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data/32/54/1A/32541A827EFB30C5BA080A29061E92EC.xml
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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297060" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4ec5bc66-0ad8-4214-a6a1-9f3a733ea999" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905277960" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="32541A827EFB30C5BA080A29061E92EC" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Vespertilionidae.451-529.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Kerivoula papillosa" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="1612F121776AEBF203A8EB376B6B87C6" lastPageNumber="527" masterDocId="1612F121776AEBF203A8EB376B6B87C6" masterDocTitle="Order Chiroptera - Family Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="529" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="527" updateTime="1716775078212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8E80A1260C273AE913804328F07829AC">Order Chiroptera - Family Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AB948305C49AB0BC6B695FD2C17DE75">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC3B85440C05EBA8B3BBE5AD1311BB26">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C6CDB26F1F61BC9F7DBBE943C3F0B0EE">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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<treatment id="32541A827EFB30C5BA080A29061E92EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11328631" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231524086" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11328631" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32541A827EFB30C5BA080A29061E92EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32541A827EFB30C5BA080A29061E92EC" lastPageNumber="527" pageNumber="527" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13802699">
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<subSubSection id="D637CD84B30FCA8E36E2E2A273879D91" pageNumber="527" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1B4BCA61DC466CE28EE28B556245EC1F" pageNumber="527">
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<taxonomicName id="E3DD10009ADF1088D44CC6E43DC7FED8" ID-CoL="3R624" authority="(Temminck 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="285A3FA3C7610CE690607CF2FC5D6E00" italics="true" pageNumber="527">Kerivoula papillosa</emphasis>
|
||||
(Temminck 1840)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8BD430320E48A02BDE6D327E703B5628" pageNumber="527" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="EAEFD8EFA2DAF89EFA0FAB1AE94AEEA8" pageNumber="527">
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<treatmentCitation id="BCAE1E160254DB0E44B66ECD3AFEF10D" author="Temminck" authority="(Temminck 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" page="220" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa" title="[Kerivoula] papillosa" volumeTitle="Monogr. Mamm., Vol. 2" year="1840">
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<taxonomicName id="1D689CB6D0B980CC65787FC656D0E19E" ID-CoL="3R624" authority="(Temminck 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D212F6B1291E838ADD1906327FB2A368" italics="true" pageNumber="527">[Kerivoula] papillosa</emphasis>
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||||
(Temminck 1840)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibCitation id="C46F172957B94565BD0F7EEA04E08E3C" author="Temminck" pageNumber="527" pagination="220" title="[Kerivoula] papillosa" volumeTitle="Monogr. Mamm., Vol. 2" year="1840">Monogr. Mamm., Vol. 2: 220</bibCitation>
|
||||
</treatmentCitation>
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||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F9031D079B0337B4DEE57E6CDC10D9CC" pageNumber="527" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D0CDE105B62B492DDBCA37019EC03528" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9B88F78383F337102357CE74550360E1" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="527">Type Locality:</emphasis>
|
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<materialsCitation id="BE3C79D9060E3F57FF63AFDB1A5B7C74" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867287604" country="Indonesia" pageNumber="527" stateProvince="Jawa Timur">
|
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<collectingCountry id="E929F6F7F226762A7AD398F87F82C8F0" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="81DDD23535C890C25A927742D2E6D73E" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="C7F3BF9BA1323870A8B54F2897D7F43B" country="Indonesia" name="Banten">Bantam</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(restricted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="07F9E05ADC11CA7AA269F9D10FD4E3AA" author="Tate, G. H. H." refId="ref347338" refString="Tate, G. H. H. 1940. Notes on the types of certain early described species of monotremes, marsupials, Muridae and bats from the Indo-Australian region. American Museum Novitates, 1061: 1 - 10." year="1940">Tate, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9B995054F43279204F6D673B98667F60" pageNumber="527" type="vernacular_names">
|
||||
<paragraph id="24B0551810CEA08C793D77D5D97A04D2" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
<emphasis id="78E1C339A37DD09250BA2D22736DD1EB" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="527">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
|
||||
<vernacularName id="4405A8CB9B9ABA7945299DC810FCA809" language="eng" pageNumber="527">Papillose Woolly Bat</vernacularName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9A387DC5079767F8F63AF71CEEAE05B2" pageNumber="527" type="child_taxa">
|
||||
<paragraph id="E8BE94EBBFFD7A336FA3AEE9F61771E2" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
<emphasis id="33EAD7195F2F2516AE316893C0D3CEF6" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="527">Subspecies:</emphasis>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="420A1CB4E15CDBB5BD8931E0F2B4FB73" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F533BE5DBC8D1F0B0956A1423F638EB4" authority="Temminck 1840" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="papillosa" subSpecies="papillosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="820D56ED405C6B6AFE655415F1F765B6" italics="true" pageNumber="527">Kerivoula papillosa</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="5BA66CCB0893998329314BDD8143A7ED" italics="true" pageNumber="527">papillosa</emphasis>
|
||||
Temminck 1840
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="616C7A1D6D2A86D1B22BBE2C15E5707C" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9C7CA651BEDB1F25F25B04C4FBE842F2" authority="Chasen 1940" authorityName="Chasen" authorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="papillosa" subSpecies="malayana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="DF1EA9BB19A04933EB85C4B5672F6AAD" italics="true" pageNumber="527">Kerivoula papillosa</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="41606702EBB3D865CFEDF4233B783B8D" italics="true" pageNumber="527">malayana</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5B200E6F750E38FBA5B3F78745D147C1" author="Chasen, F. N." refId="ref58278" refString="Chasen, F. N. 1940. A handlist of Malaysian mammals: A systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, including the adjacent small islands. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, 15: 1 - 209." year="1940">Chasen 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D580A94D0C5B516B97A46A185026F8E1" pageNumber="527" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="3C58C47901E62F8824CFA27AF26D1948" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3DAEDA8135A9CDC5948DE6AAF3C9EF47" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="527">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="1734C150AF42ED922AC7D00431C26EAC" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F5E1B75B36D35A9302AFE6811670E1DE" name="Cambodia">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B0FAAD74B9BA30BB2758BB835E78A0A6" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, W
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C874E9A88C3891D81A6546EF12EDADCB" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Borneo.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="E6BCDB27A877EC9F4E860ADA0658C3BC" pageNumber="527" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="3A212B3227637AF03EF0AC01B203BBE9" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7486091C9161C32AE19738F39B2F81BF" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="527">Conservation:</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="E4EF6A2980C9562FD1CEEC3D0DEF1AD1">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||||
2003 and
|
||||
<collectionCode id="1F10196B118EF4E2C9E199D57F3A5595">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2F2B020846A4FE33BCF160FC68BB64F2" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9wqd-8bvt" name="Sacramento State University" type="">SSC</collectionCode>
|
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Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="418CD86970A983046082186E6A041E39" pageNumber="527" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5CC9B801E509412AED3BED16BF79D6E8" pageNumber="527">
|
||||
<emphasis id="03032B4C9E7B6999A7DB4FBC4BC128FE" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="527">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||||
Does not include
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="67C92D9FEAF47B5DBDC9048D3EADF287" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lenis">
|
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<emphasis id="47D228DF71AB56A9DB5D576C47BF2D85" italics="true" pageNumber="527">lenis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
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; see
|
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<bibRefCitation id="18247632C0106308AA0AC66F3A427DA6" author="Vanitharani, J. & A. Rajendaran & P. J. J. Bates & D. L. Harrison & M. J. Pearch" refId="ref366371" refString="Vanitharani, J., A. Rajendaran, P. J. J. Bates, D. L. Harrison, and M. J. Pearch. 2003. A taxonomic reassessment of Kerivoula lenis Thomas, 1916 (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) including a first record from peninsular India. Acta Chiropterologica, 5: 49 - 60." year="2003">Vanitharani et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. See
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0DDB3D3E74B64C3F915B07CD454CC0A5" author="Hill, J. E." refId="ref152343" refString="Hill, J. E. 1983. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Indo-Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 43: 103 - 208." year="1983">Hill (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="9DBFFB3E0F4C43C7D4FFB7C0F1E203F5" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67955" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1992. Mammals of the Indomalayan region. A systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 488 pp." year="1992">Corbet and Hill (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for discussion of subspecies. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). Some specimens referred to this species may represent
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D296190ACB59ADAA6F25B9E0101F13E5" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lenis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="DC649503E24571FB12D7EE154999CB89" italics="true" pageNumber="527">lenis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which apprears to be broadly sympatric with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="70E69E5FD04ADF3A91EA04AD9F596908" authority="(Vanitharani et al., 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Vanitharani" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||||
papillosa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B8245A2D1FB268754E843466B77411E0" author="Vanitharani, J. & A. Rajendaran & P. J. J. Bates & D. L. Harrison & M. J. Pearch" refId="ref366371" refString="Vanitharani, J., A. Rajendaran, P. J. J. Bates, D. L. Harrison, and M. J. Pearch. 2003. A taxonomic reassessment of Kerivoula lenis Thomas, 1916 (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) including a first record from peninsular India. Acta Chiropterologica, 5: 49 - 60." year="2003">Vanitharani et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
77
data/32/54/48/3254484E8EE5E6F8F45A323E26D205FB.xml
Normal file
77
data/32/54/48/3254484E8EE5E6F8F45A323E26D205FB.xml
Normal file
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<mods:url id="632A0A0CDBC08763D295A95A2B395931">http://antbase.org/ants/publications/4093/4093.pdf</mods:url>
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<treatment id="3254484E8EE5E6F8F45A323E26D205FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6297757" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100128570" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6297757" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3254484E8EE5E6F8F45A323E26D205FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3254484E8EE5E6F8F45A323E26D205FB" lastPageNumber="12" pageNumber="10">
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||||
<subSubSection id="C5C9650B9F3EE38723C7DB1F4F2E300F" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D638CA4DC588A37499484F3D79371645" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="531157987C258937ECFD773A6473908B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147261" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetrogmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrogmus Roger" lsidName-HNS="Tetrogmus Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tetrogmus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C7280B5D5305505ECA91C29143AF3EE9" rank="genus">n. g.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="3C5447052B34260853CDC3B36AF847C6" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2F11175AC071EEB58F900FBEF7378C72" pageNumber="10">Arbeiter:</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AAEC86CE8D454A4A72214EBD688BB579" pageNumber="10">D er Kopf ist laenger als breit, breiter als der Thorax, von der Breite des Hinterleibs. Von der Fuehlerwurzel an erstreckt sich jederseits auf der Stirne bis gegen den Hinterrand des Kopfs eine Furche, deren aeusserer Rand abgeflacht, der innere aber scharf ist; in dieser Furche liegen die Fuehler. Hinter den Netzaugen auf Hinter- oder Unterseite des Kopfs ist ein zweiter schwaecherer furchenartiger Eindruck.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4FA786EEA11ABA37CFCE79264DC3FEBD" pageNumber="10">Die Oberkiefer sind breit, meist sechszaehnig.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="15CA3C0C6FC2440DEEAF82E060CB63A3" pageNumber="10">Die Kiefertaster sind dreigliedrig.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="79DE32E1712875840CAA4ED5B5C6E65A" pageNumber="10">Die Lippentaster sind zweigliedrig.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2D2E899A6047C99C3EA558C55D967FDD" pageNumber="10">Die Oberlippe ist in der Mitte ausgeschnitten.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BFAFB0A86180DDCBC961AB50F84A5C81" pageNumber="10">Der Clypeus ist gewoelbt, in der Mitte fein, aber scharf gekielt.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D40B3C4DB15B8024A4FCBB4FF8668DFE" pageNumber="10">Die Fuehler sind zwoelfgliedrig. Das erste Geisselglied ist gross, die sieben folgenden sind viel kleiner, die letzten drei sind vergroessert und bilden eine laengliche Keule, das Endglied ist laenger als die beiden vorhergehenden zusammen. Der Schaft der Fuehler re ¡ cht nicht bis zum Hinterrand des Kopfs.