The aphrophorid spittlebugs of Iran (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae)
Author
Mozaffarian, Fariba
Author
Wilson, Michael R.
text
Zootaxa
2015
4052
4
442
456
journal article
10.11646/zootaxa.4052.4.2
9d4b3479-d215-40cc-9230-af23bc3a00fe
1175-5326
238924
C251688B-67DA-452A-ABF9-6853E9ABBBFA
Philaenus spumarius
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(
Figs 9
,
18
a–c, 28)
Cicada spumaria
Linnaeus, 1758: 437
.
Philaenus spumarius
(Linnaeus, 1758)
:
Dlabola (1981)
: 211
;
Mirzayans (1995)
: 21
;
Khajehali
et al
. (2001)
: 57
, fig. 19.
Material examined.
Alborz: 61 Km E. Azadbar,
2350m
,
21.vii.1988
, leg. Mirzayans/ Badii,
1♂
(
HMIM
); 8 Km W. Zidasht,
2200m
,
10–13.vii.1977
, leg. Pazuki/ Mortazaviha, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Arangeh, Sarziarat,
1750m
,
10–11.vii. 1996
, leg. Bararai/ Badii,
21♂
, 24♀ (
HMIM
); Asalak,
2100m
,
29.viii.1996
, leg. Badii/ Barari/ Sarafrazi, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Azadbar,
2400m
,
7–9.v.1995
, leg. Sarafrazi/ Badii/ Linnavuori, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Baraghan,
1470m
,
3.ix.1996
, leg. Badii/ Barari/ Sarafrazi, 2 ♀ (
HMIM
); Jovestan
2.ix.2010
, leg. Mozaffarian,
5♂
, 7♀ (
HMIM
); Kalha,
2000m
,
26.viii.1996
, leg. Badii/ Sarafrazi/ Barari,
2♂
, 6♀ (
HMIM
); Karaj,
v.1975,
1
♂, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Samghabad,
1.viii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian,
4♂
, 4♀ (
HMIM
); Shahrestanak,
2100m
,
9–12.vii.1995
, leg. Linnavuori/ Badii/ Sarafrazi,
4♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Ardabil:
20–30 km
E Khalkhal,
vii.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
1♀ (
NMWC
); Arjestan,
1700m
,
2.vii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi,
2♂
(
HMIM
); Firuzabad,
viii.2002
, leg. Linnavuori, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Givi,
viii.2002
, leg. Linnavuori,
4♂
, 5♀ (
NMWC
); Khaikhal–Givi,
viii.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Khalkhal,
1600m
,
2.vii.1998
, leg. Mofidi,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Neor lake,
2350m
,
17.viii.1991
, leg. Hashemi/ Parchami,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Parsabad,
27.viii.2012
, Mofidi/ Khani, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Azarbaiejan-e Gharbi: Ghuchali,
09.viii.97
, leg. Mirzayans/ Zehzad, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Gikhak,
2182m
,
29.viii.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Kallehgavi,
1683m
,
28.viii.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian,
7♂
, 14♀ (
HMIM
); Mahmoodabad-e Olya,
25 km
, Shahindej,
1426m
,
29.viii.2007
, leg. Moghaddam/ Mozaffarian/ Nematian,
4♂
, 15♀ (
HMIM
); Salmas,
20.vii.1968
, leg. Abaii/ Mojib, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Silvana,
24.vi.1970
, leg. Pazuki,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Tazekand,
1700m
,
21–22.viii.1994
, leg. Ebrahimi/ Sarafrazi,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Azarbaiejan-e Sharghi:
15 km
Kalibar,
1582m
,
2.ix.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian,
2♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Ahar,
20.vii.1968
, leg. Abaii/ Mojib, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Almas,
2100m
,
29.vi.1985
, leg. Mirzayans/ Pazuki,
28♂
, 33♀ (
HMIM
); Bonab,
1316m
,
27.vii.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Nematian, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Bostanabad,
1675m
,
24.viii.1994
, leg. Sarafrazi/ Ebrahimi,
7♂
, 6♀ (
HMIM
); Bozghush,
2250m
,
26–30.vii.1992
, leg. Parchami/ Badii,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Gheshlagh
9.viii.2005
, leg. Gilasian/ Ebrahimi, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Hergelan Vill.,
1965m
,
15.vi.2008
, leg. Mozaffarian,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Kalibar,
1793m
,
2.ix.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian,
8♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Kalibar,
