Revision of the Peruvian tarantula Homoeomma peruvianum (Chamberlin, 1916): description of a new genus with eleven new species and insights to the evolution of montane tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) Author Radan Kaderka Roztoky u Prahy, Czech Republic radan.kaderka@seznam.cz Author Tim Lüddecke Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany; cLOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics TBG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Author Milan Řezáč Crop Research Institute, Prague 6, Czech Republic Author Veronika Řezáčová Crop Research Institute, Prague 6, Czech Republic Author Martin Hüsser Rudolfstetten, Switzerland text Journal of Natural History 2023 2023-11-30 57 41 - 44 1710 1824 journal article 284800 10.1080/00222933.2023.2265621 e6703401-f739-4ef1-97c0-bd68a4a42fbe 1464-5262 10491985 Urupelma awanqay sp. n. ( Figures 25–32 , 79H ; Tables 11 , 12 , 24 ) Types Male holotype ( MUSM-ENT 0511135 , exuvia RKCP 0653 ) from Peru , Apurímac , Abancay , 2818 m a .s .l ., 23 October 2016 , R . Kaderka col .; female paratype ( MUSM-ENT 0511169 ) from Peru , Apurímac , Abancay , 2983 m a .s .l ., 23 October 2016 , R . Kaderka col.; female paratype from specimen in alcohol, ventral view. G . Immature female paratype ( MUSM-ENT 0513023 ) from Peru , Cusco , Convención , Santa María . Spermathecae dissected from exuvia, ventral view. H . Immature female paratype ( MUSM-ENT 0513023 ; car. 7.74) from Peru , Cusco , Convención , Santa María . Spermathecae dissected from exuvia, ventral view. I . Female ( MUSM-ENT 0514022 ; car. 10.43), offspring of female ( MUSM-ENT 0513025 ) from Peru , Cusco , Convención , Santa María . Spermathecae dissected from exuvia, ventral view. ] . Female ( MUSM-ENT 0514022 ; car. 13.16), offspring of female ( MUSM-ENT 0513025 ) from Peru , Cusco , Convención , Santa María . Spermathecae dissected from exuvia, ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm . Photo by R . Kaderka. Figure 24. A–D . Urupelma sanctitheresae sp. n. , spermathecae with two separated seminal receptacles. A . Female (MUSM-ENT 0513020) from Peru, Cusco, Convención, Santa Teresa. Spermathecae dissected from dried female, ventral view. B . Immature female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513022) from Peru, Cusco, Convención, Santa Teresa. Spermathecae dissected from exuvia, ventral view. C . Immature female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513022) from Peru, Cusco, Convención, Santa Teresa. Spermathecae dissected from exuvia, ventral view. D . Female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513022) from Peru, Cusco, Convención, Santa Teresa. Spermathecae dissected from specimen in alcohol, dorsal view. E–] . Urupelma sanctimariae sp. n. , spermathecae with two separated or basally joined seminal receptacles. E . Female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513025) from Peru, Cusco, Convención, Santa María. Spermathecae with basally joined seminal receptacles, dissected from exuvia, ventral view. F . Female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513025) from Peru, Cusco, Convención, Santa María. Spermathecae dissected Table 9. Urupelma sanctimariae sp. n. Male paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513024) from Santa María, Cusco, Peru. Lengths of palpal and leg segments.

Femur	Patella	Tibia	Metatarsus	Tarsus	Total
Palp	6.5	3.7	5.4	–	2.7	18.3
Leg I	11.7	6.1	9.7	8.2	5.8	41.5
Leg II	10.2	5.4	7.9	7.9	5.6	37.0
Leg III	8.8	4.6	6.5	9.1	5.3	34.3
Leg IV	11.6	5.0	9.5	12.8	6.3	45.2

Table 10. Urupelma sanctimariae sp. n. Female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0513025) from Santa María, Cusco, Peru. Lengths of palpal and leg segments.