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AED37FF9BCA5DF851C0C016B981C9C03" pageNumber="10">Das Stirnfeld ist undeutlich, der feine Kiel des Clypeus geht in dasselbe ueber.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE4A70CBAC4ED9C70C00474AF4B3EAF" pageNumber="11">Punk taugen fehlen.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BF8715F2BD11C258A932D1D957760638" pageNumber="11">Die Netzaugen sind ziemlich klein.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D575F9A5ED75AF713CA4BF07DCD1F0DA" pageNumber="11">Der Thorax ist gerunzelt, vorn am breitesten, verschmaelert sich gegen die Mitte, von welcher an er allmaelig wieder etwas breiter wird.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8C022EA4657696F0E4BA5F9AEF88479D" pageNumber="11">Das Metanotum ist rinnenartig ausgehoehlt, und hat scharf erhabene Raender. In seiner Mitte, wo unter einem scharfen Winkel die abschuessige Stelle ihren Anfang nimmt, sitzen zwei kurze, etwas nach aufwaerts gerichtete Dornen; zwei aehnliche finden; sich am untern Ende der abschuessigen Stelle zur Seite der Einlenkungsstelle des Stielchens.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CC00771520A96863B12367916F6E3988" pageNumber="11">Das erste Glied des Stielchens ist vorne stielfoermig, hinten knotenfoermig; das zweite Glied ist knotenfoermig. Der Knoten ist niedriger und sichtlich breiter als der des ersten Glieds.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8484F38D1E1A193A78CBE3D2C7FC8DE4" pageNumber="11">Der Hinterleib ist rundlich mit Reihen von Borsten; das erste Hinterleibssegment ist das groesste und bedeckt fast das ganze Hintertheil.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2DC19190F722AB2232A9DCF08A32A0FB" pageNumber="11">Die Schienen sind anliegend behaart, ohne abstehende. Borstenhaare.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="040B68DF0C98C96D67377D398561545E" pageNumber="11">Weibchen:</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4C044087AB6DC67B2B8D1308DFD5DBAE" pageNumber="11">Der Kopf ist wie der des Arbeiters.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="30E5B4B1C9A8021F571B8858F0638EEB" pageNumber="11">Drei Punktaugen stehen auf den Scheitel.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="0DEDB63C3CC60213E511289DD9E02B44" pageNumber="11">Die Netzaugen sind etwas groesser als die des Arbeiters.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="33F85D158A82C56FB261CDE029712B6D" pageNumber="11">Die Fuehlerfurche ist wie beim Arbeiter gebildet; aber gewoehnlich viel schwaecher.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7C344655B4FA1C170969CE21F8CC207B" pageNumber="11">Der furchenartige Eindruck auf der Unterseite des Kopfs fehlt entweder ganz, oder ist viel schwaecher.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="38FEF726A33E0B3FAC4241FA5557343D" pageNumber="11">Die Fuehler sind wie die des [[ worker ]]. Der Schaft, horizontal gelegt, ist -mehr als noch mal so lang als der Raum von der Fuehlereinlenkung bis zum Seitenrande des Kopfs.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="55E6FD6A074587E84EB47D88ED263E20" pageNumber="11">Der Thorax ist oben platt gedrueckt, vom vordern Rande bis zu den Ansaetzen der Hinterfluegel fast quadratisch, und wird erst dann etwas schmaeler.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B7CDC721E23A1063B0C9D49942E81396" pageNumber="11">Die abschuessige Stelle hat ebenfalls am obern und untern Ende je zwei Dornen.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2E2F699C083AEDD7CB090319E9ADFCFD" pageNumber="11">Stielchen wie beim [[ worker ]].</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8693D16D447426D0BD55D2CA899B780F" pageNumber="11">Der Hinterleib ist oval oder rundlich, das erste Segment bedeckt mehr als drei Viertheile des ganzen Abdomens.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D000CA6DDF300D6AD7490DA4596D5AEC" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="351CDCB882F686D52219590BA12F5A07" pageNumber="11">Ich besitze bis jetzt nur ungefluegelte [[ queen ]].</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="8D763929E3C367F6D1946E278A70B406" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="77A6E63D793639C4AE3B64F90C717453" pageNumber="12">Maennchen: (ausser in dem nachher zu beschreibenden Zwitter) ist bis jetzt nicht aufgefunden.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
100
data/32/54/64/325464BE2C153B014ACAC41E5631740E.xml
Normal file
100
data/32/54/64/325464BE2C153B014ACAC41E5631740E.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
|||
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|
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<mods:namePart>Moore, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
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||||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cyclocephala@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||||
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<mods:namePart>Cave, Ronald D.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Branham, Marc A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="142480462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:325464BE2C153B014ACAC41E5631740E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/325464BE2C153B014ACAC41E5631740E" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="56" pageNumber="157">
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<taxonomicName LSID="325464BE-2C15-3B01-4ACA-C41E5631740E" authority="Ratcliffe, 1992" authorityName="Ratcliffe" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Cyclocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclocephala deltoides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deltoides">Cyclocephala deltoides Ratcliffe, 1992</taxonomicName>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="157" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ratcliffe" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Cyclocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclocephala deltoides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deltoides">Cyclocephala deltoides</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Ratcliffe, 1992b: 181-183 [original combination].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="157" type="types">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="157">Types.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
Holotype ♂ at UNSM (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Ratcliffe, BC" pageId="217" pageNumber="318" refId="B969" refString="Ratcliffe, BC, 1992b. New species and country records of Brazilian Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 135: 179-190." title="New species and country records of Brazilian Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 135: 179 - 190." year="1992 b">Ratcliffe 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="157" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="157">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
BRAZIL:
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="158" type="references">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="158">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="57" pageNumber="158" start="start">References</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="158">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Ratcliffe, BC" pageId="217" pageNumber="318" refId="B969" refString="Ratcliffe, BC, 1992b. New species and country records of Brazilian Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 135: 179-190." title="New species and country records of Brazilian Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 135: 179 - 190." year="1992 b">Ratcliffe 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Krajcik, M" pageId="200" pageNumber="301" refId="B658" refString="Krajcik, M, 2005. Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Animma.X, Supplement No. 2, Pilsen, 122 pp." title="Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Animma. X, Supplement No. 2, Pilsen, 122 pp." year="2005">Krajcik 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Krajcik, M" pageId="200" pageNumber="301" refId="B659" refString="Krajcik, M, 2012. Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. Animma.X Supplement 5, Pilsen, 278 pp." title="Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. Animma. X Supplement 5, Pilsen, 278 pp." year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
140
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA523FFF8FF52FCE3E378F9DE.xml
Normal file
140
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA523FFF8FF52FCE3E378F9DE.xml
Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
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<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52FCE3E0DBFC71" bold="true" box="[151,664,891,916]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
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Genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF2FFCE3E0DBFC71" ID-CoL="7PP7H" authority="Fujii & Reimer, 2011" authorityName="Fujii & Reimer" authorityYear="2011" box="[234,664,891,916]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF2FFCE3E3DBFC71" bold="true" box="[234,408,891,916]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Microzoanthus</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FE5AFCE3E0DBFC71" author="Fujii" box="[415,664,891,916]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A523FFF8FF52FC5CE1B0FC3C" box="[151,1011,963,985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF52FC5CE1B0FC3C" blockId="18.[151,1011,963,985]" box="[151,1011,963,985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
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<typeStatus id="654661E8A523FFF8FF52FC5CE28AFC3C" box="[151,201,964,985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Type</typeStatus>
|
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species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FEE0FC5BE0B4FC3C" authority="Fujii & Reimer, 2011" authorityName="Fujii & Reimer" authorityYear="2011" box="[293,759,963,985]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="occultus">
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FEE0FC5BE055FC3C" box="[293,534,963,985]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Microzoanthus occultus</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FDD8FC5BE0B4FC3C" author="Fujii" box="[541,759,963,985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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, by original designation.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A523FFF8FF52FB9EE124FAFE" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF52FB9EE124FAFE" blockId="18.[151,1436,1030,1595]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52FB9EE352FBFA" bold="true" box="[151,273,1030,1055]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Identical to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FE58FB9EE018FBFA" box="[413,603,1030,1055]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microzoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(diagnosis of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FD3FFB9EE1ABFBFA" author="Fujii" box="[762,1000,1030,1055]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FBA4FB9EE75DFBFA" box="[1121,1310,1030,1055]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microzoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
free-living and lacking a scleroprotein skeleton. Known from temperate and tropical cryptic habitats in the Pacific Ocean at
|
||||
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|
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0–
|
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<specimenCount id="ACFB14C3A523FFF8FF71FBD7E2ADFB83" box="[180,238,1103,1127]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="generic">23 m</specimenCount>
|
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</quantity>
|
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. Azooxanthellate. Polyps transparent or faintly red, expand to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FC61FBD7E1A7FB83" box="[932,996,1103,1127]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
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wide and
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|
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long. Capitular ridges largely imperceptible because of heavy encrustations. Oral disk calathiform and edged in a distinct zig-zag pattern (diagnosis expanded using data from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FD8DFB0EE17CFB4A" author="Fujii" box="[584,831,1174,1199]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
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). Marginal musculature endodermal, 268–331 Μm in length, composed of 10–16 attachment points. Encrustations of column through ectoderm but not penetrating ectodermal surface of the mesoglea; elliptical lacunae just beneath ectodermal surface of mesoglea form an encircling sinus (diagnosis expanded using data presented here).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A523FFF8FF02FABEE378F9DE" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF02FABEE378F9DE" blockId="18.[151,1436,1030,1595]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF02FABEE378FADA" bold="true" box="[199,315,1318,1343]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
The phylogenetic position of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FD61FABEE108FADA" box="[676,843,1318,1343]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FD61FABEE108FADA" box="[676,843,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Microzoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) and 16s ribosomal (mt 16S rDNA) genes (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FD3CFAD2E1A8FA86" author="Fujii" box="[761,1003,1354,1379]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Figs 7 & S1), is near the base of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF52FAF6E356FA62" box="[151,277,1390,1415]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and as the sister clade to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FDF7FAF6E0FBFA62" box="[562,696,1390,1415]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FDF7FAF6E0FBFA62" box="[562,696,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in the COI tree) or all
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FC05FAF6E67DFA62" box="[960,1086,1390,1415]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
except
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FB50FAF6E758FA62" box="[1173,1307,1390,1415]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FB50FAF6E758FA62" box="[1173,1307,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in the 16S tree). Although these phylogenies are incongruent (with each other and other published hypotheses,
