FAMILY CERATOPOGONIDAE Author Spinelli, Gustavo Author Wolff, Marta text Zootaxa 2016 4122 1 98 141 journal article 38860 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.15 557fc8b0-4401-419a-ba4c-e0a933814b7e 1175-5326 256311 F75443F4-82D3-4B00-B21A-71A13050D0E3 Genus Culicoides Latreille Culicoides Latreille, 1809 : 251 . Type species, Culicoides punctatus Latreille (= Ceratopogon punctatus Meigen ) (mon). Refs.: Aitken et al., 1975 (key to females from Trinidad and Tobago ); Blanton & Wirth, 1979 (key to larvae, males and females from Florida ( USA )); Forattini, 1957 (key to females of all species); Huerta, 1996 (key to females from Mexico ); Ortíz & León, 1955 (key to females from Ecuador ); Ronderos, 1988 (key to females from Argentina ); Ronderos & Spinelli, 1998 (key to males and females from the Yacyretá Dam, between Paraguay and Argentina ); Spinelli & Wirth, 1986b (key to females south of the Amazon Basin); Wirth & Blanton, 1959 (key to females and some males from Panama ); Wirth & Blanton, 1973 (key to females and some males from Amazon Basin); Wirth & Blanton, 1974 (key to females and some males from the Caribbean); Wirth et al ., 1988 (some meristic character states and photographs of wings of all species); Spinelli et al ., 2005 (key to males and females from Argentina ). Padrosia Rafinesque, 1815 : 130 (unnecessary replacement name for Culicoides Latreille ). Type species, Culicoides punctatus Latreille (= Ceratopogon punctatus Meigen ), automatic. Comm.: There is no reliable key to the subgenera and species groups of Neotropical Culicoides . For species outside of local areas for which revisions are available (as listed above), the easiest guide to species identification is that of Wirth et al . (1988). From there readers may refer to keys to subgenera or species groups referred to below.