Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification Author Bruneau, Anne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-0796 Institut de recherche en biologie vegetale and Departement de Sciences biologiques, Universite de Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E., Montreal (QC) H 1 X 2 B 2, Canada anne.bruneau@umontreal.ca Author de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7436-0939 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Ringelberg, Jens J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-5210 Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland & School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH 8 9 YL, UK Author Borges, Leonardo M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9269-7316 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Departamento de Botanica, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565 - 905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Author Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7445-7244 Programa de Pos-graduacao em Producao Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Agroveterinarias, Avenida Luiz de Camoes 2090, 88520 - 000, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil Author Brown, Gillian K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7940-5435 Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, 4066, Australia Author Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-2656 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leao 915, 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biodiversidade e Evolucao (PPGBioEvo), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barao de Jeremoabo, s. n., Ondina, 40170 - 115, Salvador, BA, Brazil Author Clark, Ruth P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-2933 Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW 9 3 AE, UK Author Conceicao, Adilva de Souza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8800-422X Programa de Pos-graduacao em Diversidade Vegetal, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Herbario HUNEB, Campus VIII, Rua do Gangorra 503, 48608 - 240, Paulo Afonso, Bahia, Brazil Author Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0654-7501 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Demeulenaere, Else https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-3051 Center for Island Sustainability and Sea Grant, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, 96923, Guam Author de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-4121 Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, A. C. (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburna de Hidalgo; CP 97205, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Author Ebinger, John E. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA Author Ferm, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8762-3942 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, 10691, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Author Fonseca-Cortes, Andres https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7207-9940 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Gagnon, Edeline https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-9688 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph (ON) N 1 G 2 W 1, Canada & Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH 3 5 LR, UK Author Grether, Rosaura https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2673-665X Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55 - 535, 09340 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico Author Guerra, Ethiene https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-1717 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica, Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Bloco IV - Predio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501 - 970, Brazil Author Haston, Elspeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-2848 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH 3 5 LR, UK Author Herendeen, Patrick S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2657-8671 Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA Author Hernandez, Hector M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1741-5515 Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico Author Hopkins, Helen C. F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4984-8224 Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW 9 3 AE, UK Author Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-5875 Herbario Alwyn Gentry (HAG), Universidad Nacional Amazonica de Madre de Dios (UNAMAD), AV. Jorge Chavez N ° 1160, Madre de Dios, Peru Author Hughes, Colin E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9701-0699 Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland Author Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8198-8898 Department of Biology & Wildlife & Herbarium (ALA) at the University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P. O. Box 756960, Fairbanks AK 99775 - 6960, USA Author Iganci, Joao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-3666 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica, Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Bloco IV - Predio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501 - 970, Brazil & Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Universitario Capao do Leao, Passeio Andre Dreyfus, Departamento de Botanica, Predio 21, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 96010 - 900, Brazil Author Koenen, Erik J. