Annotated list of anurans from the lateritic plateau of western India with notes on malformations Author Mudke, Madhushri Author Gururaja, K. V. Author Aravind, Neelvara Author Singal, Ramit text Check List 2020 2020-06-05 16 3 685 698 http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.3.685 journal article 10.15560/16.3.685 1809-127X Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) New records. INDIA • Karnataka : Udupi : Manipal , Dashrath Nagar , site code A ( 13.3394°N , 074.8021°E ), obs. by MM and RS , 30 May 2017 , 11 individuals; Fig. 3A . Identification. The SVL is up to 150 mm . This species has a pair of elongated poison glands on the dorsum just Table 1. Species present by sampling sites in the study area and their IUCN (2019) Red List categories. The total number of species at each site is given.

Family,species	A	B	C	D	Site code E F		G	H	I	J	Red List category
Bufonidae
Duttaphrynus melanostictus	+	+	+	+	+	Least Concern
Dicroglossidae
Euphlyctis aloysii	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Euphlyctis karaavali	+	+	Not Evaluated
Euphlyctis mudigere	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Minervarya caperata	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Minervarya sahyadris	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Endangered
Minervarya rufescens	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Least Concern
Sphaerotheca dobsonii	+	+	+	Least Concern
Microhylidae
Microhyla laterite	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Microhyla nilphamariensis	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Uperodon mormoratus	+	+	+	+	+	+	Endangered
Ranidae
Hydrophylax bahuvistara	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Indosylvirana intermedia	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Not Evaluated
Ranixalidae
Indirana duboisi	+	+	Least Concern
Rhacophoridae
Polypedates maculatus	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Least Concern
Polypedates pseudocruciger	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Least Concern
Pseudophilautus wynaadensis	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Endangered
Rhacophorus malabaricus	+	+	+	Least Concern
Total species at each site	13	13	12	8	16	7	11	11	15	9

Figure 3. Reference images of all anurans from the laterite plateaus of Manipal. A. Duttaphrynus melanostictus . B. Euphlyctis aloysii . C. Euphlyctis karaavali . D. Euphlyctis mudigere . E. Minervarya caperata . F. Minervarya sahyadris . G. Minervarya rufescens . H . Hoplobatrachus tigerinus . I. Sphaerotheca dobsoniii . J. Microhyla laterite . K. Microhyla nilphamariensis . L. Uperodon mormoratus . M. Hydrophylax bahuvistara . N. Indosylvirana intermedia . O. Indirana duboisi . P. Polypedates maculatus . Q. Polypedates pseudocruciger . R. Pseudophilautus wynaadensis . S. Rhacophorus malabaricus . Table 2. Habitats at sampling sites in the town of Manipal ( Thorpe et al. 2018 ).

Sampling sites	Site code	Habitat	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)
Dashrath Nagar	A	Dense,mixed vegetation of tree cover and associates,with small ephemeral pools interspersed with exposed laterite rocks	13.3394	074.8022
End Point	B	Public park;patches of dense,mixed vegetation;tree cover;on slope of laterite hill/rock;acacia and other (e.g.coconut and areca nut) plantations;grass patches and football fields	13.3704	074.7849
Eshwar Nagar	C	Dense mixed vegetation of tree cover and associates;on slope of laterite hill/rock,with small ephemeral pools	13.3478	074.8006
Golikatte	D	Mixed, Acacia and Dipterocarpus with vegetation patches of tree cover and associates;edge of a river with soil-filled shallow depressions;soil rich areas;paddy fields and plantations	13.3759	074.8150
Herga	E	Dense,mixed, Acacia and Dipterocarpus vegetation;edge of a river;soil rich areas;paddy fields and exposed laterite rock	13.3729	074.8015
Manchikere	F	Large,ephemeral pool and exposed laterite patch with rocky crevices,grass,and shrubs;ephemeral flush vegetation;no trees	13.3217	074.788
Manipal Lake	G	Lake with ephemeral,flush vegetation,boulders;soil rich areas interspersed with patches of natural and planted vegetation;tree cover	13.3424	074.7854
Pragathi Nagar	H	Small,ephemeral pools on laterite rocks surrounded by dense vegetation of Dipterocarpus ; Acacia plantations	13.3142	074.8014
Saralebettu	I	Mixed vegetation on edge of river,exposed laterite patch,grasses,and shrubs;paddy fields and patches of Dipterocarpus vegetation;tree cover and associates	13.3698	074.7975
Shanthi Nagar	J	Dense Dipterocarpus vegetation interspersed with Acacia plantations on laterite slope;ephemeral flush vegetation	13.3269	074.7968
Baba Point*	—	Small restaurant surrounded with dense,mixed vegetation of Dipterocarpus and Acacia on edge of river	13.3729	074.7831
Egg Factory*	—	Restaurant with mixed vegetation on laterite plateau	13.3511	074.7878

*Sites not included in our sampling but having malformed frogs recorded by citizen scientists. Total Number of Sightings Figure 4. Number of sightings of each species in this study. The colors group the species into families. above the eyes. There are prominent, black, V-shaped, bony ridges on the dorsal snout. The dorsal skin is marked with tiny, reddish warts. The coloration is usually dusty brown, but changes to yellowish brown during the breeding season, which coincides with monsoons. Habitat. This toad lives in relatively dry areas and is often found foraging in the leaf litter, under lampposts that fringe roads, and on terrain with few vehicles. Distribution. This frog is distributed across Asia, and is introduced in Sulawesi, East Timor , Madagascar , and Papua-New Guinea .