Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae in Georgia (Caucasus): taxonomic revision, diversity, distribution, habitats and host range Author Piwowarczyk, Renata 0000-0003-0507-7835 * Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 7 Uniwersytecka St., 25 - 406 Kielce, Poland; renata. piwowarczyk @ ujk. edu. pl; renka 76 @ wp. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0507 - 7835 renata.piwowarczyk@ujk.edu.pl Author Pedraja, Óscar Sánchez 0000-0002-4383-4588 E- 39722 Liérganes (Cantabria), Spain; osanchez @ farmalierganes. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4383 - 4588 osanchez@farmalierganes.com Author Khutsishvili, Manana 0000-0002-7404-9574 National Herbarium of Georgia, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; mananakhuts @ yahoo. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7404 - 9574 mananakhuts@yahoo.com Author Kharazishvili, Davit 0000-0003-0507-7835 * Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 7 Uniwersytecka St., 25 - 406 Kielce, Poland; renata. piwowarczyk @ ujk. edu. pl; renka 76 @ wp. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0507 - 7835 & Batumi Botanical Garden, 6411, Batumi, Mtsvane Kontskhi, Georgia; davit. kharazishvili @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9254 - 9954 * author for correspondence & * Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 7 Uniwersytecka St., 25 - 406 Kielce, Poland; renata. piwowarczyk @ ujk. edu. pl; renka 76 @ wp. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0507 - 7835 renata.piwowarczyk@ujk.edu.pl text Phytotaxa 2023 2023-07-24 604 1 1 103 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.604.1.1 journal article 10.11646/phytotaxa.604.1.1 1179-3163 8181674 1. Phelipanche purpurea (Jacq.) Soják (1972: 130) . Type:— AUSTRIA ( lectotype designated by Piwowarczyk et al. 2019: 22 ): „nº 97 Oropanche purpurea . Jacq.: non Lin: [Habitat in collibus siccioribus; supra Weinhaus (Weinhaus, village very close to the city of Vienna ), & c., leg. Jacquin ]” (LINN-HL-798-12!). Basionym:— Orobanche purpurea Jacquin (1762: 252) . Heterotypic synonyms:— Orobanche laevis L. (1753: 632), nom. rej. [ambiguous name]. Orobanche caerulea Villars (1787: 406) . Misapplied names:— Phelypaea longiflora sensu C.A. Meyer (1831: 104) [saltem p.p.], non Orobanche longiflora Persoon (1806: 181) . Fig. 7 . General distribution: —Europe, southwards to Asia Minor , Caucasus to Iran , it has also been mentioned from Afghanistan to the Himalayas. Distribution: —Mainly in the Samtskhe-Javakheti (Trialeti range) and Kakheti provinces, as well as in the Shida Kartli , Kvemo Kartli , Mtskheta-Mtianeti , Tbilisi provinces and Adjara ( Fig. 8 ). Habitat: —Rocky slopes, steppes, meadows, dry hills, edges of shrublands and forests, ruderal habitats, railways, roadsides, usually (230)600‒1600(2100) m. Hosts: —In Georgia , parasitic always on Asteraceae , mainly on Achillea sp. , principally A. millefolium L., A. arabica Kotschy [ A. biebersteinii Hub. -Mor.], rarely on Tanacetum partheniifolium (Willd.) Sch. Bip. [ Pyrethrum partenifolium Willd. ], Artemisia vulgaris L., and Tripleurospermum elongatum (DC.) Bornm. [ Pyrethrum elongatum DC. ] (new host genus for this species). Also found in a pot in Tbilisi on a balcony where it was casually parasitising on a Chrysanthemum . Phenology: —Flowering May–June (July), fruiting July–August. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). The species has a rather wide distribution in Georgia , (EOO is ca. 25,000 km 2 , and AOO is ca. 2000 km 2 ). In some localities there is a threat of overgrowth, overgrazing or destruction and conversion of habitats to farmland or development. Specimens examined: — GEORGIA . Adjara prov. : distr. Shuakhevi, Ajara, vil. Tselati, rocky dry slopes, on Calamintha grandiflora ?, 29 June 2015 , M. Darchidze (BATU) [as O. caryophyllacea ]; Batumi, Bartskhana, railway, 18 June 1980 , I. Lomtadze & A. Dmytrieva (BATU) [with attached Artemisia vulgaris ; as O. mutelii ], 28 June 2011 , D. Kharazishvili (BATU) [as O. mutelii ]; Kakheti prov. : Dedoplistskaro distr., Zemo Kedi E, slopes of Alazani river, N exposure, NE of monastery, on Achillea arabica , 41°24’50’’N , 46°26’15’’E , 730 m , 11 May 2019 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Kalvata NW, dry slopes, wastelands, roadside, in the Alazani river valley, on A. arabica , 41°27.17’N , 46°25’E , 230 m , 12 May 2019 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); rocky slopes in Singhaghi in direction to Tsnori, near serpentine road, on Achillea , 41°37.4’N , 45°55.7’E , 640 m , 26 May 2014 , 13 May 2019 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Sighnaghi NE, in direction to Tsnori, serpentine roadsides, edges of shrublands, on T. partheniifolium , 