Toxares koreanus sp. nov. - a new Toxares species from South Korea (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) Author Kim, Sangjin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8395-8019 Animal Systematics Lab., Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea Author Tomanovic, Zeljko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-5480 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia & Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia Author Petrovic, Andjeljko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8126-9620 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Author Ckrkic, Jelisaveta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-1346 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Author Lee, Gyeonghyoen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-7909 Animal Systematics Lab., Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea Author Lim, Jongok https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5700-3024 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, JB 54538, Republic of Korea Author Kim, Hyojoong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-2991 Animal Systematics Lab., Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea hkim@kunsan.ac.kr text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2022 2022-08-31 92 185 198 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.84146 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.84146 1314-2607-92-185 A6251FB883224C3B9B176DC5211CDEE8 9EDA5F44384C5111ABEABC3589B26E97 Toxares koreanus Tomanovic , Kim & Petrovic sp. nov. Diagnosis. Toxares koreanus sp. nov. morphologically resembles T. shigai in having elongated flagellomere 1 (F1), which is clearly longer than flagellomere 2 (F2) and elongated petiole at the spiracles level. However, T. koreanus sp. nov. is easily distinguished from T. shigai in the shape of petiole (petiole with parallel sides in T. koreanus sp. nov., while laterally expanded and longitudinally striated in T. shigai ), yellow colored F1-F3 and even a yellowish base of F4 in T. koreanus sp. nov., while light brown colored F1-F3 in T. shigai . Also, T. koreanus sp. nov. morphologically resembles T. macrosiphophagum , but differs in more elongated F1 which is clearly longer than F2, more elongated petiole, and color of basal flagellomeres (yellow colored F1-F3 and yellow base of F4 in T. koreanus sp. nov., and yellowish F1 and F2 in T. macrosiphophagum ). Description. Female (Fig. 1 , Suppl. material 1: Fig. S1): Head (Fig. 1A ) rounded, bearing sparse setae. Eyes large and oval. Tentorial index (tentoriocular line/intertentorial line) 0.30-0.36. Clypeus with about 10 long setae. Malar space equal to 0.20 of longitudinal eye diameter. Mandible bidentate, with 6-7 setae on the outer surface. Maxillary palps with four palpomeres, labial palps with three palpomeres. Antenna 17-18 segmented (17, 2♀; 18, 1♀), flagellate (Fig. 1B ). Flagellomere 1 (F1) (Fig. 1C ) clearly longer than F2 (F1/F2 length 1.1-1.2) and 3.75-4.00 times as long as its maximum width at the middle. F1 with 2-3 and F2 with 3-5 longitudinal placodes (Fig. 1C ). Flagellomeres covered uniformly with semi-erect setae subequal to antennal segments diameter. Figure 1. Toxares koreanus sp. nov., female A head B antennae C flagellomere F1-F4 D mesoscutum E propodeum F petiole G ovipositor H forewing. Mesosoma . Mesoscutum smooth, rounded, with mid pit in the middle posterior part. Notaulices distinct in very short ascendent portion of anterolateral margin, with two rows of long setae along the dorsolateral part of mesoscutum (Fig. 1D ). Scutellum elongated, bearing 6-7 long setae in the central part. Scutellar sulcus divided into equal halves. Propodeum (Fig. 1E ) areolated with large central areola. Upper propodeal areolas with 5-7 long setae and lower areolas with 1-4 long setae on each. Forewing (Fig. 1F ) densely pubescent, with long marginal setae. Pterostigma elongated, 6.35-6.7 times as long as its width, subequal