Halichondriidae Gray, 1867 from the Northeastern Brazil with description of a new species Author Santos, George Garcia Author Nascimento, Elielton Author Pinheiro, Ulisses text Zootaxa 2018 2018-02-16 4379 4 556 566 journal article 30122 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.4.7 84971505-988e-4047-adaa-3673ed0e99df 1175-5326 1175098 14EF086C-557D-46D1-9907-43F11C105840 Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. ( Figures 1–3 , Table 1 , 2 ) Synonymy: Halichondria cf. melanadocia (Hajdu et al . 2011: pp. 118). Halichondria sp.1 and sp.2 ( Leonel et al . 2011 : pp. 35, 54). Type specimens: Holotype . UFPEPOR 1861 , Carapibus beach ( 7°17’57.66”S , 34°47’52.93”W ), Conde City , Paraíba State , Brazil , 0.5–1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 21.II.2015 ). Paratypes . UFPEPOR, 1862 collected together with the holotype ; UFPEPOR 1590, 1630 Cabo Branco beach ( 7°08’50”S , 34°47’51”W ), João Pessoa city, Paraíba State , Brazil , 1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 04.XI.2013 ) ; UFPEPOR 1580, Tabatinga beach ( 7°19’07”S , 34°48’01”W ), Brazil , 1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 06.XI.2013 ) ; UFPEPOR 1638, Jacumã beach ( 7°11’38”S , 34°47’39”W ), Brazil , 1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 01.II.1014 ); UFPEPOR 1657, 1746, 1755, 1758, Tambaba beach ( 7°21’52”S , 34°47’50”W ), Brazil , coll. G. G. Santos , 0.5 m depth, ( 17.III.2014 ) ; UFPEPOR 1680, Penha beach ( 7°10’ S , 34°45’W ), Brazil , 0.5 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 30.I.2014 ) ; UFPEPOR 1797, Coqueirinho beach ( 7°19’14”S , 34°47’40”W ), Brazil , 0.5 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 05.XII.2014 ) ; UFPEPOR 1806, Carapibus beach ( 7°17’57.66”S , 34°47’52.93”W ), Brazil , 1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 05.XII.2014 ) ; UFPEPOR 1823, Coqueirinho do Norte beach ( 6°44’21,89”S , 34°55’41,22”W ), Brazil , 1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 06.I.2015 ) ; UFPEPOR 1844, Pier de Cabedelo ( 6°57’39”S , 34°50’34”W ), Brazil , 1 m depth, coll. G. G. Santos , ( 20.I.2015 ) . Diagnosis. Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. differs from other Tropical Western Atlantic species by its combination of long and robust oxeas (large than 500 µm) and dark green color. External morphology ( Fig. 2A–D ). Thickly encrusting to massive sponges. The preserved holotype consist of one fragment, one 9.5 x 2.5 x 3 cm (length x width x thickness). Surface rugose and rough. Regularly oscular projections or diffusely distributed along the top of the sponge ( Fig. 2A – D ) less than 4 mm in diameter, generally in rows, some with membranous rims slightly down. Some specimens with subectosomal thin canals ending in oscula. Texture firm, soft, fleshy, but compact and compressible. Color in vivo is dark green (externally) and greenish (internally), becoming grayish or brownish after fixation (ethanol 92 %). Skeleton ( Fig. 2E–F ). Ectosome detachable from choanosome. The ectosomal skeleton is typically composed of a regular reticulation of tangentially arranged tracts (40–90 µm in diameter) of oxeas ( Fig. 2E ). Choanosomal skeleton is typically halichondrid ( Fig. 2F ), with oxeas of variable length organized in a confused fashion, showing a tendency to form ascending tracts (30–160 µm in diameter). Tracts form small brushes of oxeas perpendicular in the surface (see Fig. 2F ). Many loose interstitial spicules in the basal and deeper regions. Pigmented cells in both regions and little spongin present. Spicules ( Fig. 3A–B , Table 1 and 2 ). Oxeas smooth, varying from straight to slightly curved, not divisible into two categories (90– 340.4 –800 / 5– 11 –20 µm). TABLE 1. Comparative data of oxeas dimensions, locality, shape and color of Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. Values are in micrometres (µm), expressed as follows: minimum– mean –maximum length/width. N = 30.

