The snakeflies of the Mediterranean islands: review and biogeographical analysis (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera) Author Aspoeck, Horst https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-3566 Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria Author Aspoeck, Ulrike Natural History Museum Vienna, Department of Entomology, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria & Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria ulrike.aspoeck@nhm-wien.ac.at text Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 2023 2023-05-03 70 1 175 218 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.70.101559 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.70.101559 1860-1324-1-175 9E52FBF7700E4FC3A62E0334CE3DE926 88E9CFE5B5315143B11AAA90BD90ECBF Phaeostigma (Crassoraphidia) cyprica (Hagen, 1867) Raphidia cyprica Hagen, 1867 (odescr): H. Aspoeck et al. 1991 (mon). Raphidia phoenicia H. Aspoeck & U. Aspoeck , 1964a (odescr): H. Aspoeck et al. 1991 (mon). Phaeostigma (Crassoraphidia) cyprica (Hagen): H. Aspoeck et al. 1989 (biogeogr, distr); H. Aspoeck et al. 1991 (mon); H. Aspoeck and Hoelzel 1996 (distr); H. Aspoeck et al. 2001 (anncat); Dobosz 2007 (distr, rec; ill: map); H. Aspoeck and U. Aspoeck 2013 (cat, etymol), 2014 (cat). Phaeostigma cyprica (Hagen): Haring et al. 2011 (phyl). Taxonomy. Crassoraphidia cyprica (Fig. 3d ) is closely related to C. knappi , from which it can be separated morphologically by slight differences of male and female genitalia. Biology and ecology. Larvae were repeatedly found under the bark of pine trees. Development two to Subilla three years. Last hibernation stage: full-grown larva. Adults: IV-VI. Imagines were collected particularly on pine trees, in various light forests and forest-like habitats in altitudes from 1000-1850 m. Records on Mediterranean islands (Fig. 10a ). Cyprus. Ph. (C.) cyprica occurs in suitable habitats probably all over the island. Syntopic Raphidioptera in Cyprus: Ulrike syriaca . Continental distribution. Lebanon. Biogeography. Syrian (-Cyprian) faunal element. Most probably the refugial center was primarily somewhere in the Near East, from where the species invaded (passively) Cyprus. When and how this event may have happened, is unknown; it could have been during the last glacial period and/or possibly much later in the Holocene, perhaps even (repeatedly) by humans. Specimens from Cyprus cannot be differentiated morphologically from specimens from Near East. One may assume that genomic studies will lead to a better understanding.