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FAC0FA0BE76DFA4F" box="[1285,1326,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FAF8FA0AE357FA2A" author="Sinniger" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonn, P. & Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 0016 - 3" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52FA2FE292FA2A" box="[151,209,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FEE4FA2EE3EAFA2A" author="Swain" box="[289,425,1462,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and poorly supported (both problems may be resolved by multigene analysis applied to comprehensive taxon sampling), they suggest that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FD15FA42E134FA16" box="[720,887,1498,1523]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FD15FA42E134FA16" box="[720,887,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Microzoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may occupy a critical position near the origin of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF52FA66E356F9F2" box="[151,277,1534,1559]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and could provide insight into the evolution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FCE0FA66E1E8F9F2" box="[805,939,1534,1559]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FCE0FA66E1E8F9F2" box="[805,939,1534,1559]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and clarify relationships between the genera of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF70F9BAE374F9DE" box="[181,311,1570,1595]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
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</document>
|
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76
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76
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|
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|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52FE69E094FDEE" bold="true" box="[151,727,497,523]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
Family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF33FE69E094FDEE" ID-CoL="7NJZ3" authority="Fujii & Reimer, 2011" authorityName="Fujii & Reimer" authorityYear="2011" box="[246,727,497,523]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||||
Microzoanthidae
|
||||
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|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF52FDAFE658FCCD" blockId="18.[151,1437,567,808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF52FDAFE356FDB5" box="[151,277,567,592]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with macrocnemic mesenterial arrangement and simple endodermal marginal musculature. Species are free-living and are found attached cryptically under rubble or interstices throughout temperate and tropical Pacific. Azooxanthellate.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FEA4FDE7E05DFD7D" box="[353,542,639,664]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microzoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
share specific genetic characters (of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA genes) and are differentiated from other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FD9FFD3BE09BFD59" box="[602,728,675,700]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by encrustations that penetrate to the ectodermal surface of the mesoglea, but not into the mesoglea itself. Expanded polyps to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FCADFD50E1E9FD3A" box="[872,938,712,736]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter and
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FB89FD50E6DEFD3A" box="[1100,1181,712,736]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
length, encrusted, and connected by coenenchyme stolons. Oral disk calathiform and margin ornamented with distinct zig-zag pattern. Tentacles 20–26, 6–
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FEBDFC97E3FBFCC2" box="[376,440,783,808]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long (diagnosis expanded from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FCE4FC97E64CFCCD" author="Fujii" box="[801,1039,783,808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
202
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA523FFFFFF52F916E012FBEA.xml
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202
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<mods:title id="8556416508AA8FCA3EABDD3281D564A5">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<heading id="E10A6826A523FFF8FF52F916E0E8F942" bold="true" box="[151,683,1678,1703]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF52F916E0E8F942" ID-CoL="6RJGK" authority="Fujii & Reimer, 2011" authorityName="Fujii & Reimer" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,683,1678,1703]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
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<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52F916E0E8F942" bold="true" box="[151,683,1678,1703]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52F916E3E8F942" bold="true" box="[151,427,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Microzoanthus kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FE77F916E0E8F942" author="Fujii" box="[434,683,1678,1703]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF52F92AE092F92E" blockId="18.[151,721,1678,1739]" box="[151,721,1714,1739]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Figure 7, 8. Morphbank species collection 829717.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A523FFF8FF52F962E0F5F8F6" box="[151,694,1786,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF52F962E0F5F8F6" blockId="18.[151,1437,1786,2027]" box="[151,694,1786,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52F962E3C3F8F6" bold="true" box="[151,384,1786,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA523FFF8FE42F963E39BF8F6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1787,1811]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
1150463,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A523FFF8FD8BF963E0F1F8F6" box="[590,690,1787,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A523FFF9FF02F886E36BF83E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA523FFF8FF02F886E623F80E" blockId="18.[151,1437,1786,2027]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF02F886E302F8D2" bold="true" box="[199,321,1822,1847]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FE79F886E020F8D2" box="[444,611,1822,1847]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FE79F886E020F8D2" box="[444,611,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Microzoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with endodermal marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 331 Μm length, composed of as many as 16 mesoglea pleats. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 21 Μm width. Occurring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FD29F8FFE101F89B" box="[748,834,1895,1919]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="1.0">1–20 m</quantity>
|
||||
throughout the temperate and tropical Pacific Ocean, free-living, and lacking scleroprotein skeleton. Coenenchyme and polyps transparent or faintly red. Tentacles and mesenteries 20–26, oral disk may have fluorescent green pigments and is calathiform when expanded, capitular ridges 10–13 when discernible. Largest expanded polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FCDFF84BE12AF80F" box="[794,873,2003,2027]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA523FFF8FC75F84BE1B2F80F" box="[944,1009,2003,2027]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA522FFF9FF52F974E36BF83E" blockId="19.[151,1436,1772,2011]" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A522FFF9FF52F974E34EF8E4" bold="true" box="[151,269,1772,1794]" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A522FFF9FE67F974E0D1F8E7" box="[418,658,1772,1794]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A522FFF9FE67F974E0D1F8E7" box="[418,658,1772,1794]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">Microzoanthus kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), encircling sinus (ES), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurements of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A522FFF9FEE5F8F1E37BF89B" bold="true" box="[288,312,1897,1918]" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A522FFF9FA41F8F1E7DFF89B" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1897,1918]" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A522FFF9FD92F81FE02CF878" bold="true" box="[599,623,1927,1949]" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesenteries.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A522FFF9FE27F83FE3B8F859" bold="true" box="[482,507,1959,1980]" pageId="19" pageNumber="100">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="EE828FC2A525FFFEFF52FCC5E391FBE9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251143/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" targetBox="[181,1412,222,806]" targetPageId="20">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA525FFFEFF52FCC5E391FBE9" blockId="20.[151,1436,861,1036]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A525FFFEFF52FCC5E34EFC97" bold="true" box="[151,269,861,883]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||||
. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A525FFFEFF71FCE4E3E7FC77" box="[180,420,892,914]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A525FFFEFF71FCE4E3E7FC77" box="[180,420,892,914]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">Microzoanthus kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A525FFFFFF02FBACE757FEF8" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA525FFFEFF02FBACE7C0FB95" blockId="20.[151,1437,1076,2033]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A525FFFEFF02FBACE31AFBA8" bold="true" box="[199,345,1076,1101]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme transparent or faintly red and connects polyps (often>
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA525FFFEFB26FBACE75FFBA9" box="[1251,1308,1076,1100]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
apart) as a narrow stolon; infiltrated with sediment. Not known to associate with other invertebrates (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA525FFFEFB42FBC0E734FB95" author="Fujii" box="[1159,1399,1112,1137]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA525FFFEFF02FBE4E37BFAAD" blockId="20.[151,1437,1076,2033]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges largely imperceptible (Morphbank 830702), 10–13 when observable (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA525FFFEFB29FBE4E290FB5D" author="Fujii" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles and column transparent or faintly red; oral disk same color (but can have fluorescent green pigments) and is distinctly calathiform as margin extends above oral disk greater than one-fourth its diameter (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA525FFFEFAA0FB5CE312FAE5" author="Fujii" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA525FFFEFE24FB70E065FAE5" box="[481,550,1256,1280]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter (expanded) extend to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA525FFFEFC7AFB70E650FAE5" box="[959,1043,1256,1280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from coenenchyme; column wall infiltrated with sediment. Tentacles 20–26, dicyclic, and expand in length to 2–3 times diameter of column (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA525FFFEFA8CFA94E36FFAAD" author="Fujii" pageId="20" pageNumber="101" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA525FFFEFF02FACCE09BF97E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1076,2033]" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829719), marginal musculature endodermal, muscle fibers anchored to 10–16 (x = 13, n sections = 31) unbranched mesogleal pleats (Fig. 7A). Mesogleal pleats decrease in size proximally. Fibers enclosed in lacunae in few sections as muscles transverse mesenteries (Fig. 7A, 8). Length of marginal musculature (Fig. 7A) 268–331 Μm (x = 298, n sections= 10), width at widest point (Fig. 7A) 34–65 Μm (x = 52, n sections = 10). Length of largest mesogleal pleats supporting the muscle fibers (Fig. 7A) 15–36 Μm (x = 27, n sections = 10). Large lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations throughout capitular ectoderm which occasionally distort ectodermal surface of mesoglea (Fig. 7B). In the region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature; Fig. 7A) ectoderm is 6–22 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 10), mesoglea 7–16 Μm (x = 11, n sections = 10) and endoderm 8–15 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA525FFFFFF02F931E75AFF31" blockId="20.[151,1437,1076,2033]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="20" pageNumber="101">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829718), mesenteries 22, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (Fig. 7C). Dorsal directives with slight flair of mesoglea at the free border, similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 7C). Ventral directives (Fig. 7C, D) supported by mesoglea 105–164 Μm (x = 134, n sections = 10) from column to siphonoglyph, 2–4 Μm (x = 3, n sections = 10) width, at retractor muscles 6–15 Μm (x = 11, n sections = 10) width, and homomorphic at column; similar to non-directive perfect mesenteries (Fig. 7C, D). Actinopharynx without esophageal furrows (Fig. 7C, D). Siphonoglyph distinct and U-shaped (Fig. 7D); ectoderm is 33–88 Μm (x = 46, n sections = 10), mesoglea 4–8 Μm (x = 6, n sections = 10), and endoderm 6–10 Μm (x = 8, n sections = 10) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 7D), column ectoderm is 9–45 Μm (x = 27, n sections = 10), mesoglea 11–21 Μm (x = 14, n sections = 10), and endoderm 10–14 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 10) width. Elliptical lacunae form an encircling sinus just beneath ectodermal surface of mesoglea (Fig. 7D). Large lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations throughout columnar ectoderm, which occasionally distort ectodermal surface of mesoglea (Fig. 7C, D).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFFFF02FF47E757FEF8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
Cnidae. Tentacles and pharynx: basitrichs, holotrichs, spirocysts; filament: basitrichs, mastigophores, holotrichs, spirocysts; column: holotrichs (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A524FFFFFD64FE9CE0B7FEF9" box="[673,756,260,285]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFCDFFE9CE640FEF9" author="Fujii" box="[794,1027,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for size and frequency).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A524FFFFFF02FEBFE0D9FE81" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFFFF02FEBFE0D9FE81" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF02FEBFE323FEA5" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonies free-living under rubble and interstices at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA524FFFFFC1DFEB0E677FEDA" box="[984,1076,296,320]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="1.0">1–20 m</quantity>
|
||||
throughout the temperate and tropical Pacific Ocean (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFE5BFED4E0CDFE81" author="Fujii" box="[414,654,332,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A524FFFFFF02FEF7E012FBEA" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFFFF02FEF7E012FBEA" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF02FEF7E378FE6D" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFE8DFEF7E014FE6D" box="[328,599,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFE8DFEF7E014FE6D" box="[328,599,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Microzoanthus kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFD3BFEF7E75CFE6D" authority="Fujii & Reimer, 2011" authorityName="Fujii & Reimer" authorityYear="2011" box="[766,1311,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="occultus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFD3BFEF7E653FE6D" box="[766,1040,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Microzoanthus occultus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFBD8FEF7E75CFE6D" author="Fujii" box="[1053,1311,367,392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||||