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-4339 Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Faculte des Sciences, Campus du Solbosch - CP 160 / 12, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium Author Lewis, Gwilym P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2599-4577 Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW 9 3 AE, UK Author de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2154-670X Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leao 915, 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlantica / INMA-MCTI, Av. Jose Ruschi, 4, Centro, 29650 - 000, Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brazil Author de Lima, Alexandre Gibau https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-2507 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leao 915, 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Author Luckow, Melissa https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2543-0516 School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, 215 Garden Avenue, Roberts Hall 260, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Author Marazzi, Brigitte https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-5816 Natural History Museum of Canton Ticino, Viale C. Cattaneo 4, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland Author Maslin, Bruce R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3039-0973 Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia, 6983, Australia & Singapore Herbarium, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, Singapore Author Morales, Matias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5540-9725 Instituto de Recursos Biologicos, CIRN-CNIA, INTA. N. Repetto & Los Reseros s. n., Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina & Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C 1425 FQB), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Author Morim, Marli Pires https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-8429 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leao 915, 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Author Murphy, Daniel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-363X Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia Author O'Donnell, Shawn A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0731-7425 Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE 1 8 ST, UK Author Oliveira, Filipe Gomes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-3262 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-5360 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Rando, Juliana Gastaldello https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-8231 Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Rua Professor Jose Seabra Lemos 316, 47800 - 021, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil Author Ribeiro, Petala Gomes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-9971 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Ribeiro, Carolina Lima https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9508-2894 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Santos, Felipe da Silva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1068-0578 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Transnordestina s / n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036 - 900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil Author Seigler, David S. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5177-5893 Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Author da Silva, Guilherme Sousa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-0017 Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083 - 876, Sao Paulo / SP, Brazil Author Simon, Marcelo F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-1716 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa) Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biologica, Caixa Postal 02372, 70770 - 917, Brasilia / DF, Brazil Author Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-1771 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica, Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Bloco IV - Predio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501 - 970, Brazil Author Terra, Vanessa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-1304 Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105 - 900, Santa Maria / RS, Brazil text PhytoKeys 2024 2024-04-03 240 1 552 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716 1314-2003-240-1 B699D9DE2B435B1093DE3C38C703D430 Zapoteca H.M. Hern., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73(4): 757. 1986 (publ. 1987). Figs 204 , 205 , 206 Calliandra ser. Laetevirentes Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 97. 1844. Type not designated. Type . Zapoteca tetragona (Willd.) H.M. Hern. [≡ Acacia tetragona Willd.] Description. Erect, suberect or scandent shrubs, rarely small trees, usually unarmed, very rarely armed with spinescent stipules. Stipules leafy or rarely spinescent, usually persistent. Leaves bipinnate, usually without extrafloral nectaries, but 3 (4) species with cup-shaped or cylindrical glands on the rachis or pinnae or near the base of the petiole; pinnae 1-numerous pairs; leaflets (1) 2-numerous pairs per pinna, opposite, small (ca. 5 mm) to up to 22 cm long. Inflorescences capitate, spherical in bud and at anthesis, homomorphic, pedunculate, densely-flowered, solitary or fasciculate, arising from leaf axils, sometimes forming long, terminal pseudopanicles. Flowers bracteate, hermaphroditic or functionally staminate; calyx cup-shaped, dentate or denticulate; corolla campanulate or infundibuliform, the petals valvate in bud, usually revolute at anthesis; stamens ca. 30-60, long exserted from the corolla, 1.9-4.3 cm, always with the base fused forming a conspicuous tube, the staminal tube always included in the corolla, white, pink or red-purple, or white in the basal half and pink or red in the distal half, anthers eglandular; pollen in 16-grained polyads, acalymmate, discoid, heteromorphic, nearly