Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species Author Kobayashi, Shigeki 0000-0002-1336-4730 crossroad1994@hotmail.co.jp Author Johns, Chris A. 0000-0002-1749-3847 Author Kawahara, Akito Y. 0000-0002-1749-3847 text Zootaxa 2021 2021-03-17 4944 1 1 175 journal article 7393 10.11646/zootaxa.4944.1.1 8adfa0f6-06a7-44b5-a3be-351d0bdc7a62 1175-5326 4681813 380D2F75-D4F9-4974-97E2-25E0C62CB3B0 Philodoria dubautiella (Swezey, 1913) Figs. 14B–D , 27B , 47D , 48D , 49D , 58E . Gracilaria dubautiella Swezey, 1913: 278–279 (first mentioned as " Gracilaria dubautiella Sw. " in Swezey (1913b: 223) without any description). Parectopa dubautiella (Swezey, 1913) ; Swezey 1928: 191 . Philodoria dubautiella (Swezey, 1913) ; Zimmerman 1978a: 667 , figs. 441, 447, 454. Type locality. Mt. Olympus (Oahu) . Type material. Lectotype ♂, Mt. Olympus, Oahu, i.1913 , Coll. O.H.S (=O.H. Swezey), [ex Dubautia plantaginea ], |TYPE OF 210 Gracilaria dubautiella Swezey | from top one of same mounted two syntypes in BPBM (here designated). Paralectotype 12 (7♂, 5♀ ). 1♀ , same locality and data as holotype , bottom one of same mounted two syntypes in BPBM ; 4♂, same locality and data as holotype , SK726♂, 733♂, BPBM 34157, 2♂ in USNM ; 3♂, 4♀ , Pacific Heights Kidge, Oahu, O.H. Swezey Collector, ex D. plantaginea viii.–ix. 1909 in USNM . Described from ‘numerous’ specimens collected from three localities on Oahu. The holotype was not specified in the original description, therefore the so-labeled types are all syntypes under Article 73.2 of the Code ( ICZN 1999 ), and any specimen can be designated as a lectotype under Article 74 of the Code ( ICZN 1999 ). The syntype labeled ‘type’ is here designated as the lectotype ( Fig. 14B ). The remaining syntypes are paralectotypes , but we could not find the series of ‘syntypes’ collected from Hillebrand's Glen, Oahu, xii.1912 , in BPBM . Additional material. 4 (2♂, 2♀ ): Oahu : 1♀ , Kaumuahona, 12.i.1919 , O.H. Swezey Collector, ex Dubautia , SK 692, 34160 in BPBM ; 1♀ , Lanihuli, 24.xi.1918 , O.H. Swezey Collector, ex Dubautia , SK 693, 34161 in BPBM ; 2♂, nr. Nanakuli Forest Reserve, Akupu, Oahu, 28.iii.2016 (stored), K. Bustamente leg., host: D. laxa , 10.xi.2015 , 20151110 KMB01, CJ524ab, SK686♂, SK687♂ in BPBM ; 1♀ , Oahu 2400’, Koolau Range, Poamoho Trail, 29.ix.1976 , K. & E. Sattler, B.M.1976-605, Philodoria sp. 26 cf. hibiscella Sattler Coll., Color slide 140, D.C. Lees Sep. 2016 , BMNH(E) 1621252 in NHMUK . Philodoria sp. near P . dubautiella : 1♂, Kauai: Na Pali, Kona Forest Reserve, Pihea Trail, 4200’, 11& 26. ix.1973 , K. & E. Sattler, B.M.1973-498, Philodoria sp. 29 & 23 (Kauai) Sattler Coll., D.C. Lees Sep. 2016 , BMNH(E) 1621238, 1621684 in NHMUK ( Fig. 14E ). FIGURE 35. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria kolea , male (SK869). A , B Left lateral view, C–E Right lateral view, F Frontal view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Scale bar 100 µm (A–D, F), 50 µm (E). Diagnosis. Brownish forewing with five outwardly oblique white streaks: three dorsal ones ( ds 1–3 ) and two slender costal ones ( cs 2, 3 ) ( Fig. 14B–D ). Among the Philodoria species that have similar two costal streaks, P. dubauticola Swezey , P. alakaiensis sp. n. and P. limahuliensis sp. n. , P. dubautiella is most similar to P. limahuliensis , but is distinguishable by its valva having a slender apical region and shorter saccus. A Kauai specimen has similar forewing pattern to those of P . dubautiella and P . alakaiensis sp. n. , but has darker brown forewing and broad ds 1–3 , and differs from P. alakaiensis in having ds 1 ( Fig. 14E ). Redescription: Adult ( Fig. 14B–D ). Wingspan 7–9 mm ; forewing length 3.5 mm in lectotype , 3.2–4.1 mm in paralectotypes . Head dirty white; frons white; maxillary palpus white with few dark scales at apex; labial palpus white, a fuscous spot at apex of median segment and near middle of terminal