A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts Author Suzuki, Noritoshi Author Caulet, Jean-Pierre Author Dumitrica, Paulian text Geodiversitas 2021 2021-07-08 43 15 405 573 journal article 5275 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15 a8353504-9387-42cf-8d81-8ecacbe9bd90 1638-9395 5101757 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983 Superfamily HEXACROMYOIDEA Haeckel, 1882 n. stat. Hexacromyida Haeckel, 1882: 453 [as a tribe]; 1887: 170, 201 [as a subfamily]. Hexalonchata – Afanasieva et al. 2005 : S272 [as an order]. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 109 [as an order]. DIAGNOSIS. — Spherical Spumellaria with a tetrapetaloid microsphere or fine fibrous arisen from a center REMARKS Hexacromyoidea consists of Hexacaryidae (including Clade A), Hexacromyidae (including Clade B) and Hollandosphaeridae (including Clade C). Hexacromyidae and Hollandosphaeridae roughly corresponds to Hexalonchidae sensu De Wever et al. (2001: 210 , 212). Only a part of the Hexastylidae sensu De Wever et al. (2001) is equal to Hexacaryidae . Sandin et al. (2021) recognized three Clades A, B and C for genera belonging to the Hexacromyoidea , but the molecular differences among both Clades A and C are supported by small bootstrap values (BS) and posterior probabilities (PP). The independency of Clade B is supported by PhyML bootstrap values of 10 000 replicates (BS),>0.99 posterior probabilities (PP) and includes Hollandosphaera . Hollandosphaera may be separated from the other members of Hexalonchidae sensu De Wever et al. (2001) , resulting in the family Hexacromyidae independent of Hexalonchidae . However, if we refer toSandin et al. (2021), the independency between Hexacaryidae and Hexacromyidae is faced with another problem. Clades A and C includes Hexarhizacontium and Hexacromyum (originally Hexacontium in Sandin et al. 2021 ). Given the low BS and PP values, it is unhelpful to refer to the evaluation of the two-family scheme with Hexacaryidae and Hexacromyidae . Afanasieva et al. (2005) proposed the order Hexalonchata based only in presence of six radial spines; however, that premise is inconsistent at rank level, not only within Radiolaria but also in Protista (see preceding discussion). These singles characters are probably related to convergent evolution leading to homeomorphic taxa.