Fujii & Reimer,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA524FFFFFB2DFEE8E75CFE6D" box="[1256,1311,368,392]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.10794" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" unit="in" value="2011.0">2011</quantity>
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in colony morphology (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFEF0FE0DE3F8FE48" box="[309,443,404,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFEF0FE0DE3F8FE48" box="[309,443,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">M. kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has larger colonies whose polyps are connected by well-developed stolons), cnidae (microbasic p-mastigophores are absent from the actinopharynx of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFC4BFE21E64CFE35" box="[910,1039,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFC4BFE21E64CFE35" box="[910,1039,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">M. kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and nucleotide (COI, 16S rDNA, and ITS rDNA gene) sequences (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFDCDFE44E0BBFE11" author="Fujii" box="[520,760,476,501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The original description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFBFEFE45E6F8FE10" box="[1083,1211,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFBFEFE45E6F8FE10" box="[1083,1211,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">M. kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
included traditional (higher-taxon defining) morphological features in addition to cnidae and nucleotide sequences, but our observations of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A524FFFFFEB7FDBDE39EFDD8" box="[370,477,549,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
are not entirely consistent with those of the original authors. We concur with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFA85FDBCE389FD85" author="Fuji" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fuji and Reimer (2011; see Fig 6C)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
on the number of marginal muscle-attachment points (16) and the lack of mesogleal encrustations. We differ from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFE35FDF4E0AFFD61" author="Fuji" box="[496,748,620,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fuji & Reimer (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
in their interpretation of the marginal musculature as being transitional from mesogleal to endodermal, whereas we interpret it as endodermal musculature that is sporadically and partially enclosed in lacunae as muscles traverse mesenteries (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA524FFFFFC44FD2CE1FCFD29" box="[897,959,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,861,883]" captionTargetBox="[181,1412,222,806]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1435,209,816]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections of Microzoanthus kagerou. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251143/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Fig 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Of the 31 serial sections we examined, 9 sections (not in a series) are completely endodermal (pleats only), 2 have attachment sites composed of more than half lacunae, and most (21) have small portions of sites enclosed in lacunae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA524FFFFFC3DFD64E67FFCF1" box="[1016,1084,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,861,883]" captionTargetBox="[181,1412,222,806]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1435,209,816]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections of Microzoanthus kagerou. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251143/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The location of these lacunae appear to be randomly distributed and are observed in proximal, central, and distal portions of the marginal muscle, a situation inconsistent with the interpretation of a transitional musculature. Furthermore,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFB5EFCDCE7DFFCB9" author="Fujii" box="[1179,1436,836,861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
describe mesoglea in an unspecified region of the polyp as “approximately 90 Μm and show histology with mesoglea that approximates that width at the capitulum (judging by the scale bar in Fig. 6B of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFB29FC14E293FC2D" author="Fujii" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Fujii, T. & Reimer, J. D. (2011) Phylogeny of the highly divergent zoanthid family Microzoanthidae (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 418 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00479. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Fujii & Reimer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) while measurements from histology reported here do not exceed 21 Μm (65 Μm if pleats of marginal musculature are included). We consider the discrepancies in measurements to expand the circumscription of morphological variation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFE0FFC61E009FBF5" box="[458,586,1015,1040]" class="Anthozoa" family="Microzoanthidae" genus="Microzoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kagerou">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFE0FFC61E009FBF5" box="[458,586,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">M. kagerou</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
112
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112
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
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<mods:title id="BA327FAB396EB13B584E914A9FE06EAD">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA524FFFCFF52F994E3A6FF1D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672486" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426771" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672486" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA524FFFCFF52F994E3A6FF1D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA524FFFCFF52F994E3A6FF1D" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF52F994E2A6F9C3" bold="true" box="[151,229,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Genus</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFF29F994E060F9C2" ID-CoL="7Q6YW" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[236,547,1548,1575]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF29F994E323F9C3" bold="true" box="[236,352,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Zoanthus</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFEA2F995E060F9C2" author="Lamarck" box="[359,547,1549,1575]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1801) Zoanthe. Zoantha. In: Systeme des animaux vertebres, ou Tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; Presentant leurs caracteres essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la consideration de leurs rapports naturels et leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement etablis dans les galeries du Museum d'Hist. Naturelle, parmi leur depouilles conservees; Preced du discours d'ouverture du Cours de Zoologie, donn dans le Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle l'an 8 de la Republique. Vol. 1. Deterville, Paris, pp. 363." type="book chapter" year="1801">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFFFF52F9CDE1E6F98F" blockId="21.[151,933,1620,1642]" box="[151,933,1620,1642]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
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<typeStatus id="654661E8A524FFFFFF52F9CDE28AF98F" box="[151,201,1621,1642]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFEE0F9CCE020F98F" authority="Ellis, 1767" authorityName="Ellis" authorityYear="1767" box="[293,611,1620,1642]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sociatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFEE0F9CCE39EF98F" box="[293,477,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Zoanthus sociatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Ellis, 1767)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by monotypy (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFCC7F9CCE1DAF98F" author="Lamarck" box="[770,921,1620,1642]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1801) Zoanthe. Zoantha. In: Systeme des animaux vertebres, ou Tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; Presentant leurs caracteres essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la consideration de leurs rapports naturels et leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement etablis dans les galeries du Museum d'Hist. Naturelle, parmi leur depouilles conservees; Preced du discours d'ouverture du Cours de Zoologie, donn dans le Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle l'an 8 de la Republique. Vol. 1. Deterville, Paris, pp. 363." type="book chapter" year="1801">Lamarck 1801</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A524FFFFFF52F90EE714F8DA" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFFFF52F90EE714F8DA" blockId="21.[151,1437,1686,2035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF52F90EE352F94A" bold="true" box="[151,273,1686,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFE42F90EE046F94A" box="[391,517,1686,1711]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Zoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
free-living and lacking a scleroprotein skeleton. Known from tropical habitats around the world at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA524FFFFFE42F923E3A1F937" box="[391,482,1723,1747]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="0.0">
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0–
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFB14C3A524FFFFFE66F923E3A1F937" box="[419,482,1723,1747]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" type="generic">40 m</specimenCount>
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||||
</quantity>
|
||||
. Zooxanthellate. Polyps with highly variable coloration of the oral disk. Marginal musculature mesogleal and divided into distinct distal and proximal sections, 1000–5000 Μm in length, composed of 50–250 attachment points. Superficial encrustations may be present; canal system throughout the mesoglea does not form encircling sinus (diagnosis of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFD8AF8BEE0B2F8DA" author="Duerden" box="[591,753,1830,1855]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Duerden, J. E. (1898) Jamaican Actiniaria. Part I. - Zoanthe. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 6, 329 - 384." type="journal article" year="1898">Duerden 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, expanded using data presented here and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFB04F8BEE708F8DA" author="Swain" box="[1217,1355,1830,1855]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A524FFFCFF02F8D2E3A6FF1D" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFCFF02F8D2E3A6FF1D" blockId="21.[151,1437,1686,2035]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF02F8D2E378F886" bold="true" box="[199,315,1866,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFE0FF8D2E071F886" box="[458,562,1866,1891]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFE0FF8D2E071F886" box="[458,562,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Zoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have highly variable oral disk coloration, size of polyps, and numbers of tentacles and mesenteries, which make species identification and circumscription challenging. Earlier authors recognized the utility of the apparently species-specific morphology of the marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFAC6F80AE728F84E" box="[1283,1387,1938,1963]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFAC6F80AE728F84E" box="[1283,1387,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Zoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and usually included meticulous representations of its form in species descriptions (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFBEBF82FE614F82B" box="[1070,1111,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFBADF82EE74EF82A" author="Duerden" box="[1128,1293,1974,1999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Duerden, J. E. (1898) Jamaican Actiniaria. Part I. - Zoanthe. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 6, 329 - 384." type="journal article" year="1898">Duerden 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), sometimes with no other drawings or images. That the form of the marginal musculature is a diagnostic character for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFAF1F842E7DFF816" box="[1332,1436,2010,2035]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFAF1F842E7DFF816" box="[1332,1436,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">Zoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species circumscription should be evaluated using modern molecular phylogenetics; in addition to assessing whether it is reflective of molecular evolution, this would provide broadly applicable morphological characters for new evolutionary hypotheses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
63
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63
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA524FFFFFF52FAB8E2A3FA22.xml
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<emphasis id="88890358A524FFFFFF52FAB8E020FADF" bold="true" box="[151,611,1312,1338]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFF33FAB8E020FADF" ID-CoL="7NLLG" authority="Rafinesque, 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[246,611,1312,1338]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Zoanthidae Rafinesque, 1815</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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|
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA524FFFFFF52FAFEE2A3FA22" blockId="21.[151,1436,1382,1479]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFF52FAFEE304FA9A" box="[151,327,1382,1407]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Brachycnemina">Brachycnemina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with continuous or divided mesogleal marginal musculature and absent or reduced encrustation isolated to the surface of the ectoderm; ontogeny includes zoanthinae larvae (expanded from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFB7CFA12E297FA22" author="Ryland" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Ryland, J. S. & Lancaster, J. E. (2003) Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics, 17, 407 - 428. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / is 02008" type="journal article" year="2003">Ryland & Lancaster 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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|
||||
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|
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70
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70
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Suborder
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFF52FB05E356FB53" ID-CoL="4C3" box="[151,277,1181,1206]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