Femur	Patella	Tibia	Metatarsus	Tarsus	Total
Palp	7.5	4.8	5.2	–	5.5	23.0
Leg I	10.5	7.1	7.9	6.1	4.8	36.4
Leg II	9.3	6.2	6.4	5.9	5.1	32.9
Leg III	8.2	5.2	5.4	7.4	4.8	31.0
Leg IV	10.8	5.7	7.7	11.0	5.5	40.7

(MUSM-ENT 0514037, exuvia RKCP 0782) from Peru , Apurímac , Abancay , 2818 m a .s .l ., 23 October 2016 , R . Kaderka col. Etymology The specific name refers to the type locality near the city of Abancay in Apurímac Department , Peru , and to one of two possible explanations of the origin of the word Abancay . According to Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino, a Peruvian linguist, it originates from the Quechuan ̍awanqay ̾, meaning ̍weaving place̾. Diagnosis Urupelma awanqay sp. n. differs from U. ashaninka sp. n. , U. johannae sp. n. , U. atarraz sp. n. and U. megantonianum sp. n. in the absence of urticating setae of type IV (only type III are present). The males of U. awanqay sp. n. differs from all congeners in the presence of short and stout embolus with well-developed PI and developed R and SA keel, PS keel is absent ( Figure 28 ). Two unequal subapical apophyses are present on male tibia I, basally fused, each with long spine. Palpal tibia retrolaterally with a cluster of short spiniform setae, the retrolateral process indistinct. Males of U. awanqay sp. n. differ from U. veronicae sp. n. and U. dianae sp. n. in having R keel developed and less developed TP in palpal bulb (weakly developed R keel and the presence of well-developed TP in palpal bulbs of U. veronicae sp. n. and U. dianae sp. n. ). Distribution Known only from the type locality ( Figure 76 ). MALE (MUSM-ENT 0511135): ( Figures 25–28 ) Total length: 18.94, carapace length 8.14, width 7.02, chelicerae with 10 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 26C ) AME 0.31 (circular), ALE 0.34 (oval), PME 0.25 (oval), PLE 0.26 (oval), AME-AME 0.16, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.55, PME-PLE 0.05, ALE-PLE 0.14, AME-PME 0.09, OQ length 0.65, width 1.21. Ocular tubercle length 0.96, width 1.21, clypeus absent. Fovea transverse, procurved, width 1.0, 5.2 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 0.95, width 1.40, anterior half with 16 cuspules, maxillae with 107–111 cuspules anteriorly in basal half, short spiniform setae in apical half absent. Sternum length 3.96, width 3.40, three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.26, 0.39 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.18, 0.18 from edge of sternum) and coxae I (length 0.10, 0.22 from edge of sternum). Leg formula: IV> I> II> III. Incrassate leg segments: incrassate femur III. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory bristles absent. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 90%, metatarsi II 60%, metatarsi III 40%, metatarsi IV 20% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I undivided, tarsal scopulae II divided by a longitudinal line of setae, tarsal scopulae III–IV divided by a longitudinal band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws on left leg (prolateral/ retrolateral row): I 3/3, II 3/4, III 5/3, IV 3/? Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Figure 25. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , male holotype (MUSM-ENT 0511135) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2818 m a.s.l., habitus of male, dorsal view. Photo by R. Kaderka. Table 11. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. Male holotype (MUSM-ENT 05111358) from Abancay, Peru. Lengths of palpal and leg segments.

Femur	Patella	Tibia	Metatarsus	Tarsus	Total
Palp	4.3	2.6	3.8	–	1.6	12.3
Leg I	8.0	4.2	6.5	5.2	4.2	28.1
Leg II	7.0	3.6	5.3	5.2	4.1	25.2
Leg III	6.2	3.4	4.6	6.2	4.1	24.5
Leg IV	8.1	3.7	6.7	9.2	4.5	32.2

Table 12. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. Female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0511169) from Abancay, Peru. Lengths of palpal and leg segments.

