A checklist of oligochaetes (Annelida) from Taiwan and its adjacent islands Author Tsai, Chu-Fa Author Shen, Huei-Ping Author Tsai, Su-Chen Author Lin, Kang-Jieh Author Hsieh, Hwey-Lian Author Yo, Shao-Pin text Zootaxa 2009 2133 33 48 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.188447 c976a82d-622f-4fd0-ab0e-50c35a11e88d 1175-5326 188447 Family Megascolecidae 36. Pontodrilus litoralis (Grube, 1855) Pontodrilus litoralis - Shen et al ., 2005a : 12. Beaches of Sanshui and Chitou, Penghu Island, Haomeiliao, Chiayi County, and Chiku Lagoon, Tainan County; - James et al ., 2005 : 1022. Marine shoreline near coral reefs, Wanlitong, Pingtung County and mangroves at Kaoping River Estuary, Linyuan, Kaohsiung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230. 37. Pithemera bicincta (Perrier, 1875) Pheretima bicincta - Gates, 1959 : 4 . Yangmingshan, Taipei City. Pithemera bicincta - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 288 ; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 3 . Lanyu Island; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Nanao and Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . 38. * Pithemera lanyuensis Shen & Tsai, 2002 Pithemera lanyuensis - Shen & Tsai, 2002a : 2 and 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island; - Chang & Chen, 2004 : 219 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . 39. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 Perionyx excavatus - Kobayashi, 1938 : 201 and 1939b: 779. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959 : 19 . Suao, Ilan County; - Kuo, 1995 : 189 . Chasili village, Chungli, Taoyuan County; - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 1100 m in central Taiwan ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . 40. Amynthas aspergillum ( Perrier, 1872 ) Perichaeta takatorii Goto & Hatai, 1898 : 76 . Taipei City. Pheretima (Pheretima) aspergillum - Michaelsen, 1929 : 158 . Formosa . Pheretima takatorii - Kobayashi, 1939a : 659 , 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 391. Taipei and Hsinchu. Pheretima aspergillum - Gates, 1959 : 1 . Chaochou, Pingtung County; - Tsai, 1964 : 29 . Sand bank of Danshui River and National Taiwan University campus, Taipei. Amynthas aspergillum - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei City, Hsinchu and Taipei counties; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 227 . Amynthas aspergillus - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 4 . Lanyu Island; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Jiaohsi, Nanao and Suao, Ilan County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 5 . Coastal plain to the elevation of 600 m in central Taiwan . 41. * Amynthas bilineatus Tsai & Shen, 2007 Amynthas bilineatus Tsai et al ., 2007 : 366 . Hill slope along Dongyen Creek, Nantou County. 42. * Amynthas binoculatus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999 Amynthas binoculatus Tsai et al ., 1999 : 41 . Wufong, Taichung County; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Lower peripheral hills at an elevation of 300 m ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 43. * Amynthas candidus ( Goto & Hatai, 1898 ) Perichaeta candida Goto & Hatai, 1898 : 77 . Taipei City. Pheretima candida - Gates, 1959 : 18 . Amynthas candidus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 44. Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) Amynthas carnosus - Shen et al ., 2005b : 97 . Tunghou, Hsiaoi Village, Wulai, Taipei County, and Hsiaojiaohsi and Rt. 33-1 near Meihua Lake, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 45. * Amynthas catenus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001 Amynthas catenus Tsai et al ., 2001: 279 . Mt. Hohuan between Hualien and Nantou counties; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 46. * Amynthas chilanensis Tsai & Tsai, 2007 Amynthas chilanensis Tsai et al ., 2007 : 362 . Chilan, Ilan County. 47. Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) Pheretima diffringens (Baird, 1869) - Kobayashi, 1939a : 660 , 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959 : 6 . Taipei; - Tsai, 1964 : 2 . Sand bank of Danshui River and National Taiwan University campus, Taipei; - Chen & Shih, 1996 : 54 . Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County. Amynthas corticus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al ., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Ilan counties; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 3 . Lanyu Island; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Sanhsing, Tungshan, Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Nanao, Suao, Fushan Botanical Garden, Datung, and Taipinshan, Ilan County. Amynthas cortices - Chuang et al ., 2002: 70. Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Ilan counties; - Chen et al ., 2004 : 118 . Six northern counties. Amynthas corticis - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 2100 m in central Taiwan ; - James et al ., 2005 : 1023 . Mt. Nanren, Jioupeng, and Nanhe, Chunrih, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 48. * Amynthas cruxus Tsai & Shen, 2007 Amynthas cruxus Tsai et al ., 2007 : 368 . Tengchih, Shihshan Forest Road and Chuyunshan Nature Reserve, Kaohsiung County. 49. * Amynthas exiguus aquilonius Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001 Amynthas exiguus aquilonius Tsai et al ., 2001: 277 . Mt. Hohuan, Hualien County and Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 50. * Amynthas fenestrus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003 Amynthas fenestrus Shen et al ., 2003b : 487 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve and Mt. Beidongyen, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 51. Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) Pheretima sp. Takahashi, 1931 : 10 and 1932: 344. Taipei City. (According to the structure described, it was later identified as Pheretima hawayana ). Pheretima hawayana (Rosa, 1891) - Kobayashi, 1939b : 778 , 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964 : 9 . Sand bank of Danshui River, National Taiwan University campus, Yingko, and Wanhua, Taipei; - Kuo, 1995 : 184 . Hsinpu, Hsinchu; - Chen & Shih, 1996 : 54 . Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County. Amynthas gracilis - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al ., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Ilan counties; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 3 . Lanyu Island; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Sanhsing, Tungshan, Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Nanao, Suao, Datong, and Gueishan (Turtle) Island , Ilan County; - Chen et al ., 2004 : 118 . Six northern counties; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 2100 m in central Taiwan ; - James et al ., 2005 : 1024 . Caopu and Gaoshih, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 52. * Amynthas hohuanmontis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2002 Amynthas hohuanmontis Tsai et al ., 2002: 758 . Mt. Hohuan, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . Remarks: A. hohuanmontis was originally described as an athecate earthworm (Tsai et al . 2002). However, examination of specimens from successive collections showed that this species has spermathecae from three pairs in VI-VIII to absence, and the structure of the prostate glands varies from normal, asymmetrical, to absence, which also indicates parthenogenetic degeneration. 53. Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) Pheretima hupeiensis - Kobayashi, 1939a : 660 , 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964 : 11. Sand bank of Danshui River, Taipei City. Amynthas hupeiensis - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al ., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Hsinchu and Ilan counties; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 54. Amynthas incongruus ( Chen, 1933 ) Pheretima incongrua - Gates, 1959 : 13 . Taipei; - Tsai, 1964 : 19 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City. Amynthas incongruus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - James et al ., 2005 : 1025 . Mt. Nanren, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . Amynthas incongrua - Chuang et al ., 2002: 69. Taoyuan and Hsinchu counties; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Suao, Fushan Botanical Garden, Datong, and Gueishan (Turtle) Island , Ilan County. 55 . * Amynthas lini Chang, Lin, Chen, Chuang & Chen, 2007 Amynthas lini Chang et al ., 2007b : 234 . Taipei, Ilan, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Nantou, and Chiayi counties. 56. * Amynthas meishanensis Chang, Lin, Chen, Chuang & Chen, 2007 Amynthas meishanensis Chang et al ., 2007b : 236 . Meishan, Chiayi County. 57. Amynthas minimus (Horst, 1893) Pheretima zoysiae Chen, 1933 - Kobayashi, 1940b : 274 and 1940c: 391. Hsinchu; - Kobayashi, 1941 : 378 . Taiwan . Amynthas minimus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . Remarks: A. minimus was first collected by Kobayashi (1940b , c ). Recently, it was also collected by us from the No. 100 Forest Road (elevation 1060 m ), Ilan County on 17 October 2002 and Hushan Temple (elevation 140 m ), Douliou, Yunlin County on 12 June 2007 . 58. Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1892) Pheretima morrisi - Kobayashi, 1939b : 778 , 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964 : 17 . Yingko, Taipei County. Amynthas morrisi - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 69. Hsinchu County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 1100 m in central Taiwan ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 59. * Amynthas nanrenensis James, Shih & Chang, 2005 Amynthas nanrenensis James et al ., 2005 : 1008 . Mt. Nanren, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 60. * Amynthas nanshanensis Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003 Amynthas nanshanensis Shen et al ., 2003b : 482 . Mountain slop along Nanshan Creek and Mt. Beidongyen, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 61. Amynthas papilio (Gates, 1930) Amynthas papilio - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei and Hsinchu counties; - Chen & Chuang, 2003 : 90. National Taiwan University and Hsinchu Girl High School campuses. Amynthas papilio papilio - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 62. Amynthas papulosus ( Rosa, 1896 ) Pheretima papulosa sauteri Michaelsen, 1922 : 26 . Chiahsien (= Dorf Kosempo), Kaohsiung County; - Kobayashi, 1939a : 660 , 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu. Pheretima papulosa - Gates, 1959 : 18 . Amynthas papulosus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al ., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Ilan counties; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Jiaohsi, Suao and Gueishan (Turtle) Island , Ilan County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Tsaotun, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 63. * Amynthas penpuensis Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003 Amynthas penpuensis Shen et al ., 2003b : 481 . Mountain slops along Penpu and Nanshan creeks, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 64. * Amynthas polyglandularis ( Tsai, 1964 ) Pheretima polyglandularis Tsai, 1964 : 30 . Hill behind the 8th dormitory of National Taiwan University, Taipei City. Pheretima polyglandular - Chen & Shih, 1996 : 54 . Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County. Amynthas omeimontis polyglandularis - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 . Amynthas polyglandularis - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Jiaohsi, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . Amynthas omeimontis polyglandular - Chen et al ., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Ilan counties. Remarks: A. polyglandularis is considered as A. o. polyglandularis , a subspecies of Amynthas omeimontis ( Chen, 1931 ) by Sims and Easton (1972) . However, the arrangement of its genital papillae differs distinctively from that of A. omeimontis , sufficient for specific distinction ( Tsai et al . 2000a ). Also, A. polyglandularis has simple intestinal caeca whereas A. omeimontis has finger-like caeca ( Blakemore et al . 2006 ). 65. * Amynthas proasacceus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001 Amynthas proasacceus Tsai et al ., 2001: 282 . Mt. Hohuan between Hualien and Nantou counties and Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Amynthas assacceus - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . Remarks: A. proasacceus of Taiwan is considered to be an uncertain synonym of A. asacceus ( Chen, 1938 ) of Hainan Island, China , and the latter is the athecate morph of the former ( Blakemore 2003 ; Blakemore et al . 2006 ). Both species share fairly similar characteristics in size, large round male porophores, and degenerated spermathecae and male reproductive organs, but they are specifically distinguishable. A. asacceus has a single seta between the porophores, long coiled prostatic ducts, and male pores, each in a dark-coloured, glandular patch which is 0.7 mm in diameter, ( Chen 1938 ). A. proasacceus has 6-9 setae between the porophores, short C-shaped prostatic ducts, and male pores, each in a smooth, indistinctly coloured male patch which is 0.45-0.65 mm in diameter and surrounded by two or three circular folds, (Tsai et al . 2001). Furthermore, recent molecular evidence based on COI sequence analysis demonstrates that A. proasacceus and A. asacceus are two valid species ( Chang et al . 2007a ). 66. Amynthas robustus ( Perrier, 1872 ) Pheretima robusta - Kobayashi, 1940c : 390 . Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964 : 26 . The 8th dormitory of National Taiwan University, Taipei City. Pheretima lauta Ude, 1905 - Tsai, 1964 : 25 . National Taiwan University campus and Taipei City Park, Taipei City and Yingko, Taipei County. Amynthas robustus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al ., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Hsinchu counties; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Jiaohsi, Nanao, Fushan Botanical Garden, and Datung, Ilan County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 7 ; - James et al ., 2005 : 1025 . Chaishan, near National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . Amynthas lautus - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Tsai & Tsai, 2001: 21. National Taiwan University’s Forest Recreation Park, Hsitou, Nantou County; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 3 . Lanyu Island. Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892) - Chuang & Chen, 2002: 74. Mt. Dongyan, Taoyuan County. Remarks: A. lautus is synonymous to A. robustus according to the recent molecular analysis ( Chang et al . 2007a ). A. masatakae is also synonymous to A. robustus according to Easton (1981) , Blakemore (2003) and Blakemore et al . (2006) . 67. Amynthas rockefelleri ( Chen, 1933 ) Pheretima rockfelleri - Kobayashi, 1939a : 660 , 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 391. Hsinchu. Pheretima rockefelleri - Tsai, 1964 : 8 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City. Amynthas hsinpuensis Kuo, 1995 : 187 . Hankenli, Hsinpu, Hsinchu County; - Shih et al ., 1999 : 437 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 . Pheretima rockerfelleri - Chen & Shih, 1996 : 54 . Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County. Amynthas papulosus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 and 437. Amynthas rockefelleri - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Nanao, Fushan Botanical Garden and Datung, Ilan County; - Shen et al ., 2003a : 42 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Meihsi, Wushe and Guohsing, Nantou County. 68. * Amynthas sexpectatus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999 Amynthas sexpectatus Tsai et al ., 1999 : 38 . Guohsing, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Jilongshan (Mt. Jilong) near Chungliao, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 69 . * Amynthas shinanmontis Tsai & Shen, 2007 Amynthas shinanmontis Tsai et al ., 2007 : 358 . Mt. Shinan, Shihshan Forest Road, Chuyunshan Nature Reserve, Kuaigu, and Rt. 20 near Daguanshan Tunnel, Kaohsiung County, and Yakou and Hsiangyang, Taitung County. 70. * Amynthas swanus ( Tsai, 1964 ) Pheretima swanus Tsai, 1964 : 13 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City. Amynthas swanus - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 69. Taoyuan County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Jiji and Tsaotun, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 71. Amynthas taipeiensis ( Tsai, 1964 ) Pheretima taipeiensis Tsai, 1964 : 12 . Chungho, Taipei County; - Chen & Shih, 1996 : 54 . Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County. Amynthas taipeiensis - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 72. * Amynthas tantulus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003 Amynthas tantulus Shen et al ., 2003b : 484 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 73. * Amynthas tayalis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999 Amynthas tayalis Tsai et al ., 1999 : 36 . Hsiju, Taipei County; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 69. Ilan County; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Jiaohsi and Datung, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 74. * Amynthas tessellatus tessellatus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2002 Amynthas tessellatus tessellatus Shen et al ., 2002: 2 and 7. Wulin to Meihsi, Nantou County; - Tsai, et al ., 2004a : 5 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 75. * Amynthas tessellatus paucus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2002 Amynthas tessellatus paucus Shen et al ., 2002: 2 and 7. Wanda to Penpu, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 5 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 76. * Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999 Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai et al ., 1999 : 34 . Tungpu, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Mountain slops along Penpu, Nanshan and Dongyen creeks, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . Amynthas monsoonus James et al ., 2005 : 1012 . Mt. Nanren, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 77. * Amynthas uvaglandularis Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003 Amynthas uvaglandularis Shen et al ., 2003b : 479 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, National Taiwan University’s High-altitude Horticulture Experimental Station at Meifong, and Mt. Beidongyen, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 78. * Amynthas wangi Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003 Amynthas wangi Shen et al ., 2003b : 489 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . 79. * Amynthas wulinensis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001 Amynthas wulinensis Tsai et al ., 2001: 285 and 2004a: 5. Wulin to Nanshan Creek, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 ; - Chang et al ., 2007b : 232 . 80. * Metaphire bununa Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000 Metaphire bununa bununa Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1736 . Mt. Jilong, Jiji, Chungliao, Guohsing, and Shuili, Nantou County; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Metaphire bununa - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang & Chen, 2004 : 221 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 5 . Mt. Hohuan to Jijji, Nantiu County; - Tsai et al ., 2004b : 881 ; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Heping, Taichung County. 81. Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867) Pheretima californica - Kobayashi, 1939b : 777 , 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959 : 5 . Taipei; - Tsai, 1964 : 23 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City and Yingko, Taipei County; - Kuo, 1995 : 185 . Tsaochiao, Miaoli County. Metaphire californica - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Hsinchu counties; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 3 . Lanyu Island; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Sanhsing, Tungshan, Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Nanao, Suao, Datung, and Gueishan (Turtle) Island , Ilan County; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 2100 m in central Taiwan ; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Taipei City; - James et al ., 2005 : 1026 . Laiyi, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 . Metaphire hesperidum (Beddard, 1892) - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 . 82. * Metaphire feijani Chang & Chen, 2004 Metaphire feijani Chang & Chen, 2004 : 219 . Majia and Wutai, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Amynthas ailiaoensis James, Shih & Chang, 2005 : 1020 . Wutai, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 227 . 83. * Metaphire formosae ( Michaelsen, 1922 ) Pheretima formosae Michaelsen, 1922 : 39 . Chiahsien (= Dorf Koseypo), Kaohsiung County; - Kobayashi, 1939a : 659 . Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959 : 9 . Chaochou, Pingtung County. Amynthas formosae - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1740 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Peripheral hills of Central Mountain Range, Nantou County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Yangmei, Taoyuan County south to Mayshan, Chiayi County; - James et al ., 2005 : 1017 . Amynthas chaishanensis James et al ., 2005 : 1021 . Chaishan, Kaohsiung City; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . Metaphire formosae Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Yangmei, Taoyuan County south to Mayshan, Chiayi County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. 84. * Metaphire glareosa Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000 Metaphire bununa glareosus Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1738 . Jhihben, Taitung County. Metaphire bununa glareosa - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 229 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Metaphire glareosa - Chang et al ., 2008: 964. 