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with imperfect fifth mesenteries (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFD50FB05E196FB53" author="Haddon" box="[661,981,1181,1206]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891) A Revision of the British Actini. Part II: The Zoanthe. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 609 - 672." type="journal article" year="1891">Haddon & Shackleton 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The defining character (imperfect fifth mesenteries) is synapomorphic and the suborder
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A524FFFFFD7FFB59E129FB3F" ID-CoL="844GM" box="[698,874,1217,1242]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Brachycnemina">Brachycnemina</taxonomicName>
|
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is monophyletic (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA524FFFFFBF6FB59E6FCFB3F" author="Swain" box="[1075,1215,1217,1242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="102" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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203
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203
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@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
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<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF52FED4E330FE80" bold="true" box="[151,371,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Zoanthus kuroshio</emphasis>
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Reimer & Ono
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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in
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFD94FED4E70FFE80" author="Reimer" box="[593,1356,332,357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">Reimer, Ono, Iwama, Takishita, Tsukahara, & Maruyama, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF52FEF7E0F5FE6D" blockId="22.[151,1356,332,392]" box="[151,694,367,392]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Figure 9. Morphbank species collection 829720.</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A527FFFCFF52FE2FE0F4FE35" box="[151,695,439,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF52FE2FE0F4FE35" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" box="[151,695,439,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF52FE2FE3C3FE35" bold="true" box="[151,384,439,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA527FFFCFE42FE20E39BFE35" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,440,464]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">USNM</collectionCode>
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1083159,
|
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<typeStatus id="654661E8A527FFFCFD8AFE20E0F0FE35" box="[591,691,440,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A527FFFCFF02FE44E622FD4D" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF02FE44E622FD4D" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF02FE44E302FE10" bold="true" box="[199,321,476,501]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A527FFFCFE77FE44E059FE10" box="[434,538,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFE77FE44E059FE10" box="[434,538,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Zoanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with divided mesogleal marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 1324 Μm in length, composed of as many as 184 lacunae. Mesenterial arrangement brachycnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 182 Μm width. Occurring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFCC5FDBCE115FDD9" box="[768,854,548,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="8.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="1.0">1–15 m</quantity>
|
||||
near the southern islands of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA527FFFCFB5AFDBDE6A1FDD9" box="[1183,1250,549,572]" name="Japan" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, free-living, and lacking a scleroprotein skeleton. Coenenchyme and polyps pale purple; oral disk pale pink. Tentacles 50–64, mesenteries 42–52, capitular ridges indiscernible. Largest expanded polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFBEEFDF5E637FD61" box="[1067,1140,621,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFB09FDF4E760FD61" box="[1228,1315,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter; contracted polyp 75–82% thinner at capitulum then maximum (mid-column) diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A527FFFCFF02FD2EE758F90C" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF02FD2EE07CFCF2" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF02FD2EE31AFD2A" bold="true" box="[199,345,694,719]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme pale purple, rubbery and lamellate; colonies cover areas to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFB39FD2EE778FD2A" box="[1276,1339,694,719]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
|
||||
2 and are ringed by linguiform edges (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFE11FD42E0E9FD16" author="Reimer" box="[468,682,730,755]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFDEAFD44E024FD16" box="[559,615,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps aggregated and intermediae or immersae (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFB20FD44E760FD16" box="[1253,1315,732,755]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFAEFFD43E7D7FD16" author="Pax" box="[1322,1428,731,755]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Pax, F. (1910) Studien an westindischen Actinien. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 2, 157 - 330." type="journal article" year="1910">Pax 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in coenenchyme (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFE99FD66E070FCF2" author="Reimer" box="[348,563,766,791]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFE72FC98E3ACFCF2" box="[439,495,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF02FCBAE1FCFC42" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges indiscernible (Morphbank 830703). Tentacles pale pink, light green, or gray; column same color as coenenchyme; oral disk pale pink. Polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFCD9FCDEE1CBFCBA" box="[796,904,838,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">6–12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter (
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFBE5FCDFE6E9FCBA" box="[1056,1194,839,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="3.3" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
at mid-column when contracted;
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFED8FCF3E336FC67" box="[285,373,875,899]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
at capitulum) and extend to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFD06FCF3E145FC67" box="[707,774,875,898]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from coenenchyme; column not infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFF5BFC16E335FC42" author="Reimer" box="[158,374,910,935]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF3FFC08E371FC42" box="[250,306,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles 50–64 and dicyclic (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFD19FC16E1F0FC42" author="Reimer" box="[732,947,910,935]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFCF2FC08E12CFC42" box="[823,879,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF02FC2AE64AFA8B" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829722), marginal musculature mesogleal and divided into distal and proximal sections (Fig. 9A). Distal musculature enclosed within 32–76 (x = 54, n sections = 10) circular or elliptical lacunae laying just beneath ectodermal surface of mesoglea (Fig. 9A). Length of distal marginal musculature (Fig. 9A) 348–500 Μm (x = 422, n sections= 10), width at widest point 61–86 Μm (x = 71, n sections = 10). Diameter of largest lacuna enveloping distal muscle fibers (Fig. 9A) 18–41 Μm (x = 29, n sections = 10). Proximal musculature enclosed within 87–110 (x = 97, n sections = 10) circular lacunae laying just beneath ectodermal surface distally, becoming scattered and occupying full diameter of mesoglea proximally (Fig. 9A). Length of proximal marginal musculature (Fig. 9A) 661–976 Μm (x = 770, n sections= 10), width at widest point (Fig. 9A) 153–271 Μm (x = 224, n sections = 10). Diameter of largest lacuna enveloping proximal muscle fibers (Fig. 9A) 24–48 Μm (x = 38, n sections = 10). Mesogleal canals present throughout column (Fig. 9B). In the region of capitulum (between distal and proximal musculature; Fig. 9A) ectoderm is 5–27 Μm (x = 13, n sections = 10), mesoglea 22–46 Μm (x = 32, n sections = 10) and endoderm 12–29 Μm (x = 19, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF02FAE5E758F90C" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829721), mesenteries 44–50, fifth mesenteries microcnemic (Fig. 9C). Dorsal directives with centrally located basal lacuna, similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 9C). Ventral directives supported by mesoglea (Fig. 9D) 681–743 Μm (x = 724, n sections = 10) from column to siphonoglyph, 5–10 Μm (x = 7, n sections = 10) width, same at retractor muscles, 37–55 Μm (x = 48, n sections = 10) at basal lacuna with maximum lacuna diameter 51–76 Μm (x = 64, n sections = 10), and homomorphic at column; more robust than non-directive perfect mesenteries (Fig. 9D). Actinopharynx without esophageal furrows (Fig. 9C). Siphonoglyph distinct and U-shaped (Fig. 9D); ectoderm is 29–50 Μm (x = 42, n sections = 10), mesoglea 5–11 Μm (x = 9, n sections = 10), and endoderm 10–27 Μm (x = 16, n sections = 10) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 9D), column ectoderm is 34–65 Μm (x = 46, n sections = 10), mesoglea 120–182 Μm (x = 160, n sections = 10), and endoderm 15–48 Μm (x = 25, n sections = 10) width. Circular and elliptical lacuna throughout mesoglea (Fig. 9C, D).</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A527FFFCFF02F96FE2A3F8D1" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFCFF02F96FE2A3F8D1" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF02F96FE323F8F5" bold="true" box="[199,352,1783,1808]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonies free-living on hard substratum at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA527FFFCFC8FF96FE1DCF8EA" box="[842,927,1783,1808]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="8.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="1.0">1–15 m</quantity>
|
||||
near southern islands of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA527FFFCFB7CF960E6BAF8EA" box="[1209,1273,1784,1807]" name="Japan" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFACDF96FE297F8D1" author="Reimer" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFAA1F960E7DFF8F5" box="[1380,1436,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A527FFF2FF02F8A7E752FEF9" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA527FFFDFF02F8A7E717F83F" blockId="22.[151,1437,439,1988]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,1802,2010]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFF02F8A7E378F8BD" bold="true" box="[199,315,1855,1880]" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A527FFFCFE8DF8A7E05CF8BD" box="[328,543,1855,1880]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFE8DF8A7E05CF8BD" box="[328,543,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Zoanthus kuroshio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs in coenenchyme (thickness and degree embedded), polyp structure (dimensions and mesentery count), and nucleotide sequence (mitochondrial 16S and COI) from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A527FFFCFAF1F8FBE39DF845" authority="Carlgren, 1900" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sansibaricus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFAF1F8FBE366F845" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Zoanthus sansibaricus</emphasis>
|
||||
Carlgren, 1900
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A527FFFCFDE5F81FE1B4F845" authority="Reimer & Tsukahara" authorityName="Reimer & Tsukahara" box="[544,1015,1927,1952]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A527FFFCFDE5F81FE0B6F87A" box="[544,757,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="103">Zoanthus gigantus</emphasis>
|
||||
Reimer & Tsukahara
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA527FFFCFBE3F81FE04EF821" author="Reimer" pageId="22" pageNumber="103" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article" year="2006">Reimer, Ono, Iwama, Takishita, Tsukahara, & Maruyama, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Although the lack of encrustations and number of mesenteries reported here
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A526FFFDFF52F892E34FF8FA" bold="true" box="[151,268,1802,1824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="104">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A526FFFDFE58F892E01AF8C5" box="[413,601,1802,1824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="23" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A526FFFDFE58F892E01AF8C5" box="[413,601,1802,1824]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="104">Zoanthus kuroshio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), divided mesogleal marginal musculature (DMMM), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurement of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A526FFFDFA46F8F1E7DFF89B" bold="true" box="[1411,1436,1897,1918]" pageId="23" pageNumber="104">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing divided mesogleal marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A526FFFDFB32F810E74DF878" bold="true" box="[1271,1294,1928,1949]" pageId="23" pageNumber="104">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A526FFFDFE7DF83EE392F859" bold="true" box="[440,465,1958,1980]" pageId="23" pageNumber="104">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesentery.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A526FFFDFECFF85DE360F83F" bold="true" box="[266,291,1989,2010]" pageId="23" pageNumber="104">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA529FFF2FF52FF0FE752FEF9" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="105">
|
||||
conform to the original description,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA529FFF2FDF8FF0FE169FF55" box="[573,810,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="105" refString="Reimer, J. D., Ono, S., Iwama, A., Takishita, K., Tsukahara, J. & Maruyama, T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science, 23, 261 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 23.261" type="journal article">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A529FFF2FD5CFF01E096FF55" box="[665,725,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="105">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2006)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported average column mesoglea thicknesses 369% larger in longitudinal-section (with non-overlapping ranges) and 67 % larger in cross-section (with overlapping ranges) than the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A529FFF2FE9EFF78E3F8FF1D" box="[347,443,224,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="105" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
