A review of the Neotropical skipper genus Sodalia Evans, 1955 (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) with the description of a new species Author Gaviria-Ortiz, Fabian Guillermo 0000-0001-8119-6372 fabianggo @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8119 - 6372 fabianggo@gmail.com Author Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo Author Carneiro, Eduardo 0000-0002-4796-0020 eduardo. carneiro @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4796 - 0020 eduardo.carneiro@ufpr.br Author Warren, Andrew D. 0000-0002-6730-1938 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A. awhesp @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6730 - 1938 awhesp@gmail.com Author Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik 0000-0003-3655-4606 omhesp @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3655 - 4606 omhesp@ufpr.br Author Casagrande, Mirna Martins 0000-0002-6076-8463 mibras @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6076 - 8463 mibras@ufpr.br text Zootaxa 2020 2020-11-09 4877 1 102 124 journal article 8048 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.4 a4126ee5-4b17-474c-b96a-fa4662e0c653 1175-5326 4423887 7F5AF885-F6F2-4A65-B0A7-CBE943787943 Sodalia argyrospila ( Mabille, 1876 ) Figs 5–8 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 40 , 44 Achlyodes argyrospila Mabille , 30-XI-1876 . Bull. Séances Soc. ent. France 1876 (22): 227; male, Pará, [ Brazil ].—Mabille, 9- V-1877 . Ann. Soc ent. France (5)6, Bull. ent ., p. CC.—Kirby, 1877. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl ., p. 862. Hesperia dimassa Hewitson , 1-XII-1876 . Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)18 : 454; Brazil ; collection Hewitson. Pamphila dimassa ; Kirby, 1877. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl ., p. 826. Isoteinon dimassa ; Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 225. Hesperia gabinus Plötz, 1882 . Stett. ent. Ztg. 43 : 318; nº 5.269, Rio [de Janeiro, Brazil ]; Mus. Berol.—Godman, 1907. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20 : 138. Euroto purgis Schaus, 1902 . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 : 443; type male, nº 6.018, Petropolis , [Rio de Janeiro State], Brazil ; USNM.— Draudt , 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 966.— J. Zikán & W. Zikán , 1968. Pesq. agropec. bras . 3: 59. Cobalus gabinus ; Draudt, 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5 , p. 958, pl. 185i (d, v).—Spitz, 1932. Rev. Mus. Paulista 17 : 876.—Bell, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 : 138; syn .: purgis .—F. Hoffmann, 1934. Ent. Rdsch ., Stuttgart, 51 : 71.—Hayward, 1939. Physis 17 : 295, fig. 7 (male gen.). Euroto gabina [sic]; Hayward, 1941. Rev. Mus. La Plata, n. s., Zool. 2 : 312; syn .: gabinus , purgis . Euroto dimassa ; Hayward, 1947. Acta zool. Lill. 4 : 140; syn .: gabina , purgis .—Hayward, 1950. Gen. Sp. Anim. Arg. 2 , p. 195, 198, pls 8, fig. 15 (male gen.), 21, fig. 10 (v); syn .: gabina , purgis . Sodalia dimassa ; Evans, 1955 . Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4 , p. 104, pl. 59 (male gen.); syn .: argyrospila , gabinus , purgis .—Biezanko, 1963. Arq. Ent., ser. A , Pelotas, p. 16.—Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23 : 69; syn .: argyrospila , gabinus , purgis .—Biezanko & Mielke, 1973. Acta biol. paranaense 2 : 77.—Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 1 , p. 10, 34, 47, 99; 2 , p. 34; syn .: argyrospila , gabinus , purgis .—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 1 , p. 15, 54, 74, 157; 2, p. 55; syn .: argyrospila , gabinus , purgis .—K. Brown, 1992, in Morellato. Hist. nat. Japi, p. 179, fig. 17 (v).—Canals, 2003. Marip. Misiones , p. 461.—Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 80, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea , in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A ; syn .: argyrospila , gabinus , purgis . (no genus) dimassa ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct. , p. 128. (no genus) argyrospila ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct ., p. 84. (no genus) gabinus ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct ., p. 149. (no genus) purgis ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct ., p. 243. Diagnosis. Sodalia argyrospila is the only species in the genus with solid white discal and postdiscal spots on the VHW. Redescription. Head : Frons covered with two circular areas of short, iridescent blue scales, separated at center by a narrow area of opaque scales. Nudum of 12 segments. Wings : Forewing length 12–14 mm . DFW brand over CuA 2 with base longer than portion touching CuA 1 ; brand under CuA 2 as long as base of the above brand. VHW with seven solid white spots, one discal in the inferior half of