Femur	Patella	Tibia	Metatarsus	Tarsus	Total
Palp	7.5	4.4	5.2	–	5.4	22.5
Leg I	10.4	6.6	8.0	6.1	4.4	35.5
Leg II	9.2	6.7	6.4	6.0	4.2	32.5
Leg III	7.9	5.1	5.3	7.2	4.8	30.3
Leg IV	10.5	5.7	7.7	10.2	5.3	39.4

Spination: femora I p 0-0-2, II p 1-1-1, III p 0-1-1, r 0-1-1, IV d 0-0-1 and femora of palps p 0-0-1; patellae I 0, II 0, III p 0-1-0, IV 0 and patellae of palps 0; tibiae I v 2-2-1, p 1-0-1, II v 3-2- 3 (apical), p 1-0-0, III v 3-2-3 (apical), p 1-0-0, IV v 3-3-0, p 1-0-0, r 1-0-0 and tibiae of palps v 1-0-1, p 0-1-0; metatarsi I v 0-0-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, II v 2-1-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, III v 3-2-1-3 (apical), p 1-1-0, r 1-0-0, d 0-1-1, IV v 2-2-1-2 (apical), p 1-1-1, r 1-1-1-1, tarsi I–IV and tarsi of palps 0. Palpal organ as in Figure 28 , embolus short and stout with four keels, PS, PI, A and SA keel, PI keel is subtriangular. A keel is short, transparent, SA keel is long and ending on tegulum. Tegulum with short basal apophysis. Retrolateral lobe of cymbium covered with short spiniform setae. Retrolateral face of palpal tibia with indistinct subapical protuberance, covered with spiniform setae ( Figure 26F, G ). Two unequal subapical apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figure 27 ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis with long apical spine, a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis with single, retrolateral spine reaching the apex. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved and without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face. When flexed, metatarsus I contacts the retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Abdomen: ( Figure 26E ) urticating setae are located in a central patch (bare in male holotype ). Size of the patch: length 3.30, width 3.05. PLS: length 3.04, basal segment 1.25, middle segment 0.78, apical segment 1.01, all digitiform. PMS: 0.78. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: ( Figure 25 ) carapace and coxae brown, covered with golden pubescence, chelicerae and trochantera brown, femora dark grey, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brown. Patellae I, II and palpal patella with two equal longitudinal stripes without covering setae, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes without covering setae. Abdomen dark brown, except for the central patch with missing urticating setae which is yellowish. Ventral view: labium and maxillae reddish-brown, sternum, coxae, trochantera brown, femora dark grey, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brown. Abdomen yellowish brown. Spinnerets brown. Figure 26. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , male holotype (MUSM-ENT 0511135) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2818 m a.s.l. A . Carapace, coxae and trochantera, dorsal view. B . Sternum, labium, maxilla, coxae and trochantera, ventral view. C . Ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D . Labium and left maxilla, ventral view. E . Abdomen, dorsal view. F–G . Morphology of right palpal tibia and cymbium without bulb. F . Ventral view. G . Retrolateral view, arrows show areas of spiniform setae. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photo by R. Kaderka. Figure 27. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , male holotype (MUSM-ENT 0511135) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2818 a.s.l., left tibia I, prolateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photo by R. Kaderka. FEMALE (MUSM-ENT 0511169): ( Figures 29 , 31 , 32B ) Total length: 29.2, carapace length 15.2, width 12.0, chelicerae with 11 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 31C ) AME 0.42 (circular), ALE 0.51 (oval), PME 0.36 (oval), PLE 0.39 (oval), AME-AME 0.40, AME-ALE 0.18, PME-PME 0.96, PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.35, AME-PME 0.13, OQ length 1.01, width 2.05. Ocular tubercle: length 1.74, width 2.05, clypeus absent. Fovea transverse, oval, deep, width 2.38, 9.87 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 2.13, width 2.34, anterior quarter with 30 cuspules, maxillae with 122–136 cuspules in basal half, short spiniform setae in apical half absent. Sternum length 7.13, width 5.90, with three visible pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.48, 0.96 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.46, 0.52 from edge of sternum) and coxae I (length 0.26, 0.65 from edge of sternum). Leg formula: IV> I> II> III. All leg segments uniform. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 100%, metatarsi II 70%, metatarsi III 35%, metatarsi IV 25% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I undivided, tarsal scopulae II, III divided by a longitudinal band of setae, in tarsi IV divided by a wide band of such setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws on right leg (prolateral/retrolateral row): I 4/4, II 2/2, III 7/7, IV 6/6. Teeth on tarsal claws of anterior legs less developed. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Spination: femora I, II p 0-0-1, femur III r 0-0-1, femur IV 0 and femora of palps p 0-0-1, patellae I, II 0, patellae III p 0-0-2, r 1-1-0, patellae IV p 0-1-0 and patellae of palps 0, tibiae I v 1-0-2 (apical), p 1-1-0, II v 1-1-3 (apical), p 1-0-0, III v 1-1-2 (apical), p 1-2-1, r 1-1-0, IV v 2-2-3 (apical), p 1-1-0, r 1-1-0 and tibiae of palps v 1-2-4 (apical), p 0-1-0, metatarsi I v 2-1-1 (apical), p 1-0-0, II v 2-1-2 (apical), p 1-1-0, III v 1-1-2 (apical), p 2-3-2-1, r 2-1-1, IV v 3-2-1-3 (apical), p 1-1-1, r 1-2-1-1, tarsi I–IV and tarsi of palps 0. Figure 28. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , male holotype (MUSM-ENT 0511135) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2818 m a.s.l., morphology of right palpal bulb. A . Prolateral view. B . Retrolateral view. C . Ventral view. D . Ventrally prolateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photo by R. Kaderka. Figure 29. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0511169) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2983 m a.s.l., habitus, dorsal view. Photo by R. Kaderka. Figure 30. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , juvenile female (MUSM-ENT 514037, car. 7.4) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2818 m a.s.l., habitus, dorsal view. Photo by R. Kaderka. Figure 31. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0511169) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, 2983 m a.s.l. A . Carapace, dorsal view. B . Sternum, labium, maxillae and coxae, ventral view. C . Ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D . Left maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C, D = 1 mm. Photo by R. Kaderka. Spermathecae: ( Figure 32B ) two separated seminal receptacles with distinct granulation, sclerotised basal extension absent. Abdomen: urticating setae of type III are located in the subcircular central patch. PLS: length 5.17, basal segment 2.30, middle segment 1.35, apical segment 1.52, all digitiform. PMS: 1.43. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: ( Figure 29 ) carapace, coxae and trochantera brown with golden pubescence, chelicerae brown, femora, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brown, intermixed with long, pale setae. Patellae I, II, palpal patellae, tibiae I–IV, palpal tibiae with two equal parallel longitudinal stripes without covering setae, in tibiae I, II less visible, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes without covering setae. Abdomen ( Figure 29 ) covered with short dark brown setae, intermixed with long, rufous setae, except for the oval central patch which is light brown. Length of the central patch: 4.9, width 4.7. Ventral view: maxillae, labium reddish-brown, sternum, coxae, trochantera, femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi brown. Abdomen ventrally without dark longitudinal band. Spinnerets brown. Figure 32. Urupelma awanqay sp. n. , spermathecae with two separated seminal receptacles. A . Immature female (MUSM-ENT 514037) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, ventral view. B . Mature female paratype (MUSM-ENT 0511169) from Peru, Apurímac, Abancay, ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photo by R. Kaderka. Variability The variability in the shape of spermathecae is shown in Figure 32 .