The catshark genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae): taxonomy, morphology and distribution Author Soares, Karla D. A. Author De, Marcelo R. text Zootaxa 2019 2019-05-07 4601 1 1 147 journal article 26917 10.11646/zootaxa.4601.1.1 20ab611b-e7f3-4b2d-b87a-1c91e0861597 1175-5326 2669727 8A695352-8382-458F-A86A-17A198F780CA Scyliorhinus torazame ( Tanaka, 1908 ) ( Figs. 77–85 , Tabs. 3 , 17 , 18 ) Common names: torazame catshark ( Japan ). Catulus torazame Tanaka, 1908 : 6 , pl. 2, figs. 2a, 2b (original description, type locality: Misaki, Japan ); Garman, 1913 : 77 (brief account, classification); Tanaka, 1931 : 5 , fig. 8 (catalogued); Matsubara, 1936 : 36 , fig. 26 (compilation); White, 1937 : 107 , 117 (listed, systematics); Kamohara, 1950 : 4 (listed, Japan ); Honma, 1952 : 139 (listed). Scyliorhinus rudis Pietschmann, 1906: 2 (original description, type locality: Japan ); Pietschmann, 1908 : 699 –707, pl. 1, figs. 9–14 (brief account, Japan ); Regan, 1908 : 457 –458 (listed, classification) [synonymy follows Compagno, 1984 : 367 –368]. Halaelurus rudis : Tanaka, 1911 : 13 , pl. 3, fig. 12 [synonymy follows Jordan , Tanaka & Snyder, 1913 : 10 ]. Halaelurus torazame : Jordan , Tanaka & Snyder, 1913 : 10 (catalogue, Japan ); Schmidt, 1930 : 48 (clasper description). Scyliorhinus torazame : Fowler, 1941 : 36 (catalogue, Philippines ); Mori, 1952 : 18 (listed, Japan ); Herre, 1953 : 12 (listed, Philippines ); Matsubara, 1955 : 108 , pl. 3, fig. 9 (compilation); Mori, 1956 : 2 (listed, Japan ); Chu & Wang, 1964 : 675 (listed, Japan ); Lindberg & Legeza, 1967 : 41 , fig. 25 (catalogue, southern Japan ); Ueno, 1971 : 68 (listed); Nakaya, 1975 : 15 –22, figs. 4–9 (brief account, systematics); Springer, 1979 : 144 –146, figs. 95, 96 (taxonomic review); Compagno, 1984 : 367 –368 (FAO catalogue); Masuda et al ., 1984 : 4 , pl. 3B (brief account); Nakaya & Shirai, 1992 : 40 , 44 (biogeography); Carpenter & Niem, 1998 : 1205 (FAO catalogue, Western Central Pacific); Compagno, 1999 : 480 (listed); Randall & Lim, 2000 : 579 (listed, southern China Sea); Compagno et al. , 2005 : 253 , pl. 42 (compilation); Ebert et al ., 2013a: 374, 384, pl. 52 (compilation); Sinohara et al ., 2014 : 232 (listed, Japan ); Weigmann, 2016 : 44 (listed). Scyliorhinus tokubee Shirai, Hagiwara & Nakaya, 1992 : 9 –16, figs. 1–3 (original description, type locality: Izu Peninsula, southern Japan ); Compagno et al. , 2005 : 253 , pl. 42 (compilation); Ebert et al ., 2013a: 374, 383, pl. 52 (compilation); Ebert et al., 2013b: 320 (listed, Taiwan ); Weigmann, 2016 : 44 (listed) [new synonym]. Holotype . ZUMT 953 , male, 450 mm TL ( Misaki , Sagami , Japan ). Status : lost. Additional material examined . 131 specimens (see Appendix). Diagnosis . Scyliorhinus torazame differs from all congeners by presenting specialized hooks in the clasper (vs. absent in all other species); pelvic apron extending through almost the entire length of pelvic inner margins (vs. extending to 2/3 length of pelvic inner margins in S. boa , S. cabofriensis , S. cervigoni , S. comoroensis , S. haeckelii , S. hesperius , S. meadi , S. retifer , S. stellaris , and S. ugoi ); males presenting distal tips of pelvic fins straight (vs. tapered in the other species); body beige to light brown with cream to beige spots (vs. light spots absent in S. cervigoni , S. garmani , S. meadi , and S. retifer ; yellow to golden spots in S. capensis ), and spots predominantly spiracle-sized (vs. predominantly smaller than spiracles in S. boa , S. cabofriensis , S. canicula , S. duhamelii , S. stellaris , and S. ugoi ). The following combination of characters, although less conspicuous, also helps distinguish this species: saddles darker than the background color (vs. inconspicuous in S. boa , S. cabofriensis , S. cervigoni , S. garmani , and S. torrei ); anterior nasal flaps not reaching upper lip (vs. flaps reaching upper lip, and sometimes covering it, in S. canicula , S. cervigoni , comoroensis , S. duhamelii , S. garmani , and S. stellaris ); interdorsal distance 0.6–1.0 times smaller than anal base (vs. greater than anal base in S. boa , S. cabofriensis , S. haeckelii , S. hesperius , S. meadi , S. retifer , S. torrei , and S. ugoi ); mandibular canal of lateral line system with 5 to 6 pores (vs. 3–4 in S. hesperius ); oral canal of lateral line system with 7–10 pores (vs. 10–12 in S. duhamelii ; 5–6 in S. hesperius ; 9–13 in S. torrei ); commissural teeth with one cusplet and principal cusplet laterally situated (vs. two or more in other species, except in S. cervigoni , S. meadi and S. torrei ); clasper with terminal dermal cover smooth (vs. rough in S. canicula and S. capensis ); cover rhipidion covered by dermal denticles (vs. uncovered in S. boa , S. cervigoni and S. retifer ); terminal 3 cartilage present (vs. absent in S. cabofriensis , S. cervigoni , S. comoroensis , S. duhamelii , S. haeckelii , S. stellaris , S. torrei , and S. ugoi ); dorsal terminal 2 cartilage elongated and similar in size to dorsal terminal cartilage (vs. reduced and subtriangular in S. cabofriensis , S. capensis , S. cervigoni , S. haeckelii , and S. ugoi ; dorsal terminal 2 less than half length of dorsal terminal cartilage in S. boa , S. canicula , S. duhamelii , S. retifer , S. stellaris , and S. torrei ); counts of monospondylous vertebrae 32–37 (vs. counts lower in other species, except in S. canicula , S. duhamelii , S. haeckelii , and S. torrei ); adult males between 360–400 mm TL and adult females between 370–420 mm TL (vs. adult reach greater sizes at sexual maturity in S. capensis , S. cervigoni , S. meadi , S. stellaris , and S. ugoi ). FIGURE 77. Scyliorhinus torazame ; dorsal view. A, USNM 161525, female, 413 mm TL (Hakodate, Japan); B, CAS 53386, female, 345 mm TL (Chosi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan); C, NSMT 24976, female, 395 mm TL (Shizuoka, Japan, 34°43’N, 139°E). Scale bar = 20 mm. Description . Morphometric and meristic data are given in Table 17 , and neurocranial measurements in Table 18 . Body robust and cylindrical, tapering considerably posterior to cloaca ( Fig. 77 ). Prepectoral length 0.4 times the prepelvic length. Trunk shorter than tail; snout-vent length 0.8 times vent-caudal length. Pectoral-pelvic space 1.6–1.7 times the pelvic-anal space. Interdorsal space 1.8–2.9 times the dorsal-caudal space ( Tab. 17 ). No interdorsal, postdorsal or postanal ridges; lateral crest on caudal peduncle absent. TABLE 17. Morphometric and meristic data of Scyliorhinus torazame and the type specimens of its junior synonym S. tokubee . SD, standard deviation; n, number of examined specimens. Total length (TL) in mm, other measurements as percentages of TL.