polyp that we examined. We consider these discrepancies to be a result of the small sample size of this study, and to expand the circumscription of morphological variation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A529FFF2FB49FE9DE749FEF8" box="[1164,1290,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="24" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A529FFF2FB49FE9DE749FEF8" box="[1164,1290,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="105">Z. kuroshio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
76
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA532FFE9FF52F9C3E757F93B.xml
Normal file
76
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA532FFE9FF52F9C3E757F93B.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="35693EA1C9D03D120112F90657CA1F36">
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<mods:title id="693EDF27933BE452B4BBE20EDE2BC9D9">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E913362EE8178CAE0A8E328D0B0B9280">Swain, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
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Family
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Parazoanthidae
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA532FFE9FE07F9C3E140F990" author="Delage" box="[450,771,1627,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" refString="Delage, Y. & Herouard, E. (1901) Zoanthides. - Zoanthidae. In: Trait de Zoologie concrete. Tome II - 2 me partie. Les Coelenteres. C. Reinwald, Paris, pp. 654 - 667." type="book chapter" year="1901">Delage & Hérouard, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A532FFE9FF52F939E356F95F" ID-CoL="4C3" box="[151,277,1697,1722]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
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with macrocnemic mesenterial arrangement and simple endodermal marginal musculature (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA532FFE9FAE8F939E300F93B" author="Delage" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" refString="Delage, Y. & Herouard, E. (1901) Zoanthides. - Zoanthidae. In: Trait de Zoologie concrete. Tome II - 2 me partie. Les Coelenteres. C. Reinwald, Paris, pp. 654 - 667." type="book chapter" year="1901">Delage & Hérouard 1901</bibRefCitation>
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); excluding species that form a monophyly with
|
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A532FFE9FCA3F95DE655F93B" ID-CoL="844GM" box="[870,1046,1733,1758]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Brachycnemina">Brachycnemina</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA532FFE9FBE0F95DE74BF93B" author="Sinniger" box="[1061,1288,1733,1758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" refString="Sinniger, F., Reimer, J. D. & Pawlowski, J. (2010) The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 57 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0034 - 3" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A532FFE9FB49F95EE687F93B" box="[1164,1220,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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337
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Genus
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Reimer
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</taxonomicName>
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in
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA532FFE9FDEDF8A9E64EF8AF" author="Reimer" box="[552,1037,1841,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">Reimer, Nonaka, Sinniger & Iwase, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<typeStatus id="654661E8A532FFE9FF52F8E2E28AF86A" box="[151,201,1914,1935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="84">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A532FFE9FEE0F8E1E0CFF86A" authority="Reimer" authorityName="Reimer" box="[293,652,1913,1935]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A532FFE9FEE0F8E1E078F86A" box="[293,571,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="84">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
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Reimer
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA532FFE9FD69F8E1E613F86A" author="Reimer" box="[684,1104,1913,1935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">Reimer, Nonaka, Sinniger & Iwase, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, by original designation.
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF52FF0FE128FEA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FF0FE352FF55" bold="true" box="[151,273,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFEDDFF0FE380FF55" box="[280,451,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(?) associated with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD67FF0FE165FF55" box="[674,806,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and lacking scleroprotein skeleton (diagnosis of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFA8FFF0FE362FF31" author="Reimer" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FF25E28AFF30" box="[151,201,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
|
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. 2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Known from temperate regions at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFD7CFF24E109FF31" box="[697,842,188,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.785" metricValueMax="17.63" metricValueMin="1.94" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="978.5" valueMax="1763.0" valueMin="194.0">194–1763 m</quantity>
|
||||
. Azooxanthellate. Polyps white to yellow, expand to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFF52FF78E2AEFF12" box="[151,237,224,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
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wide and
|
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<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFEA7FF78E3F1FF12" box="[354,434,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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long, with 11–14 capitular ridges. Marginal musculature cyclically transitional, 323–793 Μm in length, composed of 9–32 attachment points. Encrustations of the column to the center of mesoglea (diagnosis expanded using data presented here and
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFD13FEBFE11CFEA5" author="Swain" box="[726,863,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A535FFEEFF02FED4E2ACF9B5" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="discussion">
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|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF02FED4E378FE80" bold="true" box="[199,315,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
Creation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFE12FED4E0CFFE80" box="[471,652,332,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFE12FED4E0CFFE80" box="[471,652,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was based on intraspecific monphyly of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFBB8FED5E758FE80" box="[1149,1307,332,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFBB8FED5E758FE80" box="[1149,1307,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens within a polytomy of species representing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD4CFEF7E09EFE6D" box="[649,733,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD4CFEF7E09EFE6D" box="[649,733,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFCC9FEF7E130FE6D" box="[780,883,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Gerardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFCC9FEF7E130FE6D" box="[780,883,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Gerardia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC7EFEF7E614FE6D" box="[955,1111,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC7EFEF7E614FE6D" box="[955,1111,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Figs. 5–7 of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFAC6FEF7E2A3FE49" author="Reimer" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFAA5FEE9E7DFFE6D" box="[1376,1436,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and on the supposition that no described zoanthid genus lacks a skeleton and associates with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFADDFE0CE7DFFE48" box="[1304,1436,404,429]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(however,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFECAFE2FE118FE35" authority="Cutress & Pequegnat, 1960" authorityName="Cutress & Pequegnat" authorityYear="1960" box="[271,859,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFECAFE2FE058FE35" box="[271,539,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Parazoanthus lucificum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFDE1FE20E118FE35" author="Cutress" box="[548,859,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Cutress, C. E. & Pequegnat, W. E. (1960) Three new species of Zoantharia from California. Pacific Science, 14, 89 - 100." type="journal article" year="1960">Cutress & Pequegnat, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC50FE2FE28CFE10" authority="Cutress & Pequegnat, 1960" authorityName="Cutress & Pequegnat" authorityYear="1960" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="induratum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC50FE2FE6DEFE35" box="[917,1181,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Epizoanthus induratum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFB60FE20E28CFE10" author="Cutress" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Cutress, C. E. & Pequegnat, W. E. (1960) Three new species of Zoantharia from California. Pacific Science, 14, 89 - 100." type="journal article" year="1960">Cutress & Pequegnat, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
both appear to meet these criteria). A more comprehensive (in terms of taxa and data) molecular phylogeny supports reciprocal monophyly for species related to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFCC7FE67E1F4FDFD" box="[770,951,511,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFCC7FE67E1F4FDFD" box="[770,951,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC31FE67E6ADFDFD" authority="Swain 2010" authorityName="Swain" authorityYear="2010" box="[1012,1262,511,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC31FE67E60BFDFD" box="[1012,1096,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFB9FFE67E6A5FDFD" author="Swain" box="[1114,1254,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and may offer justification for the retention of this genus; although no non-molecular characters yet differentiate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFB22FDBCE7DFFDD8" box="[1255,1436,548,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFB22FDBCE7DFFDD8" box="[1255,1436,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF19FDDFE373FD85" box="[220,304,583,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF19FDDFE373FD85" box="[220,304,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(which appears to include the scleroprotein skeleton-free
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC33FDD1E7D3FD85" authority="Sinniger et al. 2008" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[1014,1424,583,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC33FDD1E6C2FD85" box="[1014,1153,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">P. lucificum</emphasis>
|
||||
: Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFAC0FDD1E706FD85" box="[1285,1349,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Additionally, the marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFDAAFDF5E144FD60" box="[623,775,620,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFDAAFDF5E144FD60" box="[623,775,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
described here (as cyclically transitional) seems to exclude
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF52FD17E30FFD4D" box="[151,332,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FD17E30FFD4D" box="[151,332,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the current definition of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD6EFD17E11AFD4D" box="[683,857,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is limited to macrocnemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFB21FD17E721FD4D" box="[1252,1378,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with endodermal marginal musculature. Resolving these issues will require reexamination of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFB25FD2CE2ADFD15" authority="Savalia" authorityName="Savalia" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFB25FD2CE7D7FD28" box="[1248,1428,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FD4FE2ADFD15" box="[151,238,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF3CFD4FE3D7FD15" box="[249,404,727,752]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Parazoanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFE17FD4FE01EFD15" box="[466,605,727,752]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFE17FD4FE01EFD15" box="[466,605,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
taxa that form these clades (see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA535FFEEFC0CFD4FE649FD15" box="[969,1034,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFBEAFD4FE6F9FD15" author="Swain" box="[1071,1210,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF02FD64E2ACF9B5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
Although more research is required and a complete resolution of all issues plaguing these taxonomic concepts is beyond the scope of this submission, we can make some clarifications and suggestions here. The specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF52FCDCE361FCB8" box="[151,290,836,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FCDCE361FCB8" box="[151,290,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with phylogenetic affinities to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD40FCDDE15CFCB8" box="[645,799,836,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD40FCDDE15CFCB8" box="[645,799,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFCF4FCDCE62AFCB8" box="[817,1129,836,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFCF4FCDCE1FFFCB8" box="[817,956,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
aff.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC34FCDCE62AFCB8" box="[1009,1129,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[CA] and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFB21FCDCE34CFC65" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFB21FCDCE72CFCB8" box="[1252,1391,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
aff.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FCFFE34CFC65" box="[151,271,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA535FFEEFEDBFCF0E30BFC9A" box="[286,328,872,895]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">NZ</collectingCountry>
|
||||
]
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFE9DFCF1E3D5FC65" box="[344,406,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFE5AFCFFE06BFC65" author="Swain" box="[415,552,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) were conservatively assigned to genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC31FCFFE63DFC65" box="[1012,1150,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC31FCFFE63DFC65" box="[1012,1150,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(because of their largely mesogleal marginal musculature) in the absence of morphological data on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC24FC14E6D5FC40" box="[993,1174,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC24FC14E6D5FC40" box="[993,1174,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(which should have an entirely endodermal marginal musculature if