to R1 vein (Fig. 1F ). Forewing 2RS vein shorter than 3RSa vein (2RS/3RSa = 0.55) and 3RSa shorter than 3RSb vein (3RSa/3RSb = 0.73). Metasoma . Petiole (Fig. 1G ) slightly rugose and convex dorsally, with lateral depression at level of prominent spiracular tubercles. Petiole length 2.80-2.86 times its width at the base of spiracles, with 5-6 long setae along each side (Fig. 1G ). Ovipositor sheath deltoid shaped (Fig. 1H ). Body length : about 1.70-2.20 mm. Coloration . General body color light brown to yellow. Scape, pedicel and F1-F3 yellow, F4 basally light brown, remaining antennal parts brown. Mouthparts yellow. Head brown. Mesoscutum light brown to brown. Propodeum light brown. Legs yellow with brown apices. Petiole yellow to light brown, other metasomal terga light brown. Ovipositor sheath yellow. Male (Fig. 2 ): Antenna 19-segmented with shorter flagellomeres (Fig. 2A ). F1 about 2.60 times as long as wide and longer than F2 (Fig. 2B ). Number of longitudinal placodes on F1 and F2, 3 and 5, respectively. Maxillary palps with four palpomeres, labial palps with three palpomeres. Pterostigma shorter than in female and about 4.7 times as long as wide. Mesosoma with small mid pit. Petiole shorter than in female and about 2.55 times longer than width at spiracles level. Male genitalia (Fig. 2C ). Body generaly darker than in female. Scapus and pedicel light brown. F1 yellow, remaining antennal parts brown. Legs yellow to light brown with dark apices. Petiole and first half of metasomal terga light brown, remaining part of metasoma brown. Legs and mouthparts light brown. Figure 2. Toxares koreanus sp. nov., male A antennae B flagellomere F1 and F2 C mesoscutum D propodeum E petiole F ovipositor G forewing. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from Republic of Korea where it was found. Specimens examined. Holotype : Korea • 1 ♀ ; Mt. Beophwa , San 128-1, Wolgok-ri , Cheoncheon-myeon , Jasnsu-gun , Jeollabuk-do ; 35°42'07.6"N , 127°31'54.7"E ; collected by Malaise trap: 06.V-24.V.2021 ; leg. Yeonghyeok Yu , Sangjin Kim , JuHyeong Sohn , Yunjong Han , Gyeongyeon Lee. Holotype deposited in National Institute of Biological Resources , Incheon , Republic of Korea slide mounted . Paratypes : Korea • 1 ♂ ; Mt. Beophwa , San 128-1, Wolgok-ri , Cheoncheon-myeon , Jasnsu-gun , Jeollabuk-do ; 35°42'07.6"N , 127°31'54.7"E ; collected by Malaise trap: 06.V-24.V.2021 ; leg. Yeonghyeok Yu, Sangjin Kim, JuHyeong Sohn, Yunjong Han, Gyeongyeon Lee. Paratype slide mounted and deposited in National Institute of Biological Resources , Incheon , Republic of Korea . Additional material. Korea • 2 ♀ ; 1 ♀ , Mt. Beophwa , San 128-1, Wolgok-ri , Cheoncheon-myeon , Jasnsu-gun , Jeollabuk-do ; 35°42'07.6"N , 127°31'54.7"E ; collected by Malaise trap: 06.V-24.V.2021 ; leg. Yeonghyeok Yu, Sangjin Kim, JuHyeong Sohn, Yunjong Han, Gyeongyeon Lee • 1 ♀ , same locality; collected by Malaise trap: 24.V-02.VI.2021 ; leg. Yeonghyeok Yu , Sangjin Kim , JuHyeong Sohn , Yunjong Han , Gyeongyeon Lee. Specimens deposited dry and immersion-mounted in Kunsan National University , Jeollabuk-do , Republic of Korea . Molecular analysis. Obtained phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on COI , 28S and the combination of both genes showed identical topology, and the tree based on the combination of both genes is shown on Fig. 3 . Toxares koreanus sp. nov. groups with the only other Toxares species used in the analysis, while this clade is sister to the clade of Praon species. Ephedrus species basally form a separate clade on the tree. Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships between Toxares , Ephedrus and Praon species based on combined sequences of COI and 28S RNA genes. Species name is followed by code or GenBank accession numbers in brackets. Bootstrap values are indicated above/below branches in order ML/MP. Calculated genetic distances (Tables 1 , 2 ) also indicate closer relatedness between Toxares and Praon than between Toxares and Ephedrus .