Characters	Scyliorhinus tokubee		n	Range	Mean	SD
Holotype	Paratypes
Total length (TL)	432.2	389.9–401.6	118	95.8—778.0	360.3	74.3
Precaudal length	72.9	71.3–73.6	118	68.2–78.2	74.0	1.8
Eye-spiracle length	1.1	0.9–1.0	110	0.8–3.4	2.2	1.9
Prenasal length	2.3	2.0–2.9	118	1.6–4.1	2.6	0.4
Preoral length	4.2	3.6–4.2	110	3.4–5.9	4.7	3.8
Preorbital length	5.7	5.5–6.3	118	5.3–7.8	6.4	1.9
Prespiracular length	9.5	8.8–10.0	118	8.4–12.4	9.9	0.7
Prebranchial length	14.5	13.2–14.7	118	12.7–17.7	14.5	0.7
Head length	19.0	18.0–20.2	118	17.1–22.4	19.1	0.8
Prepectoral length	17.3	16.7–18.7	118	15.5–20.5	17.3	0.8
Prepelvic length	38.9	38.3–43.6	118	36.2–45.3	40.0	1.7
Snout-vent length	42.6	42.7–46.9	108	40.4–50.1	43.8	1.8
Vent-caudal length	53.2	52.1–54.2	107	51.9–61.6	56.0	2.0
Pre-first dorsal length	47.9	46.1–49.2	118	43.0–51.9	48.3	1.8
Interdorsal distance	8.5	7.5–8.3	118	7.5–12.3	9.5	1.1
Dorsal-caudal distance	1.7	1.1–2.4	118	1.1–5.9	3.5	1.2
Pectoral-pelvic distance	15.3	15.0–19.3	118	11.7–20.2	16.9	1.7
Pelvic-anal distance	11.0	7.8–9.0	118	5.9–14.5	10.2	1.5
Anal-caudal distance	6.9	5.5–7.2	118	5.2–9.7	7.2	0.9
Interorbital distance	6.8	6.4–7.0	118	5.7–9.2	7.2	0.6
Internarial distance	5.4	5.1–5.8	118	4.8–8.5	5.5	0.5
Mouth length	4.7	4.2–5.1	110	4.2–6.9	5.1	0.4
Mouth width	9.5	8.6–10.2	118	7.5–10.6	9.2	0.7
Lower labial furrow length	1.4	1.4–1.6	110	1.3–2.7	1.8	0.3
Eye length	3.8	3.7–4.0	118	2.9–7.5	3.7	0.3
Eye height	1.2	1.2–1.3	118	0.7–2.2	1.3	0.2
Spiracle length	0.9	0.9–1.1	118	0.6–2.1	1.0	0.2
First gill slit height	2.3	2.3–2.7	118	1.6–3.3	2.5	0.3
Fifth gill slit height	1.0	1.0–1.4	118	0.7–1.7	1.2	0.2
Pectoral length	11.8	13.0–15.5	118	11.4–15.7	13.0	0.7
Pectoral anterior margin	12.4	13.8–16.1	118	11.7–17.0	13.5	0.9
Pectoral base	6.6	6.1–7.5	110	5.5–8.8	7.1	0.5
Pectoral posterior margin	7.6	8.3–8.9	118	5.8–10.1	8.2	0.8
Pectoral inner margin	5.6	5.4–6.2	118	4.7–7.8	5.9	0.5
Pelvic length	17.7	12.6–22.0	118	10.4–22.0	14.6	3.4
Pelvic anterior margin	7.8	7.9–9.5	118	6.3–10.7	8.1	0.8
Pelvic posterior margin	12.1	7.6–14.7	118	7.6–16.6	9.1	3.2
Pelvic base	10.6	10.3–13.7	110	6.9–13.7	10.1	1.1
Pelvic inner length	9.7	2.1–9.7	110	2.1–12.2	4.9	3.2
Clasper outer length	10.8	10.8	46	1.5–13.2	8.3	4.2

......continued on the next page TABLE 17. (Continued)

Characters	Scyliorhinus tokubee		n	Range	Mean	SD
Holotype	Paratypes
Clasper inner length	14.4	15.3	46	3.6–17.1	11.8	4.7
Clasper base width	2.0	1.7	46	0.9–2.3	1.7	0.4
Anal anterior margin	7.5	8.0–9.9	109	7.1–11.5	8.6	0.7
Anal posterior margin	5.0	3.6–5.1	109	3.6–5.7	4.6	1.4
Anal base	8.8	8.7–9.9	109	4.1–11.1	9.1	1.1
Anal height	3.2	2.3–4.3	109	3.1–7.7	3.7	0.6
