A revision of the deltocephaline leafhopper genus Scaphoideus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from the Indian subcontinent Author Viraktamath, C. A. Author Mohan, G. S. text Zootaxa 2004 578 1 48 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.169102 396d3884-e803-46f0-912e-ff19a5114651 1175­5326 169102 CDC86032-E788-4139-98E8-3733438378E0 Key to species of Scaphoideus of the Indian subcontinent ( S. consanguineus Distant and S. rathani Ghosh are not included in the key; see text for explanation.) 1 Vertex of head with an almost solid unbroken transverse black fascia across eyes ( Fig. 53 , Distant 1918 ) ................................................................................ baeticus (Distant) ­ Coloration of vertex variable but not as above, if the transverse fascia is black, it is broken into a number of connected longitudinal spindle­shaped stripes ( Fig. 1 ) ......... 2 2 Vertex with a series of four to six longitudinal spindle­shaped brown stripes ( Fig.1 ).. 3 ­ Markings on vertex not as above .................................................................................. 4 3 Hind margin of female seventh sternum sinuate with a concave median area ( Fig. 197 ); vertex of head with elongate spindle­shaped stripes; male with apophysis of style exceeding subgenital plate ( Fig. 194 ); aedeagus with an apical and a subapical pair of long processes ( Fig. 195 ) ( India : Sikkim) ......................... stigmaticus Distant ­ Hind margin of female seventh sternum concave with a median notched lobe ( Fig. 9 ); vertex with short spindle­shaped stripes ( Fig. 1 ); apophysis of style not exceeding subgenital plate; aedeagus with a pair of apical short processes ( Fig. 7, 8 ) ( India : Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal) ...................................................................... assamensis Distant 4 Male subgenital plate deeply bilobed ( Fig. 56 ) or with a notch on mesal margin before apex ( Fig. 82 ); apophysis of style slender, about half as long as total length or longer 5 ­ Male subgenital plate not bilobed or with a notch on mesal margin before apex; apophysis of style stout, usually less than half as long as its length ................................. 7 5 Male subgenital plate deeply bilobed ( Fig. 56 ); paraphyses separate from base, symmetrical, of equal length; aedeagus not S­shaped ( Figs 62 ) ........................................ 6 ­ Subgenital plate with a notch on mesal margin before apex ( Fig. 82 ); paraphysis slen­ der, fused for proximal 0.75 length then separated, unequal in length ( Fig. 85 ); aedeagus S­shaped ( Fig. 86 ) ( India : Karnataka) ........................................ inequalis sp. nov. 6 Male pygophore with a ventral process ( Fig. 63 ); face ochraceous with dark brown bands or markings ( India : Kerala, Tamil Nadu; Sri Lanka ) ..... S. elegantulus Melichar ­ Male pygophore without a ventral process ( Fig. 99 ); face chocolate brown ( India : Karnataka)................................................................................................... jogensis sp. nov. 7 Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum with a median longitudinal yellowish or whitish broad stripe extending on­to folded front wings, overlain on it with one or two narrower orange or red longitudinal stripes ( Figs 28 , 88 ) ................................................ 8 ­ Vertex with a transverse band between eyes sometimes indistinct, red, orange, black or brown; no longitudinal stripe extending from head to front wings ( Figs 10 , 64 , 151 , 176 ); pronotum either with two transverse red or brown bands or with a series of 5–7 longitudinal short stripes ........................................................................................... 11 8 Paraphyses fused at their proximal 0.66 ( Fig. 93 ); large stout species measuring over 6.00 mm in length ( India : Tamil Nadu) ............................................. insignis (Distant) ­ Paraphyses separate for most of their length; aedeagal process when present apical; smaller species not exceeding 4.50 mm ....................................................................... 9 9 Aedeagal shaft with a pair of short processes at midlength ( Figs 36, 37 ); paraphyses diverging right from proximal end, more or less of uniform width in their proximal 0.8 length then tapered, dorsal margin of male pygophore bilobed ( Fig. 34 ) ( India : Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)............................................................................ bifidus sp. nov. ­ Aedeagal shaft with apical processes; paraphyses either not divergent ( Fig.108 ) or divergent beyond basal 0.5 length, uneven in width ( Fig. 113 ); dorsal margin of male pygophore entire......................................................................................................... 10 10 Paraphyses closely oppressed over their entire length ( Fig. 108 ); female seventh sternum straight, with a median concavity ( India : Himachal Pradesh) ............................... ........................................................................................ katraini Rao & Ramakrishnan ­ Paraphyses divergent in their distal half ( Fig. 113 ); hind margin of female seventh sternum broadly produced medially ( Fig. 116 ) ( India : Karnataka, Kerala) .... kirti sp. nov. 11 Paraphyses with spicules ( Figs 174, 182 ) ……………………..……………………. 12 ­ Paraphyses smooth, without spicules ………………………….…………………… 13 12 Aedeagal shaft with a pair of basal processes extending entire length of shaft ( Fig.183, 184 ) ( India : Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) ....................................... sculptus sp. nov. ­ Aedeagal shaft without basal processes but dorsal apodeme with a hooked process ( Fig. 187 ) ( Sri Lanka ) ...................................................................... sculptellus sp. nov. 13 Vertex with an apical round black spot; transverse band across eyes black and dark brown ( Fig. 151 ); aedeagus slender, tubular, strongly curved with well­developed dorsal apodeme ( Fig. 157 ) ( India : Mizoram, West Bengal; Myanmar ) ........ russus Distant ­ Vertex without round black apical spot, transverse band across eyes brown, red or orange ( Figs 64 , 160 ); aedeagus short and stout (Fig. 72,136) ................................... 14 14 Paraphyses forming a “horse­shoe” ( Fig. 134 ); pronotum and scutellum with longitudinal brown stripes ..................................................................................................... 15 ­ Paraphyses elongate, may be twisted at apex but not horse­shoe shaped, pronotum with transverse stripes some times indistict ............................................................... 16 15 Paraphyses bluntly pointed at apex ( Fig. 134 ) ( India : Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; Sri Lanka ; Thailand ) ........................................................... morosus Melichar ­ Paraphyses sharply pointed at apex ( India , Thailand , Vietnam , Philippines ) ................. ................................................................................... harlani Kitbamroong and Freytag 16 Subgenital plate with numerous long hairlike setae, their length as long as or longer than subgenital plate ( Fig. 67 ); paraphyses fused at their basal half ( Fig. 69 ) ( India : West Bengal) ....................................................................................... hirsutus sp. nov. ­ Subgenital plate with shorter, fewer hairlike setae, their length 0.2 to 0.1 as long as subgenital plate; paraphyses not as above .................................................................. 17 17 Male pygophore with proximal spinelike process on dorsal margin ( Fig.176 ) ......... 18 ­ Male pygophore without a proximal spinelike process on dorsal margin .................. 20 18. Male pygophore with dorsal spine strongly curved meso­ventrally ( Pakistan ) .............. ....................................................................... karachiensis Ahmed, Murthaza & Malik ­ Male pygophore with dorsal spine straight, directed caudally.................................... 19 19. Male pygophore with dorsal spine short, not more than 0.2 as long as pygophore lobe, caudo­ventral angle angularly produced ( Fig.164 ); paraphyses divergent caudally ( Fig167 ); aedeagal shaft shorter and stouter, of uniform width in lateral aspect for its 0.75 length ( Fig. 168 ) ( India : Karnataka, Maharashtra) ................................................ ............................................................................... sabourensis Rao and Ramakrishnan ­ Male pygophore with dorsal spine long, more than 0.5 as long as pygophore lobe, caudo­ventral angle produced ventrally into a spine ( Fig. 218 ); paraphyses convergent caudally ( Fig. 223 ); aedeagal shaft longer, gradually narrowed distally ( Fig. 224 ) ( India : Meghalaya, West Bengal) ............................................................ zhangi sp. nov. 20. Head, thorax and proximal 0.33 of fore wings chocolate brown contrasted with ochraceous rest of body; paraphyses slender, needlelike ( Figs 24 , 210 ) ............................ 