Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota Author Moyaba, Percy Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria & Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR), Author Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso - Campagne d’Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Author Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso - Campagne d’Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), & University of Dedougou, B. P. 176, Dédougou 01, Burkina Faso Author Njokou, Flobert Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Po. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon Author Freitas, Ngambia Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Po. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon & Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria Author Vreysen, Marc Jb Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria Author Abd-Alla, Adly Mm Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria text Parasite 2023 Paris, France 2023-12-19 30 62 1 14 http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064 journal article 10.1051/parasite/2023064 1776-1042 PMC10732139 38117272 12628828 Prevalence of single and multiple Trypanosoma infections The screening of the flies indicated the presence of different taxa of Trypanosoma , including Tc ( Trypanosoma congolense type : Savanah, Kilifi, Forest ), Tv ( Trypanosoma vivax ), and Tz ( Trypanozoon sp. : Trypanosoma brucei brucei , Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , Trypanosoma evansi ). The overall prevalence of single or multiple Trypanosoma infections among all tested flies was 69.97% (457/653). The prevalence of Trypanosoma varied significantly between countries ( Χ 2 = 37.18, df = 1, and p <0.001) and locations ( Χ 2 = 452.21, df = 7, and p <0.001). In Ghana , the prevalence was significantly higher than in Burkina Faso , at 86.38% and 20.76%, respectively ( Table 2 and Fig. 3 ). In Ghana , the prevalence varied significantly with location ( Χ 2 = 125.43, df = 5, and p <0.001), with a prevalence of 100% in some locations such as Sissili Bridge, Fumbissi, Kumpole, and Grogro ( Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 3 ). The most frequently found trypanosomes were Tz and Tv , with a prevalence of 30.2% and 22.42%, respectively. However, only Tz varied significantly with country ( Χ 2 = 7.54, df = 1, and p = 0.006) and location ( Χ 2 = 185.82, df = 7, and p <0.001). Trypanosoma congolense was found in the two locations in Burkina Faso (Comoe at 2.37% and Folonzo at 2.00%), and only in one location in Ghana (Walewale (2.87%)). Its prevalence varied significantly with country ( Χ 2 = 6.426, df = 1, and p = 0.01) and location ( Χ 2 = 34.97, df = 7, and p <0.001). The TvTz multiple infection was the most prevalent in the samples (11.22%). In Ghana , no TcTv double infections were found, while in Burkina Faso , no triple infections TcTvTz were found. The prevalence of the double infections varied only according with location ( Χ 2 = 245.15, df = 7, and p <0.001) ( Fig. 3 and TcTz Supplementary Table 3 ).