41°37.4’N , 45°55.8’E , 620 m , 13 May 2019 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Kvemo Kartli prov. : prov. et distr. Tiflis, Manglis, in jugo Kartalini, 2 July 1920 , O. Zedelmejer (TGM2220); Mtskheta-Mtianeti prov. : Tiflis prov., Shio-Mgvime, on the stony slopes near Tsikhe didi, 12 June 1918 , B. Schischkin (TGM42221); prov. Tiflis, in viciniis Mtschet, in fruticetis faucium Armaziz-chevi (left specimen], 6 June 1920 , B. Schischkin (TGM8428) [as O. cumana by Melikischvili]; prov. Tiflis, distr. Duset. [Dusheti], in fruticetis prope coelesiam S. Ninae [S. Nino’s church, 42.079777°, 44.709925°], 4 June 1922 , B. Schischkin (TGM53203); Tsodoreti W, Trialeti range, Tsodoreti lake, slopes near the road from lake to the monastery, on Achillea , 41°45’59.3”N 44°37’46.8”E , 980 m , 10 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (phot.); between Mukhatskaro and Kvemo Lisi, steppe slopes with Pinus near the road (construction of a housing estate has started nearby), on A . millefolium , 41°45’00.5”N , 44°40’02.6”E , 1017 m , 10 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Samtskhe-Javakheti prov. : prov. Tiflis, distr. Gori, vil. Bakuriani, near Tsaghveri, Varontsovskoye plato, [attached Achillea ], 1 June 1915 , W. Kozlowsky (TBI); prov. Tiflis, distr. Gori, vil. Bakuriani, Gvirgvina Mt., 13 June 1915 , W. Kozlowsky (TBI); prov. Tiflis, distr. Gori, vil. Bakuriani, Sakochavi, 29 June 1915 , W. Kozlowsky (TBI); prov. Tiflis, distr. Gori, vil. Bakuriani, Kodjani-ubani range [Kodani Mt.?], dry slope, 25 June 1915 , W. Kozlowsky (TBI); 10 km ESE of Borjomi, shrublands and edges of forest on the steep rocky slopes, S exposure, on the road between Tsaghveri and Timotesubani, on T. partheniifolium , 41°48’15’’N , 43°29’52’’E , 1075 m , 2 June 2014 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Abastumani and Zekari pass, side road, rocky slopes of Otskhe river, on Tripleurospermum elongatum , 41°47’07’’N , 42°50’27’’E , 1420 m , 12 June 2015 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Zarzma and Utkisubani, slopes, on Achillea , 41°40’01.2’’N , 42°37’25.7’’E , 1400 m , 13 July 2015 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Naokhrebi and Turkish border, steppe hills, on Achillea , 41°35’41.6’’N , 42°49’43.1’’E , 1230 m , 13 July 2015 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Untsa E, woodlots near the road to Varkhani, 41°40’41.6”N , 42°49’56.6”E , 1006 m , 12 July 2015 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); prov. Tiflis, distr. Gori, Bakuriani, 3 July 1915 , W. Kozlowsky (TBI) [as O. ramosa ]; Lesser Caucasus, Trialeti range, Tetrobi massif [Tetrobi- Gabaretskij, Tetrobi-Chobareti], Akhalkalaki district, on the river bank, in a meadow, 15 July 1961 , E.W. Wołkowa & L.I. Ivanina (LE); N of Atskuri, Borjomi-Kharaguli National Park, [ 1900 m ], 41°47’07.6”N , 43°07’34.4”E , C. Frasch [phot. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/31489686], [requires confirmation, not a typical specimen]; Samtskhe-Javakheti, valley of river Kura (Mtkvari), gorge between monastery of Vardzia and castle Khertvisi, 43°19’03’’E , 41°23’32’’N , 1260 m , 16 July 2002 , G. Schneeweiss et al. (WU0032450, WU0032451, WU0032452, WU0032453); by the road from Bakuriani to the Tskhratskaro pass [ 2454 m ], roadside/subalpine rocky meadow, last year’s dry shoot on Achillea , 41°42’19.8”N , 43°30’08.8”E , 2085 m , 13 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Bakuriani NW, foot of the rocky basalt slopes near the road to Borjomi, yellow form, on Achillea , 41°45’34.1”N , 43°30’48.4”E , 1570 m , 15 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Daba and Tsaghveri, NW of Tsaghveri, rocky slope with tragacanth on Gujaretistskali river valley, on Tripleurospermum , 41°48’21.9”N , 43°28’24.8”E , 1030 m , 15 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Shida Kartli prov. : E of Uplistsikhe Cave Town, near Cafe-Restaurant Gamardjoba, foot of rocky slopes in the valley of the Mtkvari River, roadsides, on A. arabica , 41°58’00.5”N , 44°12’48.7”E , 570 m , 8 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Tbilisi prov. : Tbilisi, Tbilisi Sea, NE part, steppe slopes of the Kvirikobis Mt., on Achillea , 41°45’11.5”N , 44°51’19.5”E , 570 m , 7 June 2022 , R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Tbilisi, Vake distr., in balcony pot with Chrysanthemum , 41°44’04.7”N , 44°45’57.3”E , [ca. 470 m ], 19 May 2022 , N. Tiunov (phot., https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/118007260); 1. “unde?”. – 2. “ Or. coerulea / Iberia [Caucasus] / Wilhelms [? “Iberia! (Wilhelms pl. exs.)” ( Ledebour 1849: 311 )] 1829”. – 3. “ Phelipaea / longiflora ... / Iberia” (C373394 [the sheet contains four specimens , all of them correspond to P. purpurea ).