The northernmost record of macropterous Gryllacrididae species in the world Author He, Zhu-Qing Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China Author Yin, Zi-Xu Deep Sea and Polar Fisheries Research Center, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China Author Hu, Tian-Hao School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China Author Huo, Qing-Bo School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China Author Liu, Xing-Yue Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China text Zootaxa 2023 2023-08-31 5339 4 397 400 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.4.6 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5339.4.6 1175-5326 8309386 Phryganogryllacris unicolor Liu & Wang, 1998 Phryganogryllacris unicolor Liu & Wang, 1998: 70 ; Liu & Zhang, 2005: 93 ; Li et al ., 2004: 511; Bian et al ., 2021: 244 . Distribution: China : Henan ( holotype ), Gansu , Hebei , Sichuan . Records from Gansu and Sichuan need to confirm, and these were not cited by Bian et al . 2021 . New distribution records: Photo records by the authors in this study: 1 female , Heigou , Dandong , Liaoning , China ( 40°10.50'N , 124°18.02'E ), light trap , 30-VII-2022 , Liu Xing-Yue ( Fig. 1 ) ; Photo record: 1 male & 1 female , Wucenglazi , Helan , Liaoyang , Liaoning , China ( 40°59.48'N , 123°28.95'E , alt. 291 m ), light trap , 28-VI-2018 , Huo Qing-Bo ( Fig. 2 ) . FIGURES 3–9. Specimens of Phryganogryllacris unicolor Liu & Wang from Fenglingu, Guanmengshan, Benxi, Liaoning, China. 3 photo by He Zhu-Qing when alive, 4 face in front view, 5 left forewing, 6 stridulatory pegs on left side, 7 dorsal view of abdominal apex, 8 ventral view of abdominal apex, 9 right hind tibia and tarsomeres. Specimens : 1 male , Fenglingu , Guanmengshan , Benxi , Liaoning , China ( 41°6.85'N , 124°14.10'E , alt. 514 m ), 26- VII-2023 , coll. He Zhu-Qing ( Fig. 3–9 ) . iNaturalist records: 1 male , Xinbin , Fushun , Liaoning , China , 41°45.97'N , 124°36.78'E , 2-VIII-2022 , cute_cat, photo#174048151 ; 1 female , Labagoumen , Huairou , Beijing , China , 40°57.06'N , 116°30.68'E , 15-VII-2022 , carabus, photo#174840199 ; 1 female , Baihuashan , Mentougou , Beijing , China , 39°50.32'N , 115°34.48'E , 21-VII-2020 , straybird726, photo#129101860 ; 1 female , Tuoliangshan , Pingshan , Shijiazhuang , Hebei , China , 38°43.26'N , 113°48.25'E , 9-VIII-2020 , seventeennature, photo#102399333 ; 1 female , Dengfeng , Zhengzhou , Henan , China , 34°29.18'N , 112°55.51'E , 16-VI-2014 , qwpool, photo#143639197 . The morphological features of the specimens from Liaoning ( Figs. 1–9 ) is completely consistent with those described by Liu and Wang (1998) . Moreover, four records from different localities of Liaoning provide strong evidence for its natural distribution ( Fig. 10 ). These records indicate that this species emerges as adults in June, July and August, which is similar to other records from Beijing, Henan and Hebei ( Liu & Wang 1998 , Li et al . 2014 , iNaturalist 2023). In Japan , N . testaceus overwinters as nymph stage ( Ichikawa et al . 2006 ). Whether P . unicolor overwinters as nymph stage is unknown and more observations are needed. FIGURE 10. Distribution of Phryganogryllacris unicolor Liu & Wang. Data from Liu & Wang 1998 , Liu & Zhang 2005 , Li et al. 2014 , iNaturalist records and this study. Loss of wings occurs in many insect groups ( Roff 1990 ; Wagner & Liebherr 1992 ). In Japan , N . testaceus is apterous occurring as north as Hokkaido , and Eugryllacris japonica (Matsumura & Shiraki 1908) is macropterous occurring as north as Honshu. In Korea , E. japonica is only distributed in south area, such as Chungcheongnam-do , Jeollanam-do , Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do ( Kim et al . 2014 ; Storozhenko et al . 2015 ), while N . testaceus can be found in north areas. In North America, C . carolinensis is apterous occurring as north as Point Pelee National Park, while Brachybaenus studti (Griffini, 1911) is macropterous occurring as north as central Mexico (iNaturalist 2023, photo#25301207). It seems that macropterous gryllacridid individuals do not occur as far north in some areas as do apterous gryllacridids. In China , P . unicolor possesses wings and occurs as north as Liaoning . However, Chinese apterous species, such as Apterolarnaca ( Bianigryllacris ) biloba (Liu, Bi & Zhang, 2010) and Melaneremus laticeps (Karny, 1926) , only are known as far north as Tianmu Mountain in southeastern China ( Bian et al . 2021 ). Moreover, other northern species in China are all relatives of P . unicolor , such as P . laoshanica Yin, Wang & Shen, 2021 and P . sheni Niu & Shi, 1999 . All their life cycles are still unknown. Their special overwintering biology seems well worth researching.