Integration or minimalism: twenty-one new species of ghost spiders (Anyphaenidae: Anyphaena) from Mexico Author Rivera-Quiroz, F. Andrés 970DAA18-987A-4819-BE46-A3D399F77409 Understanding Evolution Research Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands. andres.riveraquiroz@naturalis.nl Author Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando 0B5D4EFE-71E9-4C44-AF70-98C2E7BB37E6 Laboratorio de Aracnología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México Ciudad Universitaria, México D. F. Del. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Mexico. fap@ciencias.unam.mx text European Journal of Taxonomy 2023 2023-04-25 865 1 94 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.865.2097 journal article 10.5852/ejt.2023.865.2097 3a63a183-743e-4185-8fdc-1080072ada0a 2118-9773 7867448 845BAE1A-0E6E-484B-BE6D-17F866777B51 Anyphaena bifurcata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 35864EEB-BF52-411A-82FC-C5BC0AD40F7E Figs 19–21 , 52 Differential diagnosis The epigynum in A . bifurcata sp. nov. is broad, the anterior edge is more than two thirds of the abdomen width, the shape triangular and projected below the epigastric furrow ( Fig. 19C ), posterior third of the epigynal plate narrower, the tip excavated with a small central atrium where the copulatory openings are located ( Figs 20E–F , 21G–H ). Similar epigyna plates and atria are found in females of A. pectorosa , but differ from those of A.bifurcata sp. nov. by the trapezoidal shape and convex posterior margin (Dondale & Render 1982: figs 328–329). Broad epigynal plates are also present in A. triangularis sp. nov. and A. urieli sp. nov. , but they are anteriorly projected in both species ( Figs 10C, F , 13C, F ). Males of A. bifurcata sp. nov. are differentiated from those of related species by their ventral tegular projection base being excavated and bifurcated with a thin rectangular process ( Figs 20A–B , 21A– B , arrows), median apophysis with a small hook in ventral and retrolateral view, and cymbium base dorsally projected ( Figs 20A–D , 21A–D ). A similar cymbium and bifurcated ventral tegular projections are found in males of A. triangularis sp. nov. ( Fig. 12A (arrow)) and A. urieli sp. nov. ( Fig. 15A (arrow)), but they differ from those of A. bifurcata sp. nov. by not being excavated. Fig. 19. Anyphaena bifurcata sp. nov. A–D . Holotype, ♀ (CNAN-T01523). E–F . Paratype, ♂ (CNAN-T01549). A . Dorsal habitus. B . Lateral habitus. C . Ventral habitus. D . Prosoma, anterior view. E . Prosoma, anterior view. F . Prosoma, oblique view. Scale bars: A–C =1.0 mm; D–F =0.5 mm. Etymology The species epithet is taken from the Spanish word bifurcado and refers to the bifurcated ventral tegular projection diagnostic of this species. Material examined Holotype MEXICO • ♀ ; Veracruz , Calcahualco , Atotonilco , Plot I; 19.12569° N , 97.06756° W ; alt. 2300 m ; 15– 24 Feb. 2013 ; Aracnolab team leg.; oak forest fragment; LUP ; CNAN-T01523 . Fig. 20. Anyphaena bifurcata sp. nov. A–D . Paratype, ♂ (CNAN-T01549). E–F . Paratype, ♀ (CNAN-T01550). A . Pedipalp, ventral view. B . Pedipalp, prolateral view. C . Pedipalp, dorsal view. D . Pedipalp, retrolateral view. E . Epigynum, ventral view. F . Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. Allotype MEXICO • ♂ ; same collection data as for holotype; AR_035; GenBank: ON619650 ; CNAN-T01512 . Paratypes MEXICO • 3 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for holotype; CNAN-T01547 • 2 ♀♀ ; same collection data as for holotype; CNAN-T01548 • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for holotype; CNAN-T01549 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for holotype; 21–30 Mar. 2012 ; CNAN-T01550 . Additional material MEXICO • 2 ♂♂ ; Veracruz , Calcahualco , Atotonilco , Plot I; 19.12569° N , 97.06756° W ; alt. 2300 m ; 15–24 Feb. 2013 ; Aracnolab team leg.; oak and tropical wet forest fragment; BERL • 4 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; CRP • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; AR_063; GenBank: ON619629 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; ANYM023 • 3 ♀♀ , 4 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; LUP • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; AR_036; GenBank: ON619651 • 2 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; ANYM019 • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; PF; AR_037; GenBank: ON619652 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; 21–30 May 2012 ; LUP ; AR_062; GenBank: ON619628 • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; 