1863m
,
2.ix.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Kandovan,
1.x.1975
, leg. Sadeghzadeh,
3♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Kandovan,
2661m
,
1.ix.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian,
2♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Kandovan,
2661m
,
1.ix. 2007
, leg. Mozaffarian,
3♂
, 5♀ (
HMIM
); Khodaafarin–Jolfa Rd,
514m
,
04.ix.2007
, leg. Mozaffarian, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Lighvan,
2440m
,
3.viii.1992
, leg. Parchami/ Badii,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Mianeh,
1080m
,
7.vii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Oshlogh– Alverak,
1700m
,
20.viii.1991
, leg. Hashemi/ Parchami,
1♂
, 5♀ (
HMIM
); Tatar, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Tazehkand,
1280m
,
12.viii.1992
, leg. Badii/ Parchami,
4 ♂
, 8♀ (
HMIM
); Vayeghan,
1440m
,
5–6.viii.1992
, leg. Parchami/ Badii,
6♂
, 9♀ (
HMIM
); Yaichi Vill.,
1922m
,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Youzband,
1500m
,
4.vii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi,
2♂
, 4♀ (
HMIM
). Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari: Solay,
2600–3200m
,
5.vii.1969
, leg. Pazuki, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Tang-e Zeverdegan,
23.vi.2009
, leg. Mozaffarian,
3♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
). Esfahan: Afus,
2596m
,
21.vii.2010
,
1♂
, 4♀ (
HMIM
); Bidhend,
42m
,
15.vi.2011
, leg. Mozaffarian,
3♂
(
HMIM
); Eskandari,
24.vi.09
, leg. Mozaffarian,
5♂
, 5♀ (
HMIM
); Fereidunshahr,
2598m
,
21.vii.2010
, leg. Mozaffarian, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Ghazaan,
2224m
,
14.vi.2011
, leg. Mozaffarian,
5♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Golpaiegan Dam,
2044m
,
20.vii.2010
, leg. Mozaffarian, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Hasangun,
2457m
,
16.vi.2011
, leg. Mozaffarian, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Kamu,
2548m
,
16.vi.2011
, leg. Mozaffarian,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Natanz, Abyaneh,
2253m
,
15.vi.2011
, leg. Mozaffarian,
2♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Niasar, Margh,
1947m
,
18.vi.2011
, leg. Mozaffarian, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Zayandehrood Dam,
2065m
,
20.vi.2009
, leg. Mozaffarian,
5♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
).
Fars
: Bamoo National Park,
1650m
vi.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
2♂
, 6♀ (
NMWC
); Dasht-e Arjan,
vi.2002
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
5♀ (
NMWC
); Estahban,
1710m
,
11.vi.1996
, leg. Badii/ Sarafrazi/ Linnavuori,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Shahpur,
27.vii.1967
, leg. Damanabi,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Ghom: Ghom,
6.vi.1974
, 13,19,24.
vi.1974, 18
,
25.vii.1974
, 1, 8, 22,
28.viii.1974
, 10,
29.ix.1974
,
7.xi.1974
,
14.v.1975
, 4, 11, 18,
25.vi.1975
, 9, 16,
23
.vii.1975, 17,
31.viii.1975
,
22.ix.1975
, leg. Farzaneh,
42♂
, 90♀ and
25.viii.1975
,
7.IX.1975
, leg. Sabzevari,
1♂
, 8♀ (
HMIM
); Seifabad Vil.,
912 m
,
18.ix.2007
, leg. Alipanah, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Gilan:
15 km
W. Astara,
135m
,
27.vi.2003
, leg. Moghaddam/ Naserzadeh,
1♂
(
HMIM
);
35km
E.Khaikhal,
vi.2002
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
1♀ (
NMWC
); Bandar Anzali,
29.ix.1970
, leg. Abaii,
1♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Bivarzin,
900m
,
27–28.v.1997
, leg. Sarafrazi/ Badii/ Nazari,
1♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Damashk,
vii–viii.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
3♂
, 3♀ (
NMWC
); Darreh Dasht,
vi.1995
,
VII. 1996
,
viii.98
, leg. Linnavuori,
12♂
, 26♀ (
NMWC
); Daylaman Baraser,
vii.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
3♂
, 2♀ (
NMWC
); Deylaman,
vii.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
18♂
, 22♀ (
NMWC
); Fouman,
vi.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
2♂
, 2♀ (