21 ­ Coloration of head, thorax and abdomen not as above; paraphyses stout, not needle like ..................................................................................................................................... 22 21. Aedeagus rather S­shaped, shaft without processes ( Figs 211, 212 ) ( Myanmar : Bhamo) .................................................................................................................. varna sp. nov. ­ Aedeagus not S­shaped, shaft with a pair of apical processes ( Figs 25, 26 ) ( India : Karnataka) ........................................................................................... bicoloratus sp. nov. 22. Aedeagal shaft with shorter or longer processes ( Figs 149 , 215, 216 ) ...................... 23 ­ Aedeagal shaft without processes, may be keeled ..................................................... 27 23. Paraphyses parallel to each other, acutely pointed at apex; at 0.33 from apex expanded into a small triangular area ( Fig.151 ); aedeagus with apical pair of spinelike processes ( Figs 149, 150 ) ( Sri Lanka ) .............................................................. ornatus Melichar ­ Paraphyses not as above, aedeagus either with two or four processes........................ 24 24. Aedeagal shaft with a pair of apical and a subapical pair of processes ( Figs 215, 216 ); paraphyses strongly sinuate ( Fig. 214 ) ( Myanmar : Bhamo) ................ vaticus sp. nov. ­ Aedeagal shaft with subapical pair of processes ( Figs 19 , 79 , 205 ); paraphyses not strongly sinuate ( Figs16 , 77 , 202 ) ............................................................................. 25 25. Paraphyses strongly divergent beyond basal 0.33 ( Fig. 77 ); aedeagal shaft with a pair of strong dorsal keel, each with a recurved process ( Fig. 79 ) ( India : Tamil Nadu) ....... ........................................................................................ illustris Rao and Emiliyamma ­ Paraphyses either convergent or strongly asymmetrically curved ( Fig. 16 , 202 ); aedeagus without keels ....................................................................................................... 26 26. Aedeagal shaft in caudal view appearing trilobed ( Fig. 205 ); paraphyses symmetrical, each shaft of even width except near apex ( Fig. 202 ) ( Myanmar : Kambaiti) ................ ........................................................................................................... trilobatus sp. nov. ­ Aedeagal shaft with a pair of lateral process at midlength ( Fig.19 ); paraphyses strongly asymmetrical ( Fig. 16 ) ( India : Karnataka) ................... asymmetricus sp. nov. 27. Paraphyses widely separated at base, each shaft slightly to strongly twisted at apical 0.25–0.33 ( Fig 43 , 50 ) ............................................................................................... 28 ­ Paraphyses close together at base, not twisted ( Figs 121, 127 , 189 ) ......................... 29 28. Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral aspect, constricted at midlength in caudal aspect ( Figs 44, 45 ); each shaft of paraphyses strongly twisted at apical 0.25 ( Fig. 43 ) ( India : Meghalaya) ............................................................................................. coloratus Rao ­ Aedeagal shaft stout in lateral aspect, gradually narrowed distally in caudal aspect ( Figs 52, 53 ); each shaft of paraphyses slightly twisted at apical 0.33 ( Fig. 50 ) ( India : Tamil Nadu) .................................................................. decoratus Rao & Emiliyamma 29. Paraphyses convergent ( Fig.121 ); aedeagal shaft in lateral aspect rather fusiform ( Fig. 123 ) ( Myanmar : Nam Tama Valley) ................................................ lamellaris sp. nov. ­ Paraphyses divergent ( Figs 127 , 189 ); aedeagal shaft not fusiform in lateral aspect ( Figs129 , 191 ) ............................................................................................................ 30 30. Aedeagal shaft of uniform width in lateral aspect ( Fig.191 ); paraphyses straight, not curved in lateral aspect ( Fig. 190 ) ( Myanmar : Nam Tama Valley)... spiculatus sp. nov. ­ Aedeagal shaft broadest at base and abruptly narrowed ( Figs 129, 130 ); paraphyses in lateral aspect curved dorsally in distal half ( Fig.128 ) ( Myanmar : Kambaiti) ................ .............................................................................................................. malaisei sp. nov.