85. Metaphire houlleti ( Perrier, 1872 ) Metaphire houlleti - Shen et al ., 2005a : 13 . Haocha, Pingtung County; - James et al ., 2005 : 1026 . Wutai, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . Amynthas huangi James et al ., 2005 : 1014 . Shihwen, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 86. * Metaphire nanaoensis Chang & Chen, 2005 Metaphire nanaoensis Chang & Chen, 2005b : 1473 ; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Nanao, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Metaphire nanauensis - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . 87. * Metaphire paiwanna paiwanna Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000 Metaphire paiwanna paiwanna Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1732 . Mudan, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Metaphire paiwanna - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Chang & Chen, 2004 : 219 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004b : 881 ; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Liouguei, Kaohsiung County. Amynthas kaopingensis James et al ., 2005 : 1017 . Caopu, Shihzih, and Mt. Dahan, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . 88. * Metaphire paiwanna hengchunensis ( James, Shih & Chang, 2005 ) Amynthas hengchunensis James et al ., 2005 : 1015 . Mt. Nanren and Hengchun, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 228 . Metaphire hengchunensis - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Metaphire paiwanna hengchunensis - Chang et al ., 2008: 965. 89. * Metaphire paiwanna liliumfordi Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000 Metaphire paiwanna liliumfordi Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1734 . Mt. Setou, Hualien County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. 90. Metaphire posthuma (Vaillant, 1869) Pheretima posthuma - Gates, 1959 : 15 . Chaochou, Pingtung County; - Tsai, 1964 : 4 . Wanhua railroad station and sand bank of Danshui River, Taipei. Metaphire posthuma - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 287 ; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei and Ilan counties; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . 91. * Metaphire puyuma Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999 Metaphire puyuma Tsai et al ., 1999 : 42 . Monhuan Lake shore, Taitung City; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . 92. Metaphire schmardae (Horst, 1883) Pheretima schmardae - Kobayashi, 1940a : 120 and 1940b: 274. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964 : 20 . National Taiwan University campus and sand bank of Danshui River, Taipei; - Kuo, 1995 : 188 . Hsinchu Teacher’s College campus. Metaphire schmardae schmardae - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 76 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Taipei City; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . Metaphire schmardae - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 288 ; - Chang et al ., 2001 : 77 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei and Hsinchu counties; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Coastal plain to peripheral hills to the elevation of 250 m in central Taiwan . 93. * Metaphire tahanmonta Chang & Chen, 2005 Metaphire tahanmonta Chang & Chen, 2005b : 1475 . Mt. Tahan, Pingtung County, and Paoshan and Ernchituan, Kaohsiung County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Taoyuan, Kaohsiung County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. 94. * Metaphire taiwanensis Tsai, Tsai & Shen, 2004 Metaphire taiwanensis Tsai et al ., 2004b : 878 ; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Mt. Beidongyen and National Taiwan University’s High-Altitude Horticulture Experimental Station, Meifong, Nantou County; - Chang & Chen, 2004 : 221 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. 95. * Metaphire trutina Tsai, Chen, Tsai & Shen, 2003 Metaphire trutina Tsai et al ., 2003: 84 . Hsiaojiaohsi, Ilan County; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58. Jiaohsi, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. Metaphire yuanpowa Chang & Chen, 2005b : 1470 . Wulai and Pinglin, Taipei County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Wulai, Taipei County. 96. * Metaphire yeni Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2000 Metaphire yeni Tsai S. C. et al ., 2000: 8 . Wutai, Pingtung County; - Chang & Chen, 2004 : 219 ; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 . 97. * Metaphire yuhsii ( Tsai, 1964 ) Pheretima yuhsi Tsai, 1964 : 5 . Neihu and Yuantung Temple, Taipei County. Pheretima formosae - Kobayashi, 1939a : 659 . Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959 : 9 . Yangmingshan, Taipei. Amynthas yuhsi - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 . Amynthas yushi - Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1740 . Amynthas formosae - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 286 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000c : 1740 ; - Chuang et al ., 2002: 68. Taipei and Taoyuan counties; - Chen et al ., 2003 : 58 . Jiaohsi and Gueishan (Turtle) Island , Ilan County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Metaphire yuhsii Chang & Chen, 2005a : 593 . Hsintien, Taipei County south to Jianshi, Hsinchu County; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 ; - Chang et al ., 2008: 958. 98. Polypheretima elongata ( Perrier, 1872 ) Pheretima elongata - Gates, 1959 : 9 . Tsing-Chao Maa, central Taiwan . Polypheretima elongata - Shih et al ., 1999 : 436 ; - Tsai et al ., 2000a : 288 ; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b : 4 . Lanyu Island; - Tsai et al ., 2004a : 6 . Peripheral hills from the elevation of 250 m to 500 m in central Taiwan ; - James et al ., 2005 : 1026 . National Sun Yat-sen University campus, Kaohsiung City; - Blakemore et al ., 2006 : 230 .