Anal inner margin	2.3	2.0–2.9	107	1.9–5.1	2.6	0.8
First dorsal anterior margin	8.7	10.2 -10.8	107	8.6–12.6	10.5	0.8
First dorsal base	7.3	7.5–9.1	106	6.9–10.8	8.1	0.6
First dorsal height	5.1	5.6–5.9	110	4.8–7.8	5.7	0.4
First dorsal inner margin	2.9	2.1–3.2	106	1.7–3.8	2.7	0.4
Second dorsal anterior margin	6.8	7.5–8.3	108	6.1–9.4	7.6	0.6
Second dorsal base	5.4	6.2–6.6	118	5.2–7.9	6.3	0.5
Second dorsal height	3.3	3.4–4.1	118	2.8–5.0	3.7	0.3
Second dorsal inner margin	2.5	2.0–2.6	118	1.6–3.1	2.6	0.3
Dorsal caudal margin	27.1	26.4–28.7	118	21.8–31.8	26.0	1.8
Preventral caudal margin	10.5	11.9–13.1	118	8.8–17.7	12.6	1.2
Postventral caudal margin	10.3	9.6–11.4	118	8.5–13.9	10.7	0.9
Subterminal caudal margin	3.6	2.8–4.2	110	2.8–6.8	4.5	1.3
Terminal caudal margin	4.4	4.6–5.8	109	3.3–6.3	5.1	0.6
Head width	12.7	12.1–13.8	118	10.6–14.8	12.8	0.8
Head height	5.7	4.5–5.6	118	4.5–7.1	5.6	0.5
Caudal peduncle width	3.3	2.2–3.7	110	2.2–3.9	3.1	0.3
Caudal peduncle height	3.6	3.6–3.8	110	3.1–4.8	3.7	0.3
Meristics
Mandibular canal of lateral line system	5	5–6	4	5–6	–	–
Oral canal of lateral line system	8	7–10	4	7–10	–	–
Upper tooth rows	53	50–54	55	50–76	–	–
Lower tooth rows	46	45–53	55	45–81	–	–
Pectoral fin radials	–	–	4	15–16	–	–
Intestinal valve	6	6	4	6–7	–	–
Monospondylous vertebrae	34	33–35	22	32–37	–	–
Total vertebrae	108	109–113	18	105–126	–	–

Head moderately broad and depressed; head length 1.7 times head width ( Fig. 77 ). Snout short, preoral length 0.4–0.6 times mouth width and 0.6–0.7 times smaller than preorbital length. Prenasal length 0.7 times internarial space; preorbital length 0.3–0.6 times interorbital space. Eye large and slitlike, eye length 2.4–4 times its height and 0.2–0.3 times smaller than head length ( Fig. 77 ). Eye dorsolateral on head, with lower edge medial to horizontal head rim in dorsal view; subocular ridge strong. Nictitating lower eyelid of rudimentary type , with shallow subocular pouch and secondary lower eyelid free from upper eyelid. Spiracle close behind but well separated from eyes, dorsolaterally on head and somewhat lower than level of eye notch. Spiracle diameter goes 3.5–4.2 times in eye length and 6.7–11.5 times in interorbital width. First two gill openings about equally wide; first one twice as long as fifth. All gill openings slightly concave and not elevated on dorsolateral surface of head; gill filaments not visible externally. TABLE 18. Measurements of neurocrania in percentages of nasobasal length (%NL) for specimens of Scyliorhinus torazame and S. torrei . F, number of examined females; M, number of examined males.