segment. Antenna light fuscous, about 1.3–1.4x length of forewing. Thorax brownish ocherous. Forewing brown to ocherous with outwardly oblique white streaks: three dorsal ones ( ds 1–3 ) and two slender costal ones ( cs 2, 3 ) at the middle and 2/3 of costa respectively; all of these streaks margined with a few black or fuscous scales; three white costal spots ( a, b, c ) near apex; a spot of bluish scales at apex and a few bluish scales in a more or less fuscous streak between apex and end of third dorsal white streak; cilia white with terminally fuscous line at apex, fuscous fringe at tornus ( bl 1 ). Hindwing and cilia grayish fuscous. Abdomen grayish-fuscous. Legs fuscous with white tarsal spots. Male genitalia ( Figs. 47D , 48D , 49D ) (n=2). Capsule 800 µm . Tegumen 0.8 x length of valva; valva 580 µm long, tapering along costal margin from 2/5–1/2 to apex; a series of small spines arranged along the inner side of valva; apical half of valva rather slender and slightly pointed at apex compared to P. dubauticola ( Fig. 47D ). Saccus short and triangular in ventral view ( Fig. 48D ). Phallus 470 µm long, slender and nearly straight with developed coecum; cornuti in vesica indistinct ( Fig. 49D ). Female genitalia ( Fig. 58E ) (n=2). 1120 µm long. Ostium bursae large; antrum cup-shaped with a slender pair of lateral lobes; lamella antevaginalis 280 µm , weakly sclerotized and large, trapezoid in ventral view, slightly indented near the posterior margin, widening toward anterior margin of A7. Ductus bursae 400 µm ; terminus of ductus bursae biforked. Corpus bursae 600 µm , pyriform with paired rows of wrinkles running longitudinally, some sclerotized. Distribution. Oahu ( Swezey 1913c ). Host plants. Asteraceae : Dubautia plantaginea Gaudich. ( Swezey1913b: 223 ; Swezey 1913c: 279 ) and D. laxa Hook. & Arn. : new record. Biology. Immature stages were reported by Swezey (1913c: 279) : “Egg. The eggs are deposited singly on the surface of the leaves; circular, about. 5 mm . in diameter, broadly convex and with the surface reticulated and somewhat iridescent. The young larva on hatching, immediately eats into the leaf, at first producing a very slender mine length wise in the leaf and back and forth a few times, but eventually broadening to a blotch. A purplish discoloration is produced in the leaf by the mining larva, forming streaks following the course of the mines. Often several mines are begun in the same leaf. The cocoon is made within the mine, its position being indicated by a little of its silk being visible through a slit that was made in the epidermis for emergence. I have found this very abundant generally in the mountains back of Honolulu. I have found as many as 11, but not all of the larvae reach maturity, however, often 3 or 4 cocoons are found in the same leaf. Mature larva . The full-grown larva is 6–7 mm long; pale greenish-yellow, head pale brownish, eyes black; head very deeply notched and retracted into segment 2 which is widened and has a fuscous longitudinal dorsal streak each side of median line, darkest at posterior margin; ventrally there is a large squarish patch of fuscous which is minutely roughened, cervical shield also slightly roughened. Abdominal prolegs on segments 7–10. Pupa . 4mm long, pale greenish, a little browned on thorax, and middle of dorsum of abdomen, leg and antenna-sheaths; wingsheaths extend about to apex of fifth abdominal segment; antenna-sheaths extend beyond apex, curved up over abdomen to near middle. The pupa is formed in a cocoon within the mine, its position being indicated by a bit of white silk showing where the larva ate a slit through the epidermis for the emergence of the moth.” Parasitoids. Bethylidae : Sierola planiceps Fullaway, 1920 ; Eulophidae : Euderus metallicus (Ashmead, 1901) , Pnigalio externa (Timberlake, 1927; Zimmerman 1978a ). Remarks. Larval leaf mines may be abundant ( Zimmerman 1978a ).