discal cell, close to end of cell, six postdiscal spots, from Rs to 2A, arranged as an arch, between M 1 –M 3 fused, twice as long as wide. Male genitalia : Median posterior projection of tegumen very short. Fenestra large, triangular. Base of uncus with distal margin straight; arms of uncus of same thickness laterally and dorsally. Valva as in S. sodalis , except lateral branch of dorsal projection of harpe shorter.Aedeagus with distal opening not extending to insertion of manica; tip of aedeagus with two small lateral spines; cornuti comprised of several small, thin spines and a longer and wider horn-like spine. Female genitalia : Lamella antevaginalis semicircular, twice as wide as long. Lamella postvaginalis with a shallower distal indentation and two large, rounded latero-distal projections; central area with broad rectangular membranous area. Bursa copulatrix about eight times longer than sterigma. Ductus bursae about 1/3 length of bursa copulatrix, with a short sclerotized ring near sterigma, extending to ostium bursae. Papilla analis less than twice as long as wide; apophysis posterior curved, as long as papilla. Type material. The description of Achlyodes argyrospila Mabille, 1876 was based on an unstated number of males from Pará , Brazil , with a wingspan of 27 mm . This material should be deposited at MNHN , where no syntype belonging to this taxon was found despite careful search. Thus , in order to ensure the identity of the species and to permit its correct identification, a male with the following labels is here designated neotype : / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Achlyodes argyrospila Mabille, 1876 / Morretes—Paraná , [ Brazil ] 19-IV-1997 10m . Mielke [leg.] / OM 45.715 /. DZUP . Hesperia dimassa Hewitson, 1876 was described based on a single specimen [ holotype ] from Brazil . At the NHMUK there is a male mentioned by Evans (1955) as the type specimen. This specimen is here considered the holotype of H. dimassa and has the following labels: / 208 / Type / Type / Dimassa / Rio Hewitson Coll. 79-69. Isoteinon dimassa . 1. / PHOTO AA /. Hesperia gabinus Plötz, 1882 was described based on a single specimen [ holotype ] from Rio de Janeiro having the number 5.269. The holotype is a male deposited at the MfN with the following labels: / Typus / 5269 / Rio [ de Janeiro , Brazil ] v. Lgsd [ Langsdorf ] / gabinus Pl. 5269 type /. Euroto purgis Schaus, 1902 was described based on a single male specimen [ holotype ] from Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with a wingspan of 27 mm and number 6018. The holotype is deposited at the USNM with the following labels: / Petropolis , Brazil . / Collection W. Schaus / Euroto purgis type Schs / Type No. 6018 U.S. N.M. /. Distribution. This species is distributed in lowland areas of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina ( Fig. 44 ). It almost certainly occurs in eastern Paraguay and Uruguay as well, although we currently lack records from these countries. The type locality (Pará) of Achlyodes argyrospila is probably wrong and perhaps a mistake of Paraná , in southern Brazil where the species occurs. Comments . This is the most conspicuous species in the genus, being the only one with pure white discal and postdiscal spots on VHW. Despite this, S. argyrospila is the species with the longest synonymic list in Sodalia . The absence of illustrations in the descriptions and the simultaneous proposition of names contributed to this. The description of A. argyrospila by Mabille precedes Hewitson’s description of H. dimassa by just one day ( 30/11/1876 and 01/12/1876 , respectively). Sodalia argyrospila is endemic to the Atlantic Forest Biome, typically occurring at low elevations in the dense ombrophylous forest in southeastern Brazil , extending to the west through the seasonal forest of the Paraná River drainage. It is sympatric in most of its distribution with S. coler , also an Atlantic Forest endemic, however, the latter also inhabits the Araucaria Plateau of southern Brazil , where S. argyrospila is rare to absent. While its occurrence is restricted to the Southern Cone of South America, the original description of S. argyrospila noted a type locality of Pará, Brazil ( Mabille 1876 ), which we believe is either a result of mislabeling of the material used by Mabille or a lapse of the author. The following characters are shared between S. argyrospila and S. sodalis , suggesting they are closely related: the presence of opaque scales on the frons; the spoon-shaped ampulla, wider than half valva’s width; the harpe shorter than ampulla, bifid at the middle, producing a wider ventral portion and a narrower dorsal projection, this divided in two branches arranged in a L-shaped aspect; the anterior and ventral projections of the fultura inferior are pronounced; the