Measurements	Scyliorhinus torazame		Scyliorhinus torrei
F = 4	M = 1	F = 1	M = 1
Rostral length	26.8–30.6	25.0	28.3	31.2
Width across lateral rostral cartilages	18.5–21.3	15.6	23.2	18.2
Width across nasal capsules	96.2–98.5	92.2	91.0	78.9
Nasal capsule width	48.1–49.3	45.1	45.5	39.8
Nasal capsule length	42.5–47.1	46.6	42.2	40.9
Distance between nasal apertures	17.2–21.9	28.1	15.0	18.3
Nasal aperture width	24.8–30.3	20.8	30.0	24.7
Distance between rostral base and posterior edge of anterior fontanelle	35.6–43.0	44.3	40.8	42.3
Anterior fontanelle width	27.6–34.4	28.4	29.2	20.4
Width across orbital notches	42.8–56.6	57.3	53.2	48.7
Orbit length	42.4–44.3	43.5	50.6	40.9
Preorbital process length	8.1–10.2	9.1	7.7	9.3
Postorbital process length	9.5–12.0	12.0	7.7	10.8
Width across suborbital shelves	71.9–82.6	76.8	69.5	67.4
Otic capsules length	24.5–34.4	31.0	33.0	22.2
Width across otic capsules	53.1–74.4	67.7	72.1	60.2
Width across preorbital processes	65.4–79.0	71.4	73.8	52.3
Width across postorbital processes	81.6–90.8	75.0	88.4	72.4

Nostril with broad incurrent aperture, without nasoral groove or nasal barbel, and small and oval excurrent aperture. Anterior nasal flap large, triangular, and covering posterior nasal flap and excurrent aperture, extending just anterior to mouth, close to the upper lip but not touching it ( Figs. 78 A–B). Mesonarial ridge distinct but not exceeding the posterior border of the anterior nasal flap. Posterior nasal flap rectangular, situated on the posterior border of the excurrent aperture. Mesonarial superior and inferior flaps conical and corresponding to 1/4 of anterior nasal flap. Internarial space 0.7–0.9 times smaller than interorbital space. Mouth arched, moderately wide and short, its length goes 1.8–2.0 times in mouth width ( Figs. 78 A–B). Lower labial furrow short and narrow, 3.9–6.4 times smaller than mouth width. Dorsal labial cartilage 1.3 times the ventral cartilage; anterior tip of dorsal labial cartilage reaching the orbital process of the palatoquadrate. Tongue flat and rounded, light-colored, with oral papillae hardly detectable. Monognathic heterodonty gradual well developed; anterior teeth abruptly larger than the parasymphysial ones and lateral teeth smaller distally, with smaller and thicker principal cusps. Sexual heterodonty well pronounced with females presenting anterior teeth with marginal cusplet well-developed and proximal one more tapered and oblique in males ( Figs. 79 , 80 ). Tooth counts 24–38 26–38/22–42 23–40. Parasymphysial teeth with a principal cusp flanked by one cusplet on each side; cusplets half the height and the width of the principal cusp. Protuberances on medial portion of the crown base and striae restricted to the crown base. Anterior teeth larger than the parasymphysial and principal cusp less stout. Anterior teeth with two to four cusplets; marginal cusplets smaller and half the height or less of the principal cusp in upper teeth and more than half the height in lower ones. Protuberances on the crown base; striae restricted to the crown base in lower teeth and extending to half the height of the principal cusp in upper ones. Lateral with three or four cusplets; marginal cusplets half the height of proximal ones. Upper teeth with principal cusp slightly oblique; nearly straight in lower ones. Protuberances on the crown base; striae restricted to the crown base in lower teeth and extending to half the height of the principal cusp in upper ones. Commissural teeth with one cusplet; principal cusp stouter and laterally situated. Cusplet corresponding to 2/3 the height and the width of the principal cusp. Protuberances on the crown base and striae throughout the principal cusp. Ectodermal pits inconspicuous or restricted to the crown base in lateral and commissural teeth. FIGURE 78. Scyliorhinus torazame . A, NSMT 65831, female, 411.2 mm TL (Kamaya, Japan); B–F, NSMT 50632, male, 427.9 mm TL (Chiba, Japan, 35°10’N, 139°48’E); A–B, ventral view of head; C, detail of pectoral fins; D, lateral view of head; E, dorsal view of head; F, detail of pelvic fins and claspers. Scale bar = 20 mm. Lateral trunk denticles with flat, elongated teardrop-shaped crowns, 1.3–1.8 times as long as wide ( Tab. 3 ); anterior part covered with ectodermal pits. Crown with a strong