NMWC
); Gilanchakan,
1820m
,
27.vi.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi,
2♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Jafrud,
vii.2006
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Jirandeh,
ix.2000
,
vii.1996
and
vii.2002
, leg. Linnavuori,
3♂
, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Kandovan,
21.viii.1978
, leg. Hashemi/ Zairi, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Kom,
150m
,
4.viii.1975
, leg. Mirzayans,
4♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Lashtnesha,
vii.2002
,
iv.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Lounak,
viii.1998
,
vi.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
3♂
, 2♀ (
NMWC
); Majareh Kolur,
vii.1996
, leg. Linnavuori,
2♂
(
NMWC
); Manjil,
vi.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); Masuleh,
viii.2002
,
viii.1998
, leg. Linnavuori,
3♂
, 2♀ (
NMWC
); Pissasson,
1300m
,
15–16.viii.1980
, leg. Pazuki/ Borumand, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Rahimabad,
1.ix.2007
, leg. Farashyani/ Farsi, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Rasht,
vi.1995
and
29.viii.2001
, leg. Manzari/ Mofidi/ Linnavuori,
3♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
); Salansar,
viii.1998
,
ix.2000
,
vii.2002
,
vii.2006
, leg. Linnavuori,
2♂
(
NMWC
); Sangachin,
4m
,
23.vi.2003
, leg. Moghaddam/ Naserzadeh,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Sangrud,
vii.2003
,
vi.2006
, leg. Linnavuori,
2♂
(
NMWC
); Saravan,
ix.2000
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); Shaft,
v.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); Shahrestanak
60km
NE Karaj
2100m
,
vii.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); Tang-e Heiran,
1044m
,
27.vi.2003
, leg. Moghaddam/ Naserzadeh, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Hamedan: Avaj,
2080m
,
11.viii.1996
, leg. Parchami/ Barari/ Nazari,
1♂
, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Barat,
2350 m
,
8.viii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi,
8♂
, 5♀ (
HMIM
); Darry-e Moradbeik,
2100m
,
9.viii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Soleimanabad,
1730m
,
14.viii. 2001
, leg. Ebrahimi/ Gilasian/ Nematian, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Hormozgan: Geno,
1590m
,
28–29.iv.1996
, leg. Badii/ Ardeh/ Nazari, 1♀ (
HMIM
). Kohkiluyeh va Boyerahmad: Kakan, Hoseinkhani,
2100m
,
26.v.1995
, leg. Hashemi/ Badii/ Sarafrazi,
4♂
, 3♀ (
HMIM
). Kordestan: Ravansar,
15.vii.1967
, leg. Abaii/ Mojib,
2♂
(
HMIM
). Lorestan: Kamandan,
2050–2300m
,
23–24.viii.1994
, leg. Mirzayans/ Sarafrazi,
1♂
(
HMIM
). Markazi:
5 km
Gharghabad,
1570m
,
15.viii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Garreh-e Bidsukhteh,
2000m
,
29.vii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi,
2♂
, 7♀ (
HMIM
). Mazandaran: Damadkola,
1100m
,
26.v.2005
, leg. Serri/ Naserzadeh, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Kandovan,
21.viii.1978
, leg. Hashemi/ Zairi,
2550 m
,
vii.1995
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
1♀ (
HMIM
and
NMWC
); Khakak,
2560m
,
9.vii.1977
, leg. Pazuki/ Mortazaviha,
1 ♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Khorramabad,
1000m
,
29.ix.1994
, leg. Mirzayans/ Ebrahimi/ Badii, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Mangel,
980m
and
1000m
,
22.v.2005
, leg. Naserzadeh/ Serri,
17♂
, 14♀ (
HMIM
); Marzanabad,
2170m
,
31.vii.2009
, Hajiesmailian/ Eskandari,
1♂
, 4♀ (
HMIM
); Nematabad,
1200m
,
26.v.2003
, leg. Gilasian/ Nematian, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Nour,
30.v.2006
, leg. Farashyani/ Zinali, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Sehezar,
980m
,
27.vi.1998
, leg. Mofidi, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Tehran:
25 km
NE Firuzkouh,
vii.2003
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); Absard,
3–7.vii.1978
, leg. Pazuki/ Sabzevari, 2♀ (
HMIM
); Damavand,
20.VII.1970
, leg. Safavi/ Hashemi,
3–7.vii.1978
, leg. Pazuki/ Sabzevari and
2411m
,
2705m
,
27.viii.
