From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) Author Burks, Roger https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA burks.roger@gmail.com Author Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721 Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Fusu, Lucian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Heraty, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Author Jansta, Petr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Heydon, Steve Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA Author Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386 Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK Author Peters, Ralph S. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany Author Tselikh, Ekaterina V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Author Woolley, James B. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA Author van Noort, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa Author Baur, Hannes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487 Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland & Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Author Cruaud, Astrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Author Darling, Christopher Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada Author Haas, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Hanson, Paul Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica Author Krogmann, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany & Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author Rasplus, Jean-Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2022 2022-12-20 94 13 88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 1314-2607-94-13 6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE Neapterolelapinae Rasplus, Burks & Mitroiu, new subfamily incertae sedis new placement Type genus. Neapterolelaps Girault, 1913. Diagnosis. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, with 3 clavomeres (Fig. 77 ). Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus with a transverse subapical groove. Labrum exposed, sclerotized, subtriangular with setae. Mandibles with 2 or 3 narrow teeth. Subforaminal bridge with elongate lower tentorial bridge and secondary tentorial pits that extend to the convergent hypostomal carina, with or without a postgenal groove and postgenal lamina (Fig. 78 ). Pronotum without a smooth median longitudinal line or carina. Mesoscutellum without frenum, at least sometimes with a small axillula indicated by an axillular sulcus or carina. Mesopleural area without an expanded acropleuron; mesepimeron not extending over anterior margin of metapleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; metafemur without ventral teeth or expansion. Metasoma with syntergum, therefore without epipygium; cercal brush present. Discussion. Neapterolelaps and Pseudoceraphron Dodd form the sister group of Lyciscidae in next-generation molecular data, although they were previously classified in Diparinae ( Boucek 1988 ; Desjardins 2007 ; Desjardins et al. 2007 ). While Desjardins (2004) mentioned the name Neapterolelapini in his doctoral dissertation, it was not mentioned in the two resulting publications. Additionally, it was mentioned by Heraty et al. (2013) , although it was not diagnosed in that publication and therefore was not described there. Jansta (2014) also mentioned Neapterolelapini in a doctoral dissertation, but did not diagnose it. None of these previous usages satisfy article 13.1.1 of the ICZN Code, and therefore Neapterolelapinae is described as new here and it is removed from Diparidae to be treated as incertae sedis in Chalcidoidea . Nosodipara Boucek is also placed here based on morphology. Given the characters described here, confusion with Lyciscidae is most likely, which differ in having a longitudinal median pronotal carina. However, a lack of metallic coloration on the mesosoma (but sometimes not of the head) of females makes Neapterolelapinae much more likely to be confused with Diparidae , which contains numerous species that resemble this group. Diparidae differ in having a conspicuous frenum in most species, although this may be indistinct or absent in highly derived brachypterous species. These must be distinguished using features of the head, such as the hidden labrum, convex clypeal margin, absence of clypeal subapical groove (excepted in Dipara ) and striation of metacoxa of Diparidae versus the exposed labrum, concave clypeal margin, presence of clypeal subapical groove and absence of striation on metacoxa in Neapterolelapinae . The placement of Neapterolelapinae does not conflict with the findings of Desjardins et al. (2007) , who also placed Neapterolelaps as the sister group of what is now Lyciscidae in molecular analyses. This placement was discussed as "difficulty in uniting" [ Diparinae ] by Desjardins (2007) .