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza scanlonae Goodwin, Berman, Downey & Hendry, 2017	Goodwin, Berman, Downey & Hendry, 2017: 50–51 , Fig. 8	Branching erect, short stem with rhizoid rootlet holdfast, body (upper stem) with with short knobbly spicule column projections, terminations of branches with more pronounced nodules	80 x 3	Axis of main stem formed of columns of mycalostyles with bundles of ~15 spicules, one style in length, projecting at right angles, rootlets with columns of similar mycalostyles	mycalostyles (upper branches) 1140–1495 x 24–47	undifferentiated	mycalostyles (rootlets) 857–1456 x 26–50	unguiferate anisochelae 40–45	absent	absent	Sars Seamount, Drake Passage, Antarctica, mesophotic
Cladorhiza schistochela Lévi, 1993	Lévi, 1993: 40 , Fig. 14C, Pl. IV, Fig 2. Pl. IX, Fig. 5.	Stipitate erect, unbranched, sub- cylindrical body on short stem, body with a concave face marked by a longitudinal groove, attached to substrate with a basal disc	140 x1	Axis of stem and body with longitudinal bundles of styles, peripheral skeleton made of bundles intersecting styles and other spicules near the surface	styles 1, 2800–3000 x 30	styles 2, 1100–1500 x 18	styles 3, 500–700 x 8–12	tridentate arcuate anisochelae 60–100	absent	sigmas 1, 100–125 sigmas 2, 50	New Caledonia, mesophotic

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height Skeleton x stem width (mm)		Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza segonzaci Vacelet, 2006	Vacelet, 2006: 555 , Figs 2, 17F	Stipitate erect, unbranched, slender spicular axis with numerous short lateral processes at right angles around entire main axis, usually arranged in two opposite series, rarely partly pinnate, stem short devoid of processes, with enlarged basal attachment	24–324 x 1–4	Axis with bundles of mycalostyles, lateral processes with mycalostyles perpendicular to axis	mycalostyles (axis and processes) 380–990 × 14–23 mycalostyles (centre of axis) 3–10 thick	undifferentiated	undifferentiated multidentate anchorate unguiferate anisochelae 15–18		20–25 × 2	sigmas 50–80 × 1–1.5	East Pacific Rise, N of Easter Island, bathyal
Cladorhiza septemdentalis Koltun, 1970	Koltun, Arbuscular 1970: erect, 184, Fig. 12; unbranched Lopes & brushlike body, Hajdu, 2014 with pinnate filaments predominantly at apical end of long stalk, basal rhizome holdfast		10–60 x 3	unknown	mycalostyles 1, 770–1210 x 21–32 styles 610–930 x 13–18	undifferentiated	undifferentiated multidentate unguiferate anisochelae 33–44		28–44	sigmas 83–187	NW Pacific, off Kuril Islands and Hokkaido, abyssalhadal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total Skeleton height x stem width (mm)		Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy, 1886	Ridley & Dendy, 1886:343 ; Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 93 , Pl. XX, Fig. 7, Pl. XXI, Fig. 5, 18; ( Lévi, 1993: 40 , Fig. 14, Pl. IV, Figs. 4–6)	Pedunculate erect, ‘chrinorhizoid’ parasol morphology, with cap- shaped conical body and long filaments encircling the lower body, perched on a thin stem, basal attachment missing	?	Axis of stem, body and filaments cored by bundles of styles, dense close-set tylostyles mostly near surface, fewer in the axial skeleton	styles ‘very long and slender’ tylostyles 210–600 x 16 (styles 1, up to 3600 x 50 styles 2, 650–700 x 30 styles 3, 250–300 x 8–10)	undifferentiated	undifferentiated tridentate unguiferous anisochelae 30 (anisochelae 30)		absent	absent	Central Pacific & New Caledonia, bathyal- abyssal
Cladorhiza Lundbeck, Arbuscular tenuisigma 1905:84, erect, Lundbeck, 1905 Pl. III, Fig. branching 2–3, Pl. stem with XII, Fig. 4; side branches Koltun swollen at tips, 1959: 82, both covered in Fig. 37; long filaments Hestetun, projecting in Tompkins- all directions, Macdona basal stem ld & Rapp, anchored by 2017: rhizoid rootlets 34–37 Fig.28			150 x 1–5 Axis of stem and branches with bundles of mycalostyles forming a solid core, filaments cored by overlapping mycalostyles parallel to axial stem		mycalostyles 430-(704)-918	undifferentiated	undifferentiated	anchorate anisochelae, 5 teeth, 16.0- (23.4)-32.0	41.8-(49.5)- 58.1	sigmas 31.4-(41.7)-53.6	IcelandFaroe Ridge up to Svalbard, mesophotic- bathyal

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Species	Source	Morphology	Total height x stem width (mm)	Skeleton	Spicules of main axis (LxW μm)	Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm)	Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm)	Chelae (L μm)	Sigmancistras (L μm)	Sigmas (L μm) and other microscleres	Locality/ depth range
Cladorhiza thomsoni Topsent, 1909	Topsent, 1909: 15 , PI. I, Fig. 7, Pl. II, Fig. 3; Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury-Esnault & Rapp, 2015: 1337 , Fig 16	Arbuscular, branched tree-like, main axis carrying secondary filaments, filaments short, basal attachment unknown	20–90 x 0.5–7.5	Axis of stem composed of longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles in several concentric bands placed parallel to each other along the main axis, filaments with mycalostyles projecting tangentially from stem axis	mycalostyles 1, undifferentiated not present 940–1230 x 15.7–29.8 mycalostyles 2, 580–880 x 12.6–28.3			anchorate anisochelae 26.7–34	absent	sigmas 1, 137–174 sigmas (filaments) 41–61	Kane Fracture Zone, Mid- Atlantic Ridge & off Cape Town, SE Atlantic, bathyalabyssal
Cladorhiza tridentata Ridley & Dendy, 1886	Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 95 , Text Fig. 4, Pl. XX, Fig. 9, Pl. XXI, Fig. 16, 20; (Dressler -Allame, Göcke, Kersken, Plotkin & Janussen 2017: 198–199, Fig. 10; Hestetun, Rapp & Xavier 2017: 184–185 , Fig. 14)	Small encrusting, cylindrical hemispheric dome attached directly to substrate, with cup- like apical depression	6 x 12 (17–120 x 14)	Ectosomal and endosomal skeletons a loose irregular reticulation of tylostyles, without obvious fibres, hispid surface from projecting tylostyles	tylostyles 700 x 15.5 (mycalostyles- subtylostyles 565–1163 x 9.5–17.0)	not present	not present	anisochelae 76 (tridentate anchorate anisochelae 52–80 fewer unguiferous anisochelae 50–80)	absent	sigmas 90 x 3.2 (sigmas 32–91)	Prince Edward Islands & Weddell Sea, Subantarctic- Antarctic, bathyal- abyssal

Ridley & Dendy, 1886 , C. similis ( Ridley & Dendy, 1886 ) , C. corona ( Lehnert et al. , 2005 ) , C. hubbsi Lundsten et al. , 2017 , C. kensmithi Lundsten et al. , 2017 and C. mexicana Lundsten et al. , 2017 . With the addition of the two new species described in the present work, C. australis sp. nov. and C. poritea sp. nov. , the number of parasol-species increases to nine.