always with eccentric lens-shaped thickenings on the central cells on one side of the polyad; ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, usually 10-15-ovulate, style filiform, with the stigma cup-shaped. Fruits usually pendent, linear, flattened, straight or rarely slightly curved, with thickened margins, the valves membranous or rarely coriaceous, dehiscing elastically along both margins, recurving from apex downwards. Seeds ovoid or rhomboid, usually with irregular or U-shaped pleurogram. Figure 204. Morphological features of the Zapoteca clade A, B Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. A habit B leaves C, D Sanjappa Calliandra cynometroides (Bedd.) E.R. Souza & M.V. Krishnaraj C habit D pinnate leaves and inflorescence in bud E Zapoteca aculeata (Spruce ex Benth.) H.M. Hern. foliage and inflorescences at anthesis ( Neill 18437 ) F Zapoteca formosa subsp. schottii (Torr. ex S. Watson) H.M. Hern. habit and dehisced fruits G Viguieranthus glaber Villiers leaves and inflorescences post-anthesis. Photo credits A Gobabeb - Namib Research Institute B Dave U C, D G Suresh E D Neill F D Beckman G C Davidson. Figure 205. Inflorescence and fruit morphology in the Zapoteca clade A, B Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. A inflorescences at anthesis B indehiscent fruit C, D Sanjappa Calliandra cynometroides (Bedd.) E.R. Souza & M.V. Krishnaraj C inflorescence post-anthesis D pinnate leaves and immature fruit E Thailentadopsis tenuis (Craib) Kosterm. inflorescence F Viguieranthus perrieri (R. Vig.) Villiers inflorescence at anthesis G Viguieranthus alternans (Benth.) Villiers foliage and fruits before dehiscence H Viguieranthus brevipennatus Villiers inflorescence at anthesis ( Randrianarivony 175 ) I Zapoteca tetragona (Willd.) H.M. Hern. inflorescence at anthesis J Zapoteca portoricencis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern. subsp. portoricensis inflorescence at anthesis ( Amith 74438 ) K Zapoteca formosa subsp. schottii (Torr. ex S. Watson) H.M. Hern. dehisced fruit. Photo credits A S Piry B B Adkins C, D G Suresh E https://marketingoemoffice.com/Data_Pithecellobium.html F F Ratovoson G F Rakotoarivony H T Randrianarivony I FJ Gomez Marin J J Amith K D Beckman. Chromosome number. n = 13 ( Hernandez 1986, 1989 ). Included species and geographic distribution. Twenty-two described species, all of which are restricted to the Neotropics. Its distribution extends from southern United States (southern Arizona and Texas), throughout Mexico, Central America and South America, south to Paraguay and northern Argentina, including the West Indies and the Revillagigedo Islands (Fig. 206 ). Mexico, especially the southern portion of the country, includes the richest areas in terms of species number and endemism, with 12 species, eight of which are endemic. Six species (two endemic) are distributed in Central America, and four species (one endemic) occur in the West Indies. South America harbours ten species, three of which are endemic to the Andean basin, and a further three are restricted to isolated areas in the northern Andes (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Figure 206. Distribution of Zapoteca based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data. Ecology. Populations occur from sea-level to 2850 m, although most species are found at low or moderate elevations, in areas covered by seasonally dry tropical deciduous forests, and less frequently in wet forests, and even in desert or semi-desert vegetation. Seed dispersal covers short distances through the explosive dehiscing mechanism. Settling moths of the families Noctuidae , Pyralidae and Geometridae are confirmed to be the primary pollinators ( Hernandez 1989 ). Etymology. Named after the Zapotec ethnic group of Oaxaca, Mexico, where a significant number of taxa occur. Human uses. No significant uses are known, although Z. formosa (Kunth) H.M. Hern. subsp. formosa is reported to be potentially important as a forage resource for sheep ( Newman et al. 1999 ). Notes. Detailed morphological and cytological observations supported the recognition of Zapoteca as a genus distinct from Calliandra by consistently having spherical, homomorphic, capituliform inflorescences; 16-grained, acalymmate, discoid polyads, with lens-shaped thickenings in the central grains [excluding Z. nervosa (Urban) H.M. Hern.]; cup-shaped stigmas; and a basic chromosome number of x = 13. In contrast, the Neotropical species of Calliandra are characterised by having spherical, obconic, capituliform, umbelliform or racemose, homomorphic or heteromorphic inflorescences; capitate or fungiform stigmas; 8-grained, bisymmetric, calymmate polyads with a mucilaginous basal appendage; and atypical ( n = 8 and 11, rather than the x = 13 of closely related genera) chromosome numbers ( Hernández 1986 , 1989; Guinet and Hernández 1989 ; Barneby 1998 ). The pattern of differentiation within Calliandra s.l. sensu Bentam (1875) provided the basis for the segregation of the species in ser. Calliandra Laetevirentes , together with two other species placed by Bentham in his ser. Calliandra Macrophyllae ( C. aculeata and C. amazonica Benth.), into the new genus Zapoteca ( Hernandez 1986, 1989 ). More than two decades later, in a morphological and molecular based phylogenetic analysis of Calliandra , Souza et al. (2013) supported the validity of Zapoteca as a separate genus and confirmed its monophyletic status. More recently, in a phylogenetic analysis of Zapoteca , based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data, Ferm (2019) and Ferm and Stahl (2022) , ratified the monophyly of Zapoteca and suggested some taxonomic rearrangements to the Hernandez (1989) subgeneric classification. Taxonomic references. Ferm (2019) ; Ferm and Stahl (2022) ; Hernandez (1986, 1989 ).