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD50FC37E109FC2D" box="[661,842,943,968]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD50FC37E109FC2D" box="[661,842,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
belongs to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC0BFC37E63DFC2D" box="[974,1150,943,968]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). With the data presented here on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF32FC4DE3D0FC08" box="[247,403,980,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF32FC4DE3D0FC08" box="[247,403,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and a review of the morphbank images (collections 476540 & 476539) and histological slides of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFF3EFC6FE3C1FBF5" author="Swain" box="[251,386,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, we interpret the morphology of these specimens (particularly the marginal musculature) to be consistent with (but not identical to)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD82FB85E0A7FBD0" box="[583,740,1052,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD82FB85E0A7FBD0" box="[583,740,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and therefore reassign them to the revised Co
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFAC4FB84E7D6FBD0" box="[1281,1429,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">rallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
. Whether the definition of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFE27FBA7E0CEFBBD" box="[482,653,1087,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
should be expanded to include cyclically transitional marginal musculatures or whether
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFE74FBFCE025FB98" box="[433,614,1124,1149]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFE74FBFCE025FB98" box="[433,614,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(and potentially
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFCE1FBFCE13BFB98" box="[804,888,1124,1149]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFCE1FBFCE13BFB98" box="[804,888,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) should be reassigned to a different family is not yet clear. The marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD97FB1FE0E5FB45" box="[594,678,1159,1184]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD97FB1FE0E5FB45" box="[594,678,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is defined as transitional (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFC15FB10E6DFFB45" author="Ocana" box="[976,1180,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Ocana, O., Brito, A., Nunez, J. & Bacallado, J. J. (1995) Redescription de Gerardia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (Anthozoa: Zoantharia: Gerardiidae). Vieraea, 24, 153 - 164." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||||
Ocaña
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFBE4FB11E611FB45" box="[1057,1106,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1995
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), an interpretation that would be made by observing almost any single section of a cyclically transitional marginal musculature (see below), and could be one of the characters that unifies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFCC7FB57E115FB0D" box="[770,854,1231,1256]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFCC7FB57E115FB0D" box="[770,854,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC48FB57E601FB0D" box="[909,1090,1231,1256]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC48FB57E601FB0D" box="[909,1090,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(also supported by phylogeny, see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA535FFEEFF06FB6CE346FAE9" box="[195,261,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFEE9FB6CE3F7FAE9" author="Swain" box="[300,436,1268,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in a new family or a reinstated Savaliidae Nardo, 1844 (=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFB92FB6CE768FAE8" authority="Roche" authorityName="Roche" box="[1111,1323,1268,1293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gerardiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoanthidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Gerardiidae Roche</taxonomicName>
|
||||
& Tixier- Durivault, 1951). Although Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD8CFA81E0C5FAD5" box="[585,646,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008 suggest (but did not offer documentation) that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFAC5FA8FE343FAB0" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFAC5FA8FE343FAB0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Parazoanthus lucificum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
secretes its own skeleton (an important character for identifying
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC21FAA4E67BFAB0" box="[996,1080,1340,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC21FAA4E67BFAB0" box="[996,1080,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and reassigned
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFB3CFAA5E73DFAB0" box="[1273,1406,1340,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFB3CFAA5E73DFAB0" box="[1273,1406,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">P. lucificum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF52FAC7E2A8FA9D" box="[151,235,1375,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52FAC7E2A8FA9D" box="[151,235,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFEE1FAC7E39AFA9D" box="[292,473,1375,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucifica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFEE1FAC7E39AFA9D" box="[292,473,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia lucifica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), the original description (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFCDDFAF8E614FA9D" author="Cutress" box="[792,1111,1375,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Cutress, C. E. & Pequegnat, W. E. (1960) Three new species of Zoantharia from California. Pacific Science, 14, 89 - 100." type="journal article" year="1960">Cutress & Pequegnat 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) makes no mention of this character and describes the marginal musculature as endodermal (not transitional as in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFBA8FA1CE682FA78" box="[1133,1217,1412,1437]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFBA8FA1CE682FA78" box="[1133,1217,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The resolution of these apparent discrepancies is also not clear and would require the reexamination of internal microanatomy of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A535FFEEFF52FA55E284FA00" box="[151,199,1485,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFEB8FA54E155FA01" authority="Bertoloni, 1819" authorityName="Bertoloni" authorityYear="1819" box="[381,790,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFEB8FA54E07CFA00" box="[381,575,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
(Bertoloni, 1819)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC9EFA54E62EFA00" box="[859,1133,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC9EFA54E62EFA00" box="[859,1133,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Parazoanthus lucificum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in order to determine if specimens have been misidentified in recent research (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFCDEFA69E100F9ED" box="[795,835,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC93FA69E1ACF9ED" box="[854,1007,1519,1544]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="induratum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC93FA69E1ACF9ED" box="[854,1007,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">E. induratum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has the superficial appearance of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFA42FA69E2BCF9C8" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lucificum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFA42FA69E2BCF9C8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">P. lucificum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but its marginal musculature seems much more similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFC51F98CE1ABF9C8" box="[916,1000,1556,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFC51F98CE1ABF9C8" box="[916,1000,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) or if taxon definitions must be further revised.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
336
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA535FFEDFF52F93BE66CFC09.xml
Normal file
336
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA535FFEDFF52F93BE66CFC09.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
|
|||
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFF52F93BE005F95B" ID-CoL="5ZZLC" authority="Reimer" authorityName="Reimer" box="[151,582,1699,1726]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
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<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52F93BE3A1F958" bold="true" box="[151,482,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA535FFEEFDA8F93CE62BF95B" author="Reimer" box="[621,1128,1700,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">Reimer, Nonaka, Sinniger & Iwase, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
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</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF52F95EE0B2F93A" blockId="4.[151,1128,1699,1759]" box="[151,753,1734,1759]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA535FFEEFF52F95EE343F93A" box="[151,256,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA535FFEEFECBF95FE35EF93A" box="[270,285,1735,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">2</figureCitation>
|
||||
A. Morphbank species collection 829704.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A535FFEEFF52F896E0F6F8C2" box="[151,693,1806,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF52F896E0F6F8C2" blockId="4.[151,1436,1806,2011]" box="[151,693,1806,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF52F896E3C3F8C2" bold="true" box="[151,384,1806,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA535FFEEFE42F897E39BF8C2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1807,1831]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
1110399,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A535FFEEFD88F897E0F2F8C2" box="[589,689,1807,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A535FFEEFF02F8AAE1D5F83E" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA535FFEEFF02F8AAE1D5F83E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1806,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFF02F8AAE302F8AE" bold="true" box="[199,321,1842,1867]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFE8FF8AAE3BCF8AE" box="[330,511,1842,1867]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFE8FF8AAE3BCF8AE" box="[330,511,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with cyclically transitional marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 547 Μm in length, composed of as many as 27 attachment points. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Occurring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFF52F8E2E35AF877" box="[151,281,1914,1939]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.94" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="222.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="194.0">194–250 m</quantity>
|
||||
in the western Pacific, symbiotic with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A535FFEEFD25F8E2E6ADF876" authority="Kishinouye, 1903" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1903" box="[736,1262,1914,1939]" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Paracorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A535FFEEFD25F8E2E646F876" box="[736,1029,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Paracorallium japonicum</emphasis>
|
||||
(Kishinouye, 1903)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Coenenchyme and polyps yellow. Tentacles and mesenteries to 22, oral disk slightly concave when expanded, capitular ridges to 11. Largest expanded polyp
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFE16F85BE060F83F" box="[467,547,1987,2011]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA535FFEEFDACF85BE0FCF83F" box="[617,703,1987,2010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
oral disk diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A534FFEFFF02FF0FE030F813" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02FF0FE2AFFF1D" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFF02FF0FE31BFF55" bold="true" box="[199,344,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme bright yellow and connects polyps in expanding colonies as stolons across the surface of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A534FFEFFEF9FF25E38CFF31" box="[316,463,189,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Paracorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFEF9FF25E38CFF31" box="[316,463,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">P. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; 75–100% of polyps observed as singletons in colonizations of 16–95 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFAC0FF24E2A3FF1D" author="Reimer" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFAA7FF25E7D6FF30" box="[1378,1429,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02FE9CE6B7FE6D" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges conspicuous, 9–11 (Morphbank 830696). Tentacles, oral disk, and column of expanded polyps bright yellow (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFE4BFEBFE031FEA5" author="Reimer" box="[398,626,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFE2CFEB1E058FEA5" box="[489,539,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps of diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA534FFEFFCA5FEB0E1ABFEDA" box="[864,1000,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="2.8" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="1.7">1.7–3.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(contracted) extend up to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA534FFEFFAD5FEB0E71CFEDA" box="[1296,1375,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from coenenchyme; body wall infiltrated with foraminifer tests, sclerites, sediment, and spicules (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFB6FFED4E7D3FE81" author="Reimer" box="[1194,1424,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFAC3FED5E77BFE80" box="[1286,1336,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles 18–22, dicyclic around oral disk