medial ridge extending its entire length onto long principal cusp. Dermal denticles above the pectoral fin presenting five ridges, medial ridge less prominent than in denticles of other regions and lateral ridges not extending beyond the intersection between principal cusp and cusplets. Denticles below dorsal fins longer and presenting median and lateral ridges prominent, extending to distal tip of cusplets ( Fig. 81 ). Pectoral base 0.7–0.8 times mouth width ( Fig. 78C ). Pectoral anterior margin 2–2.3 times its base and 1.4–1.6 times the posterior margin. Pectoral fin skeleton aplesodic with radials mostly divided into three segments. Propterygium and mesopterygium trapezoidal; the former smaller than the latter. Propterygium with one proximal segment; mesopterygium with 3–4 proximal segments fused proximally. Metapterygium with 9 segments. Metapterygial axis rectangular and corresponding to 1/5 of metapterygium. Pelvic fin subrectangular in males and trapezoidal in females ( Fig. 78F ); pelvic anterior margin 0.8–0.9 times the posterior margins and 1.4–2.4 times the pelvic base. Pelvic inner margins of males fused by almost all their extension, with rectangular edges; claspers of juveniles covered by the pelvic apron and evident only with the lifted apron. FIGURE 79. Teeth of Scyliorhinus torazame ; labial view, USNM 161525, female, 423 mm TL (Hakodate, Japan). a, anterior tooth; c, commissural; l, lateral. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 80. Teeth of Scyliorhinus torazame ; labial view, NSMT 50632, male, 427.9 mm TL (Chiba, Japan, 35°10’N, 139°48’E). A, anterior tooth; c, commissural; l, lateral; ps, parassymphysial. Scale bar = 100 µm. Clasper moderately long and cylindrical ( Fig. 78F ), extending beyond free rear tips of pelvic fins in adult specimens; clasper inner length 0.8–1.0 times the pelvic anterior margin, 1.4–2.4 times the clasper outer length and 5.4–5.6 times the clasper base. Most of clasper surface except dorsomedial surface of glans, medial border of cover rhipidion, rhipidion, and terminal dermal cover, covered by dermal denticles with anteriorly directed crowns ( Fig. 82A ). Clasper hooks present, forming a row from the anterior 1/4 of marginal cartilages to the posterior tip of claspers glans, running along the medial border of exorhipidion and covered by it posteriorly ( Fig. 81 ). Rhipidion well-developed, partly covered medially by a prominent exorhipidion and anteriorly by the cover rhipidion; insertion of rhipidion at anterior portion of dorsal terminal 2 cartilage and extending to the end of glans. Cover rhipidion expanded medially reaching an exorhipidion with nearly straight border; both cover rhipidion and exorhipidion covering the clasper groove. Envelope absent; pseudosiphon distinct and robust. Terminal dermal cover smooth and extending for 1/3 of ventral terminal cartilage, contacting the exorhipidion and cover rhipidion. FIGURE 81. Dermal denticles of Scyliorhinus torazame . A–C, USNM 161525, female, 423 mm TL (Hakodate, Japan); D–F, NSMT 50632, male, 427.9 mm TL (Chiba, Japan, 35°10’N, 139°48’E). A, D, region above pectoral fin base; B, E, region below first dorsal fin origin; C, F, region below second dorsal fin insertion. Scale bar = 250 µm. Clasper skeleton relatively simple ( Fig. 82B ). Ventral and dorsal terminal cartilages forming a spoon-shaped structure; ventral terminal beginning anteriorly, but ending together with the dorsal cartilage. Terminal 3 cartilage rectangular, situated on anteromedial border of ventral terminal cartilage and ventrally to ventral terminal 2 cartilage. Dorsal terminal 2 cartilage elongated and rod-like, laterally positioned on the dorsal terminal cartilage and extending throughout the length of this. Ventral terminal 2 cartilage anteriorly expanded, tapering posteriorly and corresponding to 3/4 ventral terminal cartilage; ventral terminal 2 cartilage situated medially to ventral terminal and beginning at the intersection between ventral marginal and terminal cartilages. First dorsal fin subrectangular and triangular, with nearly straight anterior margin, rounded apex and angular free rear tip ( Fig. 78 ). First dorsal fin origin opposite or slightly posterior to the pelvic fin insertion. First dorsal fin insertion opposite to the