Specimens	Locality / Depth (m)	Oxeas	Growth forms / Color
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. ( UFPEPOR 1861—Holotype)	Carapibus Beach (Paraíba State) / 0.5–1	130– 431 –620 / 10– 14.6 –20	Thickly to massively encrusting / Dark green ( in vivo ); gray (fixed)
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. ( UFPEPOR 1590—Paratype)	Cabo Branco Beach (Paraíba State) / intertidal	270– 572.5 –800 / 10– 14.5 –20	Thickly encrusting / Moss green ( in vivo ); light brown (fixed)
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. ( UFPEPOR 1630—Paratype)	Cabo Branco Beach (Paraíba State) / intertidal	110– 300.3 –700 / 5– 11.8 –20	Thickly to massively encrusting / Dark green ( in vivo ); gray (fixed)
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. ( UFPEPOR 1680—Paratype)	Penha Beach (Paraíba State) / intertidal	120– 268 –620 / 5– 10.2 –20	Thickly encrusting / Dark green ( in vivo ); gray (fixed)
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. ( UFPEPOR 1755—Paratype)	Tambaba Beach (Paraíba State) / intertidal	125– 425.6 –762.5 /	Massively encrusting / Dark green ( in vivo ); gray (fixed)
12.5– 13.7 –25
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. ( UFPEPOR 1797—Paratype)	Coqueirinho Beach (Paraíba State) / intertidal	90– 298.3 –650 / 5– 9.3 –20	Thickly encrusting / Dark green ( in vivo ); gray (fixed)

FIGURE 2. Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. A, specimen in situ (UFPEPOR 1590-paratype); B, photograph of a fresh specimen taken out of water, showing numerous oscules; C, sciaphylous habitat of holotype (UFPEPOR 1861-arrow); D, specimen taken out of water (UFPEPOR 1862-paratype); E, tangential view of ectosomal skeleton; F, cross section of the skeleton. Scale bars: A–B = 1 cm; C = 10 cm; D = 3 mm; E = 150 µm; F = 200 µm. Ecology. This species is often found in reef environments in sciaphylous habitats ( Fig. 2C ). Shallow water at 0.5–1 m depth. Distribution ( Fig. 1 ). Brazil : Northeastern Region: Paraíba and Bahia State. Etymology. Named after Mariana Carvalho, researcher from Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , to her contributions to the knowledge of Brazilian sponges. Remarks. Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. differs from the other 13 species recorded for the Tropical Western Atlantic by its combination of long and robust oxeas and dark green color. The most similar species is Halichondria ( H .) melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 from Florida due to the detachable ectosome, choanosomal with spicules strewn in confusion and fusiform oxeas. However, both species clearly differ in the size of the oxeas, whereas in new species is larger than Halichondria ( H. ) melanadocia ( Table 2 ). Additionally Halichondria ( H. ) melanadocia have a black color whereas the new species is green (see Table 2 ). Another Tropical Western Atlantic Halichondria species is Halichondria ( Halichondria ) corrugata Diaz, van Soest & Pomponi, 1993 , but it has smaller and thinner spicules than new species ( Table 2 ). Additionally, Halichondria ( H. ) corrugata also present color light greenish-brown or pink and lobate growth form against dark green color and thickly encrusting to massive form in the new species. Halichondria ( Halichondria ) lutea Alcolado, 1984 differ from new species in many features: the oxeas are larger than in new species and the growth form is subspherical. Finally, H. ( H. ) lutea is orange to yellow alive with corrugated projections against dark green color with surface rugose in Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov . FIGURE 3. Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. (spicules from holotype-UFPEPOR 1861 in SEM). A, some variations of oxeas; B, details of tips of oxeas. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 50 µm. Halichondria ( Halichondria ) stylata Diaz, Pomponi & Van Soest, 1993 have oxea, styles and styloids differs from the present specimen by possessing smaller spicules (see Table 2 ). Furthermore, the possession of color black and of styles separate if from the Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov . TABLE 2. Comparative data of oxea size range, shape, color and provenance of all valid species of Halichondria ( Halichondria ) Fleming, 1828 from Tropical Western Atlantic. Values are in micrometres (µm), expressed as minimum– maximum, or minimum– mean –maximum length/width. Reference is numbered in parentheses and listed after the table.

