Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Author Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón Author Song, Hojun Author Oyama, Ken Author González-Rodríguez, Antonio Author Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del text Zootaxa 2017 4274 1 1 86 journal article 32875 10.5281/zenodo.804182 c7ffebb0-4bea-4c4d-8873-96db1864f598 1175-5326 804182 27748C60-F64A-4E2C-B5CD-8DB413480DF4 Key to Sphenarium species 1. Tegmina spatula-like, wider in the apex than in the base ( Fig. 4 G)............................................... 2 - Tegmina strap-like, as wide in the apex as in the base ( Fig. 4 H)................................................ 12 2. Ectophallus in posterior view without sclerotized hollow in the inner-central portion of the sheath (e.g. Fig. 10 B, arrow). Endophallus in lateral view with short to very long aedeagal valves and elongated pseudoarch loosely joined to the valves of cingulum (e.g. Fig. 10 A-III, arrow)....................................................................... 3 - Ectophallus in posterior with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath (e.g. Fig. 16 E, arrow). Endophallus in lateral view always with short aedeagal valves and short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum (e.g. Fig. 16 D-III, arrow)..................................................................................................... 11 3. Aedeagal valves with an apical spine in lateral view of endophallus (e.g. Fig. 10 C, arrow)............................ 4 - Aedeagal valves without apical spine in lateral view of endophallus (e.g. Fig. 12 F, arrow)........................... 6 4. Ectophallus in dorsal view with lateral borders of ramus strongly concave (e.g. Fig. 10 A-II, arrow). Apical spine of aedeagus slightly longer or shorter than the base of aedeagal sclerites. Widely distributed from the southern Altiplano to the Sierra Madre del Sur in central and southern Mexico ( Fig. 7 A).......................................... S. purpurascens - Ectophallus in dorsal view with lateral borders of ramus convergent slightly rounded (e.g. Fig. 10 J-II, arrow)............. 5 5. Ectophallus in posterior view with inflections of supraramus reduced or not developed laterally and valves cingulum tonguelike ( Fig. 10 K). Apical spine of aedeagus as long or shorter than the base endophallic apodemes ( Fig. 10 J-III). Restricted to outer slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur in southern Mexico ( Fig. 7 C)............................... S. zapotecum sp.n. - Ectophallus in posterior view with inflections of supraramus moderately developed laterally; valves of cingulum triangular to