anterior 1/3 of pelvic-anal distance. Anterior margin 1.4–1.5 times first dorsal fin base; first dorsal fin height 0.6–0.7 times its base. Second dorsal fin triangular and smaller than the first ( Fig. 78 ). Second dorsal fin origin opposite to posterior 2/5 of anal base and its insertion posterior to posterior tip of anal fin. Anterior margin 1.3–1.4 times base of second dorsal fin; second dorsal base 1.6–1.8 times its height and 1.3–1.7 times the dorsal-caudal distance. First dorsal fin 1.3 times larger than the second dorsal fin. Anal fin triangular, apically narrow and not falcate ( Fig. 78 ); anal fin base 1.6–1.7 times the second dorsal fin base. Anal anterior margin nearly straight, apex narrowly rounded, free rear tip acutely pointed, and inner margin straight. Anal fin base 0.9–1.1 times the interdorsal distance and 2–2.7 times the dorsal-caudal distance. Anal fin anterior margin 1.5–1.6 times the posterior margin; anal fin height 0.3–0.4 times its base. Caudal fin narrow-lobed and asymmetrical ( Fig. 78 ). Dorsal caudal lobe 1.7–1.8 times larger than preventral lobe; subterminal caudal margin as long as the terminal margin. Caudal crest of enlarged denticles absent on caudal fin margins. Neurocranium broad and somewhat flattened, corresponding to 7.8–8.7% TL. Rostrum length 1.3–1.7 times the distance between lateral rostral cartilages; distance greater in males than in females. Nasal capsule wider than long, oval-shaped and expanded laterally; width 1–1.1 times its length. Width across nasal capsules proportionately narrower in males (73.3–77.3% NL) than in females (77.6–90.1% NL). Anterior fontanelle broad and subrectangular in males and wider and heart-shaped in females; epiphyseal notch very prominent. Basal plate flat with narrow borders, its width 1.8–2.3 times smaller than nasobasal length. Orbital region 2.2 times smaller than the nasobasal length. Otic capsule short, its length 2.9–4.1 times smaller than nasobasal length and width 2.2 times otic capsule length. Width across postorbital processes 1.2–1.3 times the preorbital processes width ( Tab. 18 ). FIGURE 82. Clasper of Scyliorhinus torazame ; dorsal view, NSMT 50632, 427.9 mm TL (Chiba, Japan, 35°10’N, 139°48’E). A, external morphology; B, skeleton. crh, cover rhipidion; end, endstyle; en, envelope; erh, exorhipidion; g, hooks; hp, hipopyle; rd, dorsal marginal cartilage; rv, ventral marginal cartilage; t3, terminal 3 cartilage; td, dorsal terminal cartilage; td2, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; tdc, terminal dermal cover; tv, ventral terminal cartilage; tv2, ventral terminal 2 cartilage. Scale bar = 20 mm. FIGURE 83. Detail of clasper hooks of Scyliorhinus torazame ; NSMT 50632, male, 427.9 mm TL (Chiba, Japan, 35°10’N, 139°48’E). A, general view; scale bar = 5 mm. B, SEM image; scale bar = 200 µm. Coloration in alcohol . Body beige with seven to eight saddles darker than the background color. Spots cream colored, spiracle-sized or slightly greater; spots present or not on body and predominantly within saddles ( Fig. 78 ). Some specimens presenting rosette-shaped spots forming aggregations ( Fig. 78C ). Belly and ventral surface of paired and anal fins without spots, cream in color. Distribution . This species is distributed along the continental shelves of eastern and western Japan , with the northernmost record for Otaru, Sapporo, Hokkaido island (43°N); known also from the eastern coast of South Korea , and with records from East China Sea and northeastern Taiwan , next to Yilan ( 24°40’N ) ( Fig. 84 ). FIGURE 84. Map showing the geographic distribution of Scyliorhinus torazame based on material examined in this study. Biological data . Adult males between 360–400 mm TL; largest male specimen examined and maximum size reported 778 mm TL. Adult females between 370–420 mm TL; largest female specimen examined 478 mm TL. Egg capsules translucent yellow with smooth surface. Anterior tip slightly concave and posterior tip truncate, with long tendrils. Mean values for egg capsule dimensions: 55 mm length and 19 mm width (n = 3). This species is known to enter shallow coastal waters ( Nakaya 1975 ; Yamada, 1986 ), with records from the Tsushima Strait ( 120 m in depth) and Korea Strait ( 140 m in depth) between the Okinawa Valley and Japan Sea. Conservation status ‘Least Concern’ ( Nakaya et al . 