Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota Author Moyaba, Percy Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria & Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR), Author Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso - Campagne d’Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Author Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso - Campagne d’Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), & University of Dedougou, B. P. 176, Dédougou 01, Burkina Faso Author Njokou, Flobert Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Po. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon Author Freitas, Ngambia Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Po. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon & Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria Author Vreysen, Marc Jb Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria Author Abd-Alla, Adly Mm Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO / IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria text Parasite 2023 Paris, France 2023-12-19 30 62 1 14 http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064 journal article 10.1051/parasite/2023064 1776-1042 PMC10732139 38117272 12628828 Interaction between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma Prevalence of co-infections The results of the analysis showed that 12.56% of the flies were infected both with Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma , regardless of country, location, and sex. However, the prevalence of single infections of Spiroplasma (35.83%) was higher than that of Trypanosoma (17.46%) ( Fig. 4 ). The association between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma infections was analyzed using the Cochran-Manthel-Haenzel ( CMH ) test and chi-square test. Across all samples, the CMH test showed a significant deviation from independence between the two infections ( Χ 2 MH = 5.19, df = 1, p = 0.02). The chi-square test confirmed that the independence between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma infections was significant with a Bonferroni correction of OE = 0.006 ( Χ 2 = 9.85, p = 0.03). However, when considering countries, only in Ghana the chi-square test did show a significant deviation from independence between the two microbial infections ( Χ 2 = 13.004, p <0.001) ( Table 3 and Supplementary Table 4 ).