Five New Species of Hawaiian Endemic Fancy Case Caterpillars from a Recently Established Forest Reserve on Maui (Cosmopterigidae: Hyposmocoma) Author Doorenweerd, Camiel Author Austin, Kyhl A. Author Rubinoff, Daniel Author n, sp. Author n, sp. Author n, sp. Author n, sp. Author n, sp. text Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 2023 55 29 44 journal article 59366 10.5281/zenodo.8159765 17e62e62-46ef-47e6-b98e-c56d8dcfe876 0073-134X 8159765 4200D58B-9663-4D31-A7E0-17E7547843D6 Hyposmocoma ( Hyposmocoma ) kamehamenui sp. n. https://zoobank.org/984113DD-3F42- 4F9B-923C-65EAD10A7334 Figs. 5 , 6B . Type material Holotype . Male. USA : HI. Maui 26.iv.2021 DR21D16B.E2, Kamehamenui F [orest] R [eserve], Hand coll.[ected] burritocases.E[x]l[arva] 26.v.2021 .N20.7285 E –156.2786 2135 m . Leg. [it] F. and K. Starr. DNA extract: DNA00249. Genitalia slide: KAA0900. Deposited in UHIM . Diagnosis. Hyposmocom a k a mehamenui is very similar to H. moopalikea Schmitz and Rubinoff , also found on East Maui, but H. kamehamenui can be distinguished by having a clearly defined crescent-shaped black mark on the forewing vannal area, which is yellow/ white mottled with gray and black in H. moopalikea withoutanydistinctshapes.In addition, the head is entirely bright yellow, which usually has darker central scales in H. moopalikea . In the male genitalia, the right brachium is about 2x long as it is wide in H. kamehamenui , and about 3x long as it is wide in H. moopalikea . COI sequence data separates H. kamehamenui from all other described and sequenced species in this group, minimum pairwise distance to nearest neighbor 7.95%. Description. Male . ( Fig. 5A ). Head . Frons and vertex covered with light yellow appressed scales. Anterior basal part of haustellum with white scales. Labial palpus with light yellow and black scales interspersed, third palpomere 0.6x length of second palpomere. Antenna about 0.9x length of forewing. Scape black, white at the tip. Antennomeres black with white apices. Thorax . Mostly black with some yellow mottling. Wings . Forewing length 4.7 mm . Ground color white to bright yellow, with black mottling throughout. Five ill-defined dark spots in the central wing area, distal 0.2x of the wing black, with small bright yellow spots along the wing apex. A crescent-shaped black spot in the vannal area. Forewing underside brown. Hindwings silvery-gray, fringe gray. Hindwing costal brush absent. Vannal brush absent. Hindwing underside gray. Legs . Yellow with black laterally. Bright yellow apices on each segment. Abdomen . Dark gray. Sternite sclerotization or sternite hooks on segment VII absent. Pleural lobes semi-circular ( Fig. 5E ). Male genitalia . ( Fig. 5B, C, D ). Setae of various lengths along ventral edge of 0.7x of valva.Valvae symmetrical, curved dorsally, slightly widening posteriorly, with a smoothly rounded apex. Two spurs of equal size on the right valva, left two spurs on genitalia of holotype slide missing, but sockets visible. Anellus lobes absent. Right brachium tapering to a point, about 2x long as wide. Female . Unknown. Biology. The final instar larval “burrito” case is ~5.0 mm long with a single opening, tapering at the opposite end with a twist at the tip ( Fig. 6B ). The surface of the case is evenly covered with sand and moss particles. Distribution. Onlyknownfromitstype locality on East Maui:Kamehamenui FR. Etymology. The epithet “kamehamenui” is a toponym noun in genitive case, referencing the type locality; Kamehamenui Forest Reserve in the Kamehamenui ahupuaʻa (subdivision) of East Maui. Remarks. Five larval cases were collected. Hyposmocoma moopalikea is an aquatic species, its larvae were found in Palikea stream in Haleakalā National Park. We here present additional records from East Maui, in Makawao Forest Reserve and Hanamu Gulch, near Olinda (dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-5MAUIHYP). Although H. moopalikea and H. kamehamenui have a close geographic affinity, and highly similar external morphology and male genitalia, the DNA results and habitat suggest they are not sister species ( Fig. 6 ). Based on COI sequence in our dataset, H. kamehamenui comes out closest to H. aumakuawai Schmitz and Rubinoff , an aquatic species endemic to Kauaʻi, but it is likely that there are other unsampled species that are more closely related. The larval cases of H. kamehamenui and H. kukilakila from Kamehamenui FR were initially mixed in rearing lots because the smaller cases look very similar and they were collected from the same places, but later separated based on two distinct size classes and the presence of a twist at the tip of cases of H. kamehamenui .