2009 ). Etymology . The specific name ‘torazame’ refers to the common name attributed to this species in Japan , according to Tanaka (1908) . Remarks. Nakaya (1975) , in his comprehensive study of Japanese catsharks, examined 24 specimens of S. torazame , including 11 males and 13 females , measuring between 245–500 mm TL. Shirai et al . (1992) described a new species, S. tokubee , and examined eight specimens of S. torazame (four males and four females) as comparative material. Among the characters indicated by these authors to distinguish S. tokubee from S. torazame were: mouth width at about two times smaller than head width, interdorsal distance slightly smaller than mouth width and equal to prespiracular length, tooth counts, and size of dermal denticles. FIGURE 85. Graphics on morphometric differences of the color patterns observed in Scyliorhinus torazame (measurements expressed in %TL). White triangles = pattern with light spots; black circles = pattern with no spots. CLE, clasper outer length; CLI, clasper inner length; TL, total length; IND, interdorsal distance; MOW, mouth width. FIGURE 86. Graphics on morphometric differences of specimens of Scyliorhinus torazame distributed along the east and West coasts of Japan (measurements expressed in %TL). White triangles, east coast; black circles, west coast. CLE, clasper outer length; CLI, clasper inner length; TL, total length; IND, interdorsal distance; MOW, mouth width. In the present study, 125 specimens of S. torazame and the type series of S. tokubee (n = 6), measuring between 95–778 mm TL, were examined. Specimens were separated according to color pattern (with/without light spots) and capture locality (eastern/western Japan ). A graphic analysis of the measurements cited by Shirai et al . (1992) as diagnostic characters for S. tokubee (interdorsal distance and mouth width) was performed here ( Figs. 85 , 86 ). Additionally, clasper measurements were used to compare curves of sexual maturity ( Figs. 85 , 86 , C–D). According to the graphs, specimens captured close to Shizuoka (with spots) and Fukushima (without spots) present lower values for interdorsal distance around 8% TL ( Fig. 86 ) vs. more than 8.5% TL in other specimens, especially, HUMZ 113578 and HUMZ 117496 ( paratypes of S. tokubee ), HUMZ 135083, NSMT 34976, NSMT 61264 (specimens with light spots) and, NSMT 65831, NSMT 65836 and NSMT 65837 (specimens without light spots). Our analyses indicate that values for mouth width and interdorsal distance in the holotype of S. tokubee (HUMZ 107358) and other paratypes (HUMZ 113574, HUMZ 117472, NSMT 34976) overlap with values of specimens of S. torazame . In relation to mouth width, lower values were found in specimens captured in Tsushima, Sapporo. No differences were found in relation to size of sexual maturity between populations of eastern and western Japan , nor in relation to the color patterns. Additionally, no differences were found in tooth counts, measurements of dermal denticles and neurocranium, and clasper morphology. Shirai et al . (1992) reported that no specimens of S. torazame were captured along the coast of Shirahama, in the Izu Peninsula. However, according to the specimen catalogue of the Hokkaido University Museum, specimen HUMZ 111033 , presenting a color pattern without spots, was captured in Shizuoka Province, the same locality of the types of S. tokubee . This specimen was presented in the list of comparative material of Shirai et al . (1992) identified as S. torazame , with the locality ‘Mito, Ibaraki’ assigned to it. We decided to consider the locality informed by the museum catalogue as it is the oldest record for this specimen. Shirai et al . (1992 : 14–15) pointed out the great variation in color pattern of S. torazame , ‘sometimes showing a petal-like pattern on the lateral surface of the body, but it lacks numerous light spots on the dorsal surface’. Light spots were observed in dorsal surface of many specimens but no quantification was possible in an attempt to distinguish S. tokubee from S. torazame . Therefore, based on the evidence above, S. tokubee is considered here as a junior synonym of S. torazame as no distinctive characters supporting their separation were found.