distal portion of the aedeagus with two lateral spines; and the cornuti formed by several small and thin spines, and a longer and wider horn-like spine. Examined material. ARGENTINA : Entre Rios — Colon ( Liebig ), 17.I.1992 , A. Varga leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 29.483 ) . BRAZIL : Espírito Santo — Linhares , 25.I.1967 , C. Elias leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL ) . Santa Teresa ( Reserva Lombardia ), 1.VIII.1966 , Mielke , Elias & Brown leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.304 ) , 750 m , 13.IX.1966 , C. T . Elias leg., 1 # ( DZ 35.813 ) , 25.VIII.1966 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.614 ) , 5.IV.1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 31.480 *) , 13.IX.1967 , 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.744 , DZ 35.753 ) , 5.IX.1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.773 ) , 9.IX.1967 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.524 ) , 10. V .1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.604 ) , 26. VI .1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.794 ) , 1.VII.1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.824 ) , 15.XI.1967 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 31.697 *) , C. & C. T . Elias leg., 18.I.1968 , C. T . Elias leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.294 ) , 5.X.1968 , C. & C. T . Elias leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.534 ) , 29.III.1970 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.494 ) . Minas Gerais — Barbacena , 27.I.1967 , Tangerini leg., 3 ♂ ( DZ 35.783 , DZ 35.743*, DZ 35.643 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.504 ) , 1100 m , 22.IX.1952 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.454 ) , 24.VIII.1952 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.833 ) , 12.X.1952 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.444 ) , H. Ebert leg. Itaipé , 650 m , 29.III.1969 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.404 ) . Lambari , 850 m , 8.VIII.1967 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.324 ) . Paraná — Antonina (Cedro) , 14.IV.2013 , Mielke & Callaghan leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.653 ) , 18.IV.2013 , Mielke , Siewert & Zacca leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.314 ), ( Cacatu ) , 20 m , 16.IV.1977 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.734 ) , 9.IV.1982 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.764 ) , 20.IV.1987 , 2 ♀ ( OM 14.061 , OM 52.141 ) , 25.IV.1987 , 1 ♂ ( OM 14.223 ) , 28.IV.1994 , 1 ♀ ( OM 38.059 ) , 3.IV.1999 , 1 ♀ ( OM 49.726 ) , O. Mielke leg. Campo Largo ( Três Córregos ), 700 m , 7.III.1998 , Mielke & Bizarro leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 48.328 ) . Cândido de Abreu , 10.XII.1994 , Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 40.819 ) . Curitiba ( Uberaba—Tirol das Torres ), 6.IV.2011 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.633 ) . Fênix , 26.X.1985 , Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.723 *) . Foz do Iguaçu ( Parque Nacional Iguaçu ), 21.IV.1995 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.623 ) , 24.IV.1995 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.823 ) , Mielke & Casagrande leg. Guaratuba ( Pontal de Itararé ), 800 m , 8.XI.1968 , Brown & Laroca leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.514 ), ( Limeira ) , 10 m , 15.IV.2000 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 51.874 ) . Londrina , 10.X.1982 , O. Mielke leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.814 , DZ 35.713*) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.804 ) . Morretes , 10 m , 6.IV.1995 , 1 ♂ ( OM 40.424 ) , 19.IV.1997 , 2 ♂ ( OM 45.707 , OM 45.715 ) , O. Mielke leg., ( Alto da Serra ), 1.II.1991 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 26.995 ), ( Morro Alto ) , 400 m , 11.IV.2000 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 51.578 ) . Paranaguá , 17.X.1987 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 15.992 ), ( Alexandra ) , 27.IV.1968 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.684 ) , 6.IX.1968 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.554 ) , 4.X.1968 , 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.593 , DZ 35803 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.774 ) , 3.IX.1969 , 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.284 , DZ 35.544 ) , 10.X.1970 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.843 ) , 28.III.1971 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.664 ) , 29.III.1971 , 3 ♀ ( DZ 35.853 , DZ 35.573 , DZ 35.613 ) , 29.III.1981 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 31.341 ) , O. Mielke leg., 11.II.1969 , [no collector] 1 ♂ ( MGCL ) . Pontal do Paraná , 28. VI .1990 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 25.358 ) . Tibagi ( Estiva ), 21.XII.2008 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.703 *) . Rio de Janeiro — Cachoeiras de Macacu ( Boca do Mato ), 13.IV.2006 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.763 ) , 14.IV.2006 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.683 ) , 16.IV.2006 , 2 ♀ ( DZ 35.673 , DZ 35.693 ) , Tangerini leg. Duque de Caxias ( Imbariê ), 25 m , 21.VII.1957 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.844 ) , 5.VIII.1977 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.464 ) , 18. V .1980 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.424 ) , H. Ebert leg., ( Xerém ), 50 m , 30.VII.1968 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.334 ) . Guapimirim , 22.VIII.1971 , 1 ♂ , 8.IX.1971 , 1 ♂ , C. Callaghan leg. ( MGCL ) . Rio Claro , [no date], C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL ) . Itatiaia ( Parque Nacional do Itatiaia ), 800 m , 27.III.1962 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.733 *) , 1000 m , 1. V .1965 , O. Mielke leg., 2 ♂ ( OM 6.881 , OM 6.882 ), (bamboo forest) , 300–700 m , 13–14.I.1973 , C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL ) . Magé , 3.VII.1968 , Brown leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.414 ) . Nova Iguaçu ( Tinguá ), 18.IV.1970 , Tangerini leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.663 ) . Passa Três , 450 m , 28.II.1966 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.364 ) , Rio de Janeiro ( Jacarep-aguá—Chácara Acacia—Estrada dos Bandeirantes ), 20.IX.1990 , Tangerini leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.793 ), ( Jacarepaguá ) , 10.VII.1935 , Gagarin leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 4.915 ) . Rio Grande do Sul — Torres , 10 m , 30.I.1983 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.344 ) . Santa Catarina — Brusque , 30 m , 22.XII.1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.674 ) , 28.XII.1967 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.704 ) , 8.I.1968 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.714 ) , 28.XII.1969 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.583 ), V . O. Becker leg., 19.VII.1966 , 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , 18.VII.1966 , 1 ♂ , 2.VII.1967 , 2 ♂ , 1 ♀ , V . O. Becker leg. ( MGCL ) . Joinvile ( Serrinha ) 10–200 m , 29. VI .1967 , H. Miers leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.274 ) , 19.IX.1970 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.754 ) , 27. VI .1971 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.584 ) , 8.VIII.1971 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.603 ) , 22.I.1977 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.724 ) , H. Miers leg., 8.IX.1977 , Mielke & Miers leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.654 ) , 3.III.1979 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.634 ) , 15.X.1979 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.784 ) , 1.XI.1981 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.594 ) , H. Miers leg., 23.I.1984 , Mielke & Miers leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.834 ) , 25.I.1985 , H. Miers leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.574 ) , 27.IX.1986 , Mielke & Miers leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 52.036 ) . São Francisco do Sul ( Enseada ), 27–30.I.1988 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 17.432 ), ( Vila da Glória ) , 21.I.1982 , Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.624 ) .. São Paulo — Campinas , 700 m , 15.I.1977 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.434 ) . Caraguatatuba , 20 m , 5.IX.1963 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.474 ) , 30.VII.1963 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.484 ) , 12.XII.1963 , 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.354 ) , H. Ebert leg. Cordeirópolis , 600 m , 4.I.1966 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.394 ) . Guaratinguetá , 600 m , 6. VI .1965 , H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 10.172 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.564 ) . Mogi das Cruzes , 28.VIII.1960 , D. L. Lindsley leg. 2 ♀ ( MGCL ) . Rio Claro , 600 m , 11.XI.1962 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.384 ) , 15.XI.1962 , 1 ♂ ( OM 10.329 ) , 9.XII.1962 , 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.374 ) , H. Ebert leg., 27.IV.1971 , O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.644 ) . São Paulo 22.VII.1960 , 2 ♂ , 13.VIII.1960 , 2 ♂ ; 17.IX.1960 , 1 ♂ , D. L. Lindsley leg. ( MGCL ), ( Butantan ) , 16.VII.1971 , O. Cruz leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.694 ) .