Specimens	Locality / Depth (m)	Oxeas	Shape / Color
Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov.	Paraíba State / 0.5–1	90– 340.4 –800 / 5– 11 –20	Massively encrusting / Dark green ( in vivo ); gray or brown (fixed)
Halichondria ( H .) cebimarensis Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001 1	São Paulo State / 2	164.9–630.5 / 3.6–18	Massive / Light-green to bluish ( in vivo )
Halichondria ( H .) corrugata Diaz, van Soest & Pomponi, 1993 2	Northern Gulf of Mexico / 3	130– 370 –520 / 5– 9 –12	Massive-lobate / Light greenish-brown or pink
Halichondria ( H. ) lutea Alcolado, 1984 3	Cuba / 50	335–1050 / 4–15	Subspherical / Yellow-orange
Halichondria ( H .) magniconulosa Hechtel, 1965 4	Jamaica / Not recorded	108–369 / 3–7	Massive to lobate / Yellow ( in vivo ); grayish-brown (fixed)
Halichondria ( H. ) melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 5	Florida / not recorded	132– 432 –472 / 5– 7 –9	Encrusting to massively / Black (in vivo); drab (fixed)
Halichondria ( H .) migottea Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001 1	São Paulo State / 1.5–2	I-262– 329.8 –417 / 4.8– 7.1 –9.6 II194– 214.5 –233 / 2.4– 2.8 –3.6 III102– 112.8 –121 / 3.6– 4.9 –6	Thickly encrusting / Grayish-brown ( in vivo ); yellowish-white (fixed)
Halichondria ( H. ) stylata Diaz, Pomponi & Van Soest, 1993 2	Venezuela / 0.5–1.0	100–250–300 / 3–5 (oxea, styles and styloids)	Massive-amorphous to lobate or thickly encrusting / Black externally and internally
Halichondria ( H .) sulfurea Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001 1	São Paulo State / 0.5–1	97–460 (582?) / 2.4–12.5	Two fragments / Yellow ( in vivo ); beige (fixed)
Halichondria ( H .) tenebrica Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001 1	São Paulo State / 0.5–1	116–708 / 4.8–17.5	Thickly encrusting / Dark grayish/green or purple ( in vivo ) / grayish–purple (fixed)

References: (1) Carvalho & Hajdu (2001) ; (2) Diaz et al. (1993) ; (3) Alcolado (1984) ; (4) Hechtel (1965) ; (5) de Laubenfels (1936). In Brazil , five species of Halichondria had been reported ( Table 2 ) and many other specimens are available in scientific collections without identification at specific level (Muricy et al . 2011). Among the species recorded for the Brazilian coast, Halichondria ( H. ) tenebrica is the most similar to Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. in the spicules size and shape (see Table 2 ). The new species differs from Halichondria ( H. ) tenebrica in the ectosomal skeleton and color: Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. presents ectosomal skeleton with a regular reticulation of tangentially arranged always multispicular tracts of spicules (40–90 µm in diameter) and with abundant pigmented cells in both regions against ectosomal skeleton with a dense tangential reticulation of pauci-multispicular tracts (30–140 µm in diameter) of Halichondria ( H. ) tenebrica . Finally, Halichondria ( H. ) tenebrica do not exhibit pigmented cells and may display the color purple in vivo and in ethanol. However, this color has not been observed in any of the specimens described herein. Halichondria ( H. ) marianae sp. nov. differs from all other four species recorded from Brazil ( Halichondria ( H .) cebimarensis ; Halichondria ( H .) magniconulosa ; Halichondria ( H .) migottea and H . ( H .) sulfurea ) due to the combine of long and robust oxeas and the presence of dark green color (see Table 2 ). This description of Halichondria ( Halichondria ) marianae sp. nov. increased to 17 the number of Halichondria ( Halichondria ) for the Tropical Western Atlantic ( Muricy 2017 ).