2006
, 2950m,
27.viii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian
8♂
8♀ (
HMIM
); Firuzkuh,
16.viii.1947
, Mirzayans, 1♀ (
HMIM
); Firuzkuh, Tang-e Vashi, Abshar-e Savashi,
2191–2250m
,
28.vi.2006
, leg. Alipanah,
2♂
(
HMIM
); Gachsar,
vii.2002
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); armabedar,
2670m
,
6.viii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian,
15♂
, 15♀ (
HMIM
); Zanjan:
20–35km
E. Zanjan,
viii.2004
, leg. Linnavuori,
17♂
, 18♀ (
NMWC
);
8 km
Soltanieh,
1959m
,
13.vii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Hajiesmailian,
13♂
, 15♀ (
HMIM
); Altinkosh vil.,
656m
,
12.vii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Hajiesmailia,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Gilankesh,
vi.2004
, leg. Linnavuori,
6♂
, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Gilvan,
vii.2002
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
, 1♀ (
NMWC
); Mohaghegh,
1♂
(
HMIM
); Paskuhan,
2055m
,
13.vii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Hajiesmailian,
1♂
, 4♀ (
HMIM
); Yukharichay,
1660m
,
7.vii.1997
, leg. Barari/ Mofidi,
4♂
, 6♀ (
HMIM
); Yusefabad,
1750m
,
11.vii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Hajiesmailian,
31♂
, 19♀ (
HMIM
); Zanjan– Gilvan Rd, Khanchai,
2335m
,
1.vii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Hajiesmailian,
21♂
, 14♀ (
HMIM
); Zanjan,
vii.2004
, leg. Linnavuori,
1♂
(
NMWC
); Zarrinabad,
1659m
,
13.vii.2006
, leg. Mozaffarian/ Hajiesmailian,
1♂
, 1♀ (
HMIM
).
Distribution and habitat.
Tischetkin (2013) found that the true
Ph. spumarius
was not among specimens he studied from
Iran
but this appears to be based on only a small sample. According to the published literature (
Dlabola 1957
,
1958
,
1961
,
1964
,
1967
,
1970
,
1972
,
1981
;
Khajehali
et al
. 2001
) and the collecting data from our examined material,
Ph. spumarius
is known as a Holarctic faunal element which lives in Steppes with
Astragalus
, Semi
steppes, Mesophilic biotopes, at the edge of the forests, bank of rivers with
Juncus
and deciduous shrubs, Hyrcanian vegetation, on
Populus
sp,
Tamarix
, at the edge of snowfields, in orchards (e.g. pomegranate and apple orchards) and fields (e.g. potato, alfalfa and wheat fields).
Ph. spumarius
is a polyphagous species with a very wide range of hosts and the preference to nitrogen fixing plants (
Thompson 1994
;
Owen 1988
) and can be found on large numbers of dicotyledonous plant species (
Drosopoulos 2003
). It is considered as a pest on alfalfa and strawberry and a potential vector for the bacterium
X. fastidiosa
which infests olive trees (
Peck & Thompson 2008
;
European Food Safety Authority 2013
), a resource of Pierce’s disease virus, the vector of elm yellows phytoplasma (
Rosa
et al
., 2014
,
DeLong & Severin 1950
). The mentioned published data shows the activity of this species in the elevation of
1350m
to
3900m
in
Iran
. However, our examined material indicates the presence of the species at a minimum of
900m
elevation.
Ph. spumarius
is a Holarctic species with a wide natural distribution in Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia,
Iran
(Northwest, North, center and south,
Fig. 28
),
Afghanistan
, Central, Northern and Eastern Asia. The publications of records of the localities and the habitats of this species in
Iran
were all made before the description of
Ph. elbursianus
and
M. iranicus
. Hence the recorded distribution may include these cryptic species too. Specimens recorded by
Mirzayans (1995)
and deposited in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum were examined and corrected but re-identification of specimens from other published records was beyond the scope of this study. The location of examined material is shown with a different colour on the map (
Fig. 28
).