Reclassification of the plant bug genus Pilophorus in Japan and key to the genera and species of Japanese Pilophorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Phylinae) Author Yasunaga, Tomohide Research Associate, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park at 79 th Street, New York, NY 10024, c / o Nameshi 2 - 33 - 2, Nagasaki 852 - 8061, Japan. Author Duwal, Ram Keshari Visiting Researcher, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Environmental Health, K. W. Neatby: Bldg # 20, 960 Carling Avenue, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6. Author Nakatani, Yukinobu Division of Informatics and Inventory, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Kannondai 3 - 1 - 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 8604, Japan. text Zootaxa 2021 2021-03-11 4942 1 1 40 journal article 7681 10.11646/zootaxa.4942.1.1 114135c4-23cb-444b-8cff-75d9f43aad6a 1175-5326 4596025 CDF398FE-B0F6-40E6-967D-FB857C1565BD Key to genera and species of Pilophorini in Japan 1. Body ovoid, elongate-oval (rather conventional mirid shape) or rounded, sometimes disk-like or tortoise-shaped; silvery scalelike setae on hemelytron (if any) not clustered, sparsely or uniformly distributed, or forming broad band at middle (as in Pherolepis fasciatus and Pilophorus tagoi , cf. Fig. 6C, H )..................................................... 2 – Body elongate, more or less myrmecomorphic (or if body oblong-ovoid and not particularly antlike then hemelytron always with a continuous median band of silvery scale-like setae as in Fig. 6A ); silvery scale-like setae on hemelytron linearly and/or roundly clustered; silvery setae on scutellum partly clustered or roundly bundled....................... Pilophorus – 11 2. Antennal segment II remarkably enlarged, terete or boxlike................................... Druthmalus miyamotoi – Antennal segment II not strongly enlarged or almost linear, or slightly incrassate towards apex (apical part less than twice as thick as base)........................................................................................ 3 3. Pronotum darkened, shiny, only with sparsely distributed silvery setae........................................... 4 – Pronotum either less shining (sometimes matte) or more or less (sometimes densely) covered with silvery scale-like setae.. 7 4. Total body length < 2.8 mm ; antennal segment II somewhat clavate (apical part about twice as thick as base); hemelytron matte, brick-red or reddish brown; restricted to a Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica ....................... Pilophorus tagoi – Total body length Ẑ 3.1 mm ; antennal segment II almost linear; hemelytron shiny brown to fuscous; associated with deciduous broadleaf trees............................................................................ Pherolepis – 5 5. Head glabrous; antennal segment II longer than head width across eyes; scale-like setae on hemelytra forming a broad band at middle..................................................................................... Ph. fasciatus – Head more or less setose; antennal segment II about as long as or shorter than head width across eyes; scale-like setae of hemelytra sparsely and uniformly distributed............................................................... 6 6. Pronotum with sparsely distributed, short, simple setae and anteriorly with silvery setae; all femora somber yellowish brown.......................................................................................... Ph. hizenicus – Pronotum with uniformly distributed, long, simple setae, lacking silvery setae; all femora reddish brown.... Ph. kiritshenkoi 7. Body short-ovoid or tortoise-shaped; thoracic pleurites with anterior and posterior glands (cf. Yasunaga & Duwal, 2019 ); tibia with clear dark annulations, or rings.......................................................... Hypseloecus – 8 – Body ovoid or elongate oval; thoracic pleurites without such glandular structure; tibia lacking dark annulation........... 9 8. Base and apical 1/4 of antennal segment II darkened; known from cold temperate zone in mountain areas of Honshu................................................................................................ H. nakagawai – Antennal segment II with pale basal half and darkened apical half; thermophilic species inhabiting Yaeyama Islands of Ryukyus.................................................................................. H. takahashii 9. Dorsal surface matte, weakly shining; antennal segment II obviously thicker than labial segments II–IV; pretarsus with setiform parempodia; arboreal species associated only with Ficus trees.................................. Lasiolabops cirratus – Dorsal surface more or less shining; antennal segment II about as thick as labial segments II–IV; parempodia fleshy; inhabiting graminoid grasses or sedges................................................................ Sthenaridea – 10 10. Dorsum generally reddish brown; profemur uniformly creamy yellow.................................... S. rufescens – Dorsum dark brown, sometimes partly yellow, not tinged with red; at least basal half of profemur reddish brown or dark brown.................................................................................... S. piceonigra 11. Pronotum and hemelytron with uniformly distributed, short setae, mixed with long, stiff, upright setae (easily confirmed in lateral view) (cf. Figs 5F , 17B , 18J )...................................................................... 12 – Pronotum and/or hemelytron almost glabrous, or only with uniformly or sparsely distributed, short, reclining or semierect setae, lacking distinct upright vestiture........................................................................ 13 12. Antennal segment II < 1.4 mm , usually shorter than mesotibia; dark upright setae on hemelytra sparsely distributed........................................................................................... P. setulosellus n. sp. – Antennal segment II> 1.5 mm , as long as or longer than mesotibia; dark upright setae on hemelytra almost uniformly distributed................................................................................... P. setulosus 13. Hemelytra with almost continuous and nearly straight median transverse stripe of silvery scale-like setae (across exocorium, corium and clavus as in Figs 1C , 2A, C, E , 6 A–B).......................................................... 