4–14 Oct. 2012 ; BEAT ; AR_034; GenBank: ON619649 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; ANYM021 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; BERL ; ANYM022 . Description Female Total length 7.1. Carapace yellow, pattern with darker longitudinal bands over cephalic and thoracic areas, carapace margins and clypeus yellow ( Fig. 19A, D ). Sternum surface white, intercoxal triangles present on all legs. Labium brown, white at tip, longer than wide. Endites dark yellow, rectangular, slightly broader at tip ( Fig. 19C ). Chelicerae orange, paturon dorsum with darker and diffuse line pattern ( Fig. 19B, D ), promargin with four teeth, retromargin with eight to nine denticles. Leg coloration: light yellow with scattered dark patches, pattern slightly darker at metatarsi and tarsi. Abdomen yellow, hirsute, dorsal surface covered with scattered small brown patches, pattern lighter at center, forming longitudinal band, lateral surfaces with same pattern faded ventrally, ventral surface white, tracheal spiracle at middle ( Fig. 19A–C ). Copulatory openings inside small internal edges of atrium. Copulatory ducts sclerotized, short, slightly curved, entering spermathecae via lateral surfaces below seminal receptacles. Fertilization ducts short, straight, and emerging from anterior surface of spermathecae ( Figs 20E–F , 21G–H ). Cephalothorax length 2.68, thoracic width 2.2, cephalic width 1.19. Clypeus height 0.11. Eye diameters: AME 0.07, ALE 0.15, PME 0.12, PLE 0.13. Eye interdistances: AME– AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.1, PME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.1. Femur lengths: I 2.94, II 2.68, III 2.1, IV 2.77. Leg spination: femur I d1-1-1, p0-1-2, r0-1-1. Tibia I v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Metatarsus I v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femur II d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1. Tibia II v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Metatarsus II v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femur III d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1. Tibia III v2-2-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1. Metatarsus III v2-2-2, p1-1-2, r1-1-2. Femur IV d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1. Tibia IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Metatarsus IV v2-2-2, p1-1-2, r1-1-2. Male Total length 5.8. Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration as in female except yellow chelicerae ( Fig. 19E ). Coxa II ventral surface with broad and shallow tubercle. Coxa III tubercle roughly rectangular with spine at middle. Coxa IV spur located at retrolateral basal corner ( Figs 19F , 21E–F ). Embolus long, translucent and filiform. RTA branches short, anterior branch curved with sclerotized margin, posterior branch small, triangular in dorsal and ventral views ( Figs 20A, C–D, F 21A, C–D ). Prolateral apophysis of palpal tibia small, conical ( Figs 20B–C , 21B–C ). Pedipalp tibia longer than wide, ventral surface with median stridulatory ridges. Median tibial apophysis absent ( Figs 20C , 21A, D ). Cephalothorax length 2.68, thoracic width 2.2, cephalic width 0.9. Clypeus height 0.11. Eye diameters: AME 0.07, ALE 0.11, PME 0.13, PLE 0.13. Eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.05, ALE–PLE 0.09, PME– PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.12. Femur lengths: I 3.1, II 2.94, III 2.26, IV 2.9. Leg spination as in female except: femur II r0-2-1. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-1-1. Fig. 21. Anyphaena bifurcata sp. nov. A–F . Paratype, ♂ (CNAN-T01549). G–H . Paratype, ♀ (CNAN-T01550). A . Pedipalp, ventral view. B . Pedipalp, prolateral view. C . Pedipalp, dorsal view. D . Pedipalp, retrolateral view. E . Coxae, ventral view. F . Coxae, lateral view. G . Epigynum, ventral view. H . Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D, G–H =0.2 mm; E–F =1.0 mm. Variation Females (N =10): total length 7.2 (± 0.67), cephalothorax length 2.84 (±0.12), thoracic width 2.19 (± 0.07), cephalic width 1.2 (± 0.04), femur I 2.88 (± 0.08). Males (N =10): total length 5.79 (± 0.17), cephalothorax length 2.79 (±0.09), thoracic width 2.21 (±0.06), cephalic width 1.0 (± 0.05), femur I 3.13 (± 0.19). Distribution This species is found in oak forest fragments around Pico de Orizaba Volcano National Park ( Fig. 52 ). Natural history Most specimens were collected over vegetation by direct searching, Berlese funnels and cryptic searching on the ground vegetation.