Illustrated review of the leaf-mining Nepticulidae of the central Andes (Peru and Bolivia) Author Stonis, Jonas R. Author Diškus, Arūnas Author Remeikis, Andrius Author Karsholt, Ole Author Torres, Nixon Cumbicus text Zootaxa 2017 4257 1 1 70 journal article 33170 10.5281/zenodo.557156 8f75cf6f-6fce-41d6-a734-21babf75b7db 1175-5326 557156 98E19676-EC03-4026-B4B6-39BEC10B5A05 1. Stigmella epicosma ( Meyrick, 1915 ) ( Figs 2 , 9 , 33 , 37 ) Nepticula epicosma Meyrick, 1915 : 255 . Stigmella epicosma (Meyrick) ; Davis 1984: 18. Stigmella epicosma (Meyrick) ; Puplesis & Robinson 2000 : 28 (and only figs 20, 99–101). Material examined . PERU : 1 ♂ [designated in Puplesis & Robinson 2000 ], Lima , 150 m [ 500 ft ], 12°03'41"S , 77°01'41"W , viii.1914 , Parish, genitalia slide no. 28849 ( BMNH ) (see Remarks). Diagnosis . Belongs to the S. schoorli group. The combination of a brown scaling of forewing’s base, very short lateral lobes of vinculum, and two almost equally large horn-like cornuti (rate: 1:1.2; the longer cornutus twice exceeds the width of phallus) distinguishes S. epicosma from the most resembling members of the group ( S. alticosma and S. paracosma sp. nov. ). From similar S. schoorli and S. hamata , S. epicosma may be easily distinguished by the the shiny median fascia of forewing and rounded inner lobe of valva. Male ( Fig. 33 ). Described in Puplesis & Robinson 2000 : 28. Wingspan: about 4.1 mm . Female . Unknown (see Remarks). Male genitalia . Illustrated in Puplesis & Robinson 2000 : figs 99–101 (figs 102, 103 were incorrectly identified and assigned to S. epicosma ; they belong to S. paracosma Remeikis & Stonis , sp. nov . ). Bionomics . The species was reported by Vargas (2011) on native shrubs of Trixis cacalioides (Kunth) D. Don , Asteraceae , growing in the coastal valleys of northern Chile and Peru. Larvae mine in August and December. Cocoon cream white ( Vargas 2011 ). Adults fly in August and December. Distribution ( Fig. 9 ) This species occurs in Peru ( Lima ) at altitudes about 150 m ; recently it was also recorded from two coastal valleys in the desert of northern Chile , Arica Province ( Vargas 2011 ). Remarks . In the S. epicosma material, Puplesis & Robinson (2000) also 1 ♀ paralectotype (from Lima , genitalia slide no. 28850, BMNH ) and 7 ♂ and 2 ♀ non-type series specimens (from Arequipa and Oyón , both Peru ) were listed. The authors reported that all specimens in a series from 2920 m in Arequipa have a distinct glossy silver basal fascia, one male specimen collected at 4000 m in Oyón has the basal area of the forewing glossy gold, a fuscous-gold shiny collar and greyish white palpi; additionally, the left cornutus in the phallus of this specimen from Oyón is half the length of that in the lectotype from Lima . It was expected that the observed differences in wing coloration and observed differences of genital structures may represent a geographical variation in the mountainous, dissected terrain where the specimens were collected. However, our recent re-examination of these similar specimens has not confirmed the attribution of all listed specimens to S. epicosma and we have reassigned them to different species: from Arequipa (including genitalia slide nos Diškus186, Diškus187 ZMUC , illustrated in Puplesis & Robinson: figs 102, 103) are attributed to S. paracosma Remeikis & Stonis , sp. nov . ; from Oyón (genitalia slide no. Diškus 188 ZMUC , illustrated in Stonis et al . 2016d : figs 174–179) are attributed to S. alticosma Remeikis & Stonis ; the paralectotype ♀ specimen (genitalia slide no. 28850 BMNH , illustrated in Puplesis & Robinson : fig. 211) is identified as an undescribed species, probably of Enteucha Meyrick.