14 – Hemelytral scale-like setae scattered, partly clustered; median stripe of scale-like setae (if present) partly notched, zigzag, arched, slipped or interrupted (e.g., Figs 1A , 5A, D )......................................................... 19 14. Antennal segment II clavate, with its apical part more than 1.7 times as thick as base; inhabiting conifers in temperate and/or cold temperate zones................................................................................. 15 – Antennal segment II almost linear or weakly incrassate towards apex (its apical part less than 1.5 times as thick as base); inhabiting broadleaf trees or sometimes herbs (assumed conifer inhabitant, P. nakatanii ( Fig. 2E ) known only from subtropical Ryukyu Islands)..................................................................................... 16 15. Apical part of antennal segment II 1.2–1.3 times as thick as metatibia; pronotum somewhat matte, less shining; each angle of scutellum with clustered scale-like setae ( Fig. 6A ).................................................. P. miyamotoi – Antennal segment II remarkably clavate, with its apical part nearly twice as thick as metatibia; pronotum shining; scutellum with scattered silvery scale-like setae from lateral margin to apex ( Fig. 6B )............................. P. validicornis 16. Body largest among Japanese congeners, more than 4.0 mm (♂)/ 4.6 mm ( ♀ ) in total length; hemelytra almost uniformly black or blackish brown; pronotal width Ẑ 1.34 mm ; anterior inner part of cuneus with a circularly clustered scale-like setae ( Fig. 1C )........................................................................................... P. niger – Body less than 3.9 mm (♂)/ 4.4 mm ( ♀ ) in total length; hemelytra, at least anterior to median stripe of scale-like setae, brown or reddish brown; pronotal width < 1.3 mm ; cuneal scale-like setae scattered or forming an irregular band.............. 17 17. Antennal segment II almost uniformly darkened; pronotum polished, very shiny, with sparsely distributed, short setae ( Fig. 2E ); thermophilic, known only from Ryukyu Islands..................................................... P. nakatanii – More than basal half of antennal segment II yellowish or reddish brown; pronotum somewhat matte, with uniformly distributed, short setae; inhabiting temperate or cold temperate climate zone, north of Kyushu (or N31° latitude).................. 18 18. Vertex in both sexes 0.47–0.49 times as wide as head including eyes; antennal segment II slightly clavate; metatibia somewhat curved ( Fig. 2 A–B)............................................................................ P. erraticus – Vertex narrower, 0.38–0.44 (male)/0.43–0.45 (female) times as wide as head including eyes; antennal segment II and metatibia almost linear ( Fig. 2 C–D)................................................................. P. pseudoperplexus 19. Small-sized species, with total body length ± 3.0 mm........................................................ 20 – Body larger, more than 3.4 mm in total length.............................................................. 23 20. Dorsum (except for silvery setae) uniformly dark brown to fuscous............................................. 21 – At least hemelytra brown or reddish brown................................................................ 22 21. HCR larger ( 0.66–0.75 in male/ 0.66–0.74 in female); in male, antennal segment II usually greater than twice as long as III and left paramere smaller, weakly expanded left-laterally ( Figs 9L , 15 N–O); in female, vertex narrower (± 0.39 mm ; vertex/head width across eyes = 0.50) and interramal lobe with 2–3 rows of spines along margin ( Fig. 16 K–L).............. P. typicus – HCR smaller ( 0.62–0.67 in male/ 0.62–0.66 in female); in male, antennal segment II usually twice as long as III and left paramere more strongly expanded left-laterally, spatula-shaped ( Figs 9I , 15G ); in female, vertex wider (Ẑ 0.40 mm ; vertex/head width = 0.53–0.57) and interramal lobe with 4–5 rows of spines along margin ( Fig. 16 N–O)............... P. hyotan n. sp. 22. Head width across eyes about 1.2 times as long as its height, narrower than pronotal width; HCR> 0.81 ( Fig. 1B ); northern Honshu.................................................................................... P. maeharai – Head width across eyes less than 1.1 times as long as its height, almost equal to pronotal width; HCR <0.77 ( Fig. 1F ); Ryukyus (Amami-Oshima Is.) and Taiwan .................................................................. P. pullulus 23. Pronotum weakly shining, with uniformly distributed, brown, short setae; usually associated with herbaceous vegetation ( Artemisia spp.) or shrubs ( Lespedeza spp.)................................................................ 24 – Pronotum polished, only with sparsely distributed, short setae or almost glabrous; arboreal species restricted to Fagaceae oaks .................................................................................................. 25 24. Antennal segment II usually longer than maximum width of hemelytra; median stripe of scale-like setae on corium almost continuous across M-vein (media) ( Fig. 5 C–D)...................................................... P. okamotoi – Antennal segment II about as long as or shorter than maximum width of hemelytra; median stripe of scale-like setae on corium shifted or interrupted at M-vein( Fig. 5 A–B)................................................ P. satoyamanus n. sp. 25. Antennal segment II as long as or slightly longer than basal width of pronotum; apex of scutellum with silvery scale-like setae; cuneus lacking scale-like setae ( Fig. 2F )............................................................ P. lucidus – Antennal segment II shorter than pronotal width; apex of scutellum without silvery scale-like setae; anterior inner corner of cuneus with scale-like setae ( Fig. 1A )................................................................ P. choii