Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella Author Wei, Nan Author De, Willem H. Author Xu, Runlin text Zootaxa 2011 3051 41 56 journal article 46222 10.5281/zenodo.207785 ae05f614-8db9-4cd5-adb1-6f2d4ac83651 1175-5326 207785 Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. ( Figs 2–5 , 6 A) Diagnosis. Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. is characterized by: vase-shaped lorica; dorsal anterior margin with a slightly convex median projection and almost straight or slightly convex lateral parts; ventral anterior margin with a wide V-shaped median sinus and weakly convex lateral edges; longitudinal ventral lorica furrows discontinuous; lateral lorica edges broadly rounded in cross-sectional view; foot opening sub-terminal, inverted U-shaped slit; distal foot pseudosegment moderately long, penultimate one shorter; unci plates with 9–11/10–11 teeth. Type locality. A tidal river of Qi’ao–Dan’gan Provincial Mangrove Nature Reserve on Qi’ao Island ( 22° 26' N , 113° 38' E ), Zhuhai, Guangdong province, China : depth about 50 cm , distance from shore about 2 m , low tide water, 24 December 2009 . Holotype . A female in a permanent, glycerine glass slide mount deposited in the Biology Museum of Sun Yatsen University, Guangdong, China (ROT00007). Paratypes . 4 females from type locality. Two females in Biology Museum of Sun Yat-sen University (ROT00008, ROT00009); one female in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ( ANSP 2079); one female in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ( RBINS ), Brussels, Belgium (No. IG. 312901, RIR 204). Etymology. The species name pseudobscura refers to the shape of the lorica which is similar to that of T. obscura Althaus, 1957 . Description of female. The smooth or occasionally very weakly striated lorica ( Fig. 2 A–D) is vase-shaped, truncate anteriorly. The ratio length/width is on average 1.45 (1.38–1.56). The dorsal anterior margin shows a slightly convex median projection with almost straight ( Fig. 2 B) or slightly convex lateral parts. The ventral anterior margin shows a shallow wide V-shaped median sinus with two weakly convex lateral edges. The dorsal anterior margin is not or slightly projecting beyond the ventral margin. The posterior margin is smoothly rounded ( Fig. 2 A) or shows an inconspicuous rounded projection ( Fig. 2 B). In cross-section the lorica is slightly arched dorsally; the lateral edges are broadly rounded; apparently discontinuous longitudinal ventral furrows delimit a protruding, more or less flat ( Fig. 2 E) or convex ( Fig. 2 F) median part. The foot is composed of a long wrinkled proximal part, a short penultimate pseudosegment, and a longer distal pseudosegment ending in a ciliated cup ( Fig. 2 G). The ratio lorica length/position of antennae relative to dorsal anterior margin averages 2.89 (2.70–3.23) for the dorsal antenna and 2.25 (2.15–2.41) for the lateral antennae. Two red eyespots. FIGURE 2. Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. A–D. Lorica, ventral view. E, F. Lorica, cross-section view. G. Foot pseudosegment. Scale bars: A–F: 50 µm, G: 10 µm. FIGURE 3. Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. , scanning electron microscope photographs of trophi. A. Complete set, frontal view. B. Complete set, caudal view. al: alula, as: arched rami scleropili, dc: dorsal chamber, f: fulcrum, m: manubrium, mc: median chamber, r: ramus, ra: ramus apophysis, rf: ramus fenestra, svc: sub-ventral chamber, u: uncus, vc: ventral chamber. Trophi malleoramate ( Figs 3 , 4 ). The rami are elongate-triangular with rounded latero-ventral margins. Basal and subbasal chambers forming a single large chamber, open latero-ventrally by a large common fenestra ( Fig. 3 B: rf). Weakly developed, more or less spiniform, caudally recurved alulae ( Fig. 3 B: al) situated at the latero-ventral margins of the frontal parts of rami. Asymmetrical median rami apophyses ( Fig. 3 B: ra) weakly developed. The inner margins of the distal rami sections caudally show 17–22/15–19 arched and webbed rami scleropili ( Fig. 3 B: as). Frontally, the inner margins of the rami bear several rows of rami scleropili with acute tip ( Fig. 5 : fs). The basal apophyses ( Fig. 4 : ba) are moderately developed ridges, composed of a series of basally fused scleropili. The fulcrum is short and plank-shaped, more or less trapezoid in lateral view. It is composed of a double layer of longitudinally oriented and appressed sclerite bodies, the caudal series of which is involved in the formation of the junction with the rami, and an anterior series which border a distinct opening proximally ( Fig. 4 : fo). The unci plates consist of 9–11/10–11 weakly curved and strongly webbed teeth. Each uncus has 3, occasionally 4, major teeth with moderately offset lanceolate heads of almost similar dimension, the head of the middle teeth is only slightly smaller than the others ( Fig. 4 ). The minor teeth have a weakly offset lanceolate head bearing two minute lateral knobs at their base; the webbing almost extends up to the base of the heads. The crescent shaped manubria are composed of the superimposed dorsal, median, ventral chamber and weakly developed sub-ventral chamber ( Fig. 3 B). FIGURE 4. Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. , scanning electron microscope photograph of trophi. Detail of major teeth and proximal part of fulcrum, frontal view. ba: basal apophysis, fo: fulcrum opening FIGURE 5. Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. , scanning electron microscope photograph of trophi. Detail of rami, frontal view. fs: frontal rami scleropili. Male and eggs unknown. Measurements. Lorica length 130–145 µm (mean=140 µm, N=10), lorica width 93–100 µm (mean=96 µm, N=10), anterior aperture width 64–68 µm (mean = 66 µm, N = 10), penultimate foot pseudosegment 4–6 µm (mean=5 µm, N=10), distal foot pseudosegment 13–15 µm (mean=14, N=10); trophi (N = 5): length × width 19.1– 21.3 × 23.6–26.1 µm, ramus 11.8–13.6 µm, fulcrum 6.3–8.1 µm, largest major tooth 11.0–12.0 µm, manubrium 10.6–12.5 µm. FIGURE 6. Light microscope photograph of three Testudinella species recorded from Qi’ao Island, China. A. Testudinella pesudobscura sp. nov. ventral view; B. Testudinella zhujiangensis ventral view; C. Testudinella quadrilobata sp. nov. dorsal view; D. Testudinella quadrilobata sp. nov. varying shape of anterior aperture. Scale bar: 50μm. Distribution and ecology. The species was collected in the intertidal zone of the brackish-water river on Qi’ao Island of the Pearl River estuary, at depths of about 50 cm , and about 2 m from the shore as tide ebbed. Its occurrence was restricted to 6 and 24 December 2009 ; water temperature 18.6 and 18.5 °C, salinity 13 and 12 ‰, transparency 29.5 and 16.5 cm . Comments. The new species can easily be confused with the closely related and morphologically very similar T. obscura Althaus, 1957 and T. zhujiangensis . The discrimination between T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and T. zhujiangensis indeed, became clear only after studying a large number of specimens by light microscopy and trophi investigation by SEM. In the original description of T. zhujiangensis (Wei et al. 2010) , data on the trophi from both T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and T. zhujiangensis are mixed up, and the SEM photographs of the trophi (l.c., Figs 3 , 4 ) actually concern T. pseudobscura sp. nov. . Features discriminating both species are as follows: T. pseudobscura sp. nov. is distinguished by its more robust lorica with relatively wider head aperture ( Fig. 6 A, B): the ratio lorica length/lorica width averages 1.45 (1.38–1.56, N=10) for T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 1.58 (1.49–1.67, N=32) for T. zhujiangensis ; the ratio lorica width/head aperture width averages 1.46 (1.37–1.52, N=10) for T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 1.56 (1.41–1.69, N=32) for T. zhujiangensis . In cross-section the body of T. pseudobscura sp. nov. is arched dorsally, rounded laterally, and ventrally it shows a flat or more or less convex median part, whereas T. zhujiangensis shows 4 rounded shallow lobes. Furthermore, the slit-shaped foot opening of T. pseudobscura sp. nov. is apparently narrower, deeper and placed less distally. Additionally, T. pseudobscura sp. nov. has a larger body size (130–145 µm, mean 140 µm, N=10) than T. zhujiangensis (115–128 µm, mean 123 µm, N=32) ( Fig. 7 ). The ratios lorica length/postion of antennae relative to the antero-dorsal margin appear similar for both species: for the dorsal antenna the ratio averages 2.89 (2.70–3.23, N=10) in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 3.02 (2.80–3.24, N=22) in T. zhujiangensis , for the lateral antennae these ratios are 2.25 (2.15–2.41, N=10) and 2.26 (2.12– 2.33 N=22) respectively. Differences in trophi structure of both species are very little. The alulae ( Fig. 3 B: al) are short, more or less spiniform and inconspicuous in the new species, whereas large, quadratic and robust in T. zhujiangensis ( Figs 12 A, B, 14: al). The number of unci teeth tends to be smaller in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. (9–11/10–11, mostly 10–11/ 10–11, N=15) than in T. zhujiangensis (11–13/11–12, mostly 12/12, N=9). Additionally, trophi size tends to be larger in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. than in T. zhujiangensis ( Fig. 8 ). FIGURE 7. Lorica length versus width plot of Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. (N=10) and T. zhujiangensis (N=32). In comparison with the more or less elliptical T. obscura , the new species has a distinct vase-shaped appearance. In cross-sectional view, the lateral lorica edges are broadly rounded in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. , whereas in T. obscura they converge to a rather sharp angle. Small differences also appear in the ratio lorica length/postion of antennae relative to the antero-dorsal margin: for the dorsal antenna the ratio averages 2.89 (2.70–3.23) in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 2.60 (2.40–2.88) in T. obscura , for the lateral antennae these ratios are 2.25 (2.15–2.41) and 2.07 (1.97–2.23) respectively. Main differences in trophi structure concern the number of unci teeth and shape of the head of the teeth. The teeth formula is 9–11/ 10–11 in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 10–12/ 11–12 in T. obscura . The heads of the major teeth are weakly offset and lanceolate in the new species, whereas distinctly offset and more or less strongly club-shaped in T. obscura . The heads of the minor teeth of T. pseudobscura sp. nov. are lanceolate as well, whereas cylindrical to elongate-lanceolate, with the webbing not as far extending up to the base as in the latter forming a rake-like structure in T. obscura . Additionally, the new species shows less developed subventral manubrium chambers. FIGURE 8. First major uncus tooth length versus ramus length plot of Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. (N=7) and T. zhujiangensis (N=5). Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. resembles T. bicorniculata De Smet, 2009 and T. quadrilobata sp. nov. superficially. The new species is easily differentiated from T. bicorniculata by the absence of acute antero-lateral projections and the shape of the anterior margins which are undulate with shallow median sinus in the latter. It is readily distinguished from T. quadrilobata sp. nov. which shows medially indented anterior margins and a larger number of unci teeth (9–11/10–11 versus 14–15/14–15).