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA534FFEFFDBDFEF7E0BCFE62" box="[632,767,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.7" valueMin="5.3">5.3–7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in expanded diameter (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFBC0FEF7E6ABFE6D" author="Reimer" box="[1029,1256,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFBA5FEE9E6D2FE6D" box="[1120,1169,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EE828FC2A534FFEFFF52FB66E102FA48" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" targetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" targetPageId="5">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF52FB66E102FA48" blockId="5.[151,1436,1278,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFF52FB66E356FAF6" bold="true" box="[151,277,1278,1300]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A534FFEFFE7AFB66E09EFAF1" box="[447,733,1278,1300]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFE7AFB66E09EFAF1" box="[447,733,1278,1300]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFF52FAC2E2ECFA8A" bold="true" box="[151,175,1370,1391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFEE7FAE1E37AFA6B" bold="true" box="[290,313,1401,1422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFEBAFA0FE3DBFA48" bold="true" box="[383,408,1431,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02FA4CE32BF862" blockId="5.[151,1436,1492,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829703), marginal musculature cyclically transitional from endodermal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFE35FA60E073F9F4" box="[496,560,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
A) to mesogleal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFD3FFA60E178F9F4" box="[762,827,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
B), with period of 50–60 Μm per transition (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFAF1FA60E73AF9F4" box="[1332,1401,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
A). Muscle fibers contained within 0–19 (x = 12, n sections = 10) subtly angular lacunae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFBA4F984E6E7F9D0" box="[1121,1188,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
B) that occupy entire mesoglea distally; lacunae confined toward endoderm proximally, with proximal-most lacunae opening to endoderm and forming 0–15 (x = 7, n sections = 10) mesogleal pleats (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFC4CF9FFE18AF965" box="[905,969,1639,1664]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
A). Length of marginal musculature (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFAAAF9FFE2E2F942" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
A, B) 399–547 Μm (x = 474, n sections= 10); width at widest point (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFC4AF916E18CF942" box="[911,975,1678,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
A, B) 57–111 Μm (x = 88, n sections = 10). Diameter of largest lacuna enveloping muscle fibers (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFCC4F92DE100F92B" box="[769,835,1717,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
B) 51–71 Μm (x = 62, n sections = 10). Second row of lacunae (near endoderm) in sections where muscle appears to be mesogleal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFBE2F944E62FF911" box="[1063,1132,1756,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
B) are result of dissolved encrustations (often foraminifera). Large lacunae throughout ectoderm and mesoglea resulting from dissolution of encrustations (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFEFFF8BCE339F8D9" box="[314,378,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
C). In region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA534FFEFFB02F8BCE747F8D9" box="[1223,1284,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
A), ectoderm is 59–96 Μm (x = 73, n sections = 10), mesoglea 22–46 Μm (x = 32, n sections = 10) and endoderm 7–14 Μm (x = 10, n sections = 10) width.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA534FFEFFF02F80EE030F813" blockId="5.[151,1436,1492,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
In cross section at actinopharynx, mesenteries 18–22, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFB49F80DE733F84B" author="Reimer" box="[1164,1392,1941,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFB22F80EE763F84B" box="[1255,1312,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Cnidae. Mesenterial filaments contain holotrichs and basitrichs (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA534FFEFFBC0F821E6B9F837" author="Reimer" box="[1029,1274,1977,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A534FFEFFBA3F823E6E5F837" box="[1126,1190,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for size and frequency; other structures not examined).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="EE828FC2A537FFECFF52FA22E007F96D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" targetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" targetPageId="6">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF52FA22E007F96D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1466,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF52FA22E34EFA2A" bold="true" box="[151,269,1466,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||||
. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring).
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFEBDF9CCE3D2F98C" bold="true" box="[376,401,1620,1641]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFCBEF9CCE6D2F98F" box="[891,1169,1620,1642]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFCBEF9CCE6D2F98F" box="[891,1169,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Corallizoanthus tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFB5BF9CCE6F6F98C" bold="true" box="[1182,1205,1620,1641]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFE51F9EAE07CF96D" box="[404,575,1650,1672]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">Savalia savaglia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A537FFECFF02F928E3CDF909" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF02F928E3CDF909" blockId="6.[151,1436,1712,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF02F928E323F92C" bold="true" box="[199,352,1712,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Associated with 14% of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFD51F929E169F92D" box="[660,810,1713,1736]" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Paracorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFD51F929E169F92D" box="[660,810,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">P. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA537FFECFC92F928E198F92D" box="[855,987,1712,1737]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.94" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="222.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="194.0">194–250 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Okinawa and Kagoshima,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA537FFECFA99F929E7DFF92D" box="[1372,1436,1713,1736]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA537FFECFF5BF94CE3C1F909" author="Reimer" box="[158,386,1748,1773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF3FF94DE371F908" box="[250,306,1748,1773]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A537FFEDFF02F960E66CFC09" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF02F960E31FF8BC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1712,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFF02F960E378F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1784,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross sections not obtained from limited material of USNM
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A537FFECFC27F961E600F8F4" box="[994,1091,1785,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(allotment of polyps needed to achieve reasonable longitudinal sections); therefore features of mesenteries, siphonoglyph, column, and directives remain unknown.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA537FFECFF02F8FCE603F80D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1712,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
|
||||
The original description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFE3FF8FDE0D0F898" box="[506,659,1892,1917]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFE3FF8FDE0D0F898" box="[506,659,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA537FFECFD64F8FCE1C2F899" author="Reimer" box="[673,897,1892,1917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFD39F8FDE177F898" box="[764,820,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) reported equal numbers of capitular ridges and tentacles;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A537FFECFECCF810E3C4F844" box="[265,391,1928,1953]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
usually have capitular ridges numbering half the mesenteries and tentacles. Examination of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A537FFECFF52F835E2B4F820" box="[151,247,1965,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
polyps indicate half the number previously reported (Morphbank 830696). Tentacle count (usually equal mesenteries) verifiable from photo of live specimen (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA537FFECFD2FF848E16FF80D" box="[746,812,2000,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA537FFECFC97F848E677F80D" author="Reimer" box="[850,1076,2000,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A537FFECFC6EF849E1A7F80C" box="[939,996,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FF0FE6C1FEA5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFE24FF00E03AFF55" box="[481,633,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFE24FF00E03AFF55" box="[481,633,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
defies simple classification and is apparently novel. Observation of any single longitudinal section through the muscle would be interpreted in 80% of the sections as a transitional marginal musculature (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFE5BFF47E3A7FF1D" box="[414,484,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
A), such as is reported for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFCDEFF47E619FF1D" authority="Ocana et al. 1995" authorityName="Ocana et al." authorityYear="1995" box="[795,1114,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFCDEFF47E12CFF1D" box="[795,879,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFC45FF78E611FF1D" author="Ocana" box="[896,1106,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Ocana, O., Brito, A., Nunez, J. & Bacallado, J. J. (1995) Redescription de Gerardia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (Anthozoa: Zoantharia: Gerardiidae). Vieraea, 24, 153 - 164." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||||
Ocaña
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC17FF79E646FF1D" box="[978,1029,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1995
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. When examining all of the longitudinal serial sections through the marginal muscle, attachment points appear to be a cyclic continuum of mesogleal, transitional (lacunae and pleats), and endodermal forms (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFC50FEBFE19DFEA5" box="[917,990,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,445,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,445,1257]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Histology of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai (10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), lacunae formed by dissolution foraminifera tests (L-FT), mesogleal marginal musculature (MMM), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), tentacles (T); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow. A. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. B. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing mesogleal portion of cyclically transitional marginal musculature. C. Longitudinal section of contracted polyp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251141/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
A, 1B, & 2A).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FED4E075FCDD" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
The usual justification for similar observations (that an endodermal muscle will occasionally appear mesogleal when muscle must traverse the mesentery where the mesentery abuts the margin;
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFBA7FEE9E6C9FE6D" box="[1122,1162,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFB58FEF7E700FE6D" author="Carlgren" box="[1181,1347,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Carlgren, O. H. (1913) Zoantharia. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1913">Carlgren 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) seems improbable because the muscle is mesogleal at three regular intervals (as an observer proceeds through the serial sections) for 5–15 times the width of the mesenteries of similar species. Although the mesenteries of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFAC1FE20E7DFFE35" box="[1284,1436,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFAC1FE20E7DFFE35" box="[1284,1436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
could not be measured here, width of mesenteries in two closely related unnamed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFB80FE44E7DFFE11" authority="Swain 2010" authorityName="Swain" authorityYear="2010" box="[1093,1436,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFB80FE44E6B9FE10" box="[1093,1274,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFACFFE44E7D6FE11" author="Swain" box="[1290,1429,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are insufficient (4–10 Μm) to explain mesogleal portions of the marginal muscle (50–60 Μm;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFB73FE67E6B9FDFD" box="[1206,1274,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
A). If this was an endodermal muscle that appeared mesogleal where the muscle traversed the mesentery (essentially an artifact of the serial sectioning), the mesogleal portions would: (1) be randomly located along the length of the muscle (as the microtome blade imperfectly sectioned the diminutive diameter of the mesenteries), (2) rarely occur as all or most of the attachment points within a single section (only when a mesentery was perfectly parallel to the plane of the microtome blade), (3) approximate the diameter of the mesentery (because the mesoglea of the mesentery, and not the margin, is being observed), and (4) occur at irregular intervals (only visible when the section happened to capture the mesentery). These artifacts of serial sectioning of endodermal marginal musculature are not observed in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF05FCB8E31AFCDD" box="[192,345,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF05FCB8E31AFCDD" box="[192,345,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A536FFEDFE9AFCB8E3FCFCDD" box="[351,447,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFE0AFC87E051FCDD" box="[463,530,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
A).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FCDCE66CFC09" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Although previously unrecognized in other taxa, the cyclically transitional marginal musculature in not unique to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF71FCF0E30FFC65" box="[180,332,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF71FCF0E30FFC65" box="[180,332,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The other two undescribed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD48FCFFE101FC65" box="[653,834,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD48FCFFE101FC65" box="[653,834,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
taxa (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFC76FCFFE679FC65" author="Swain" box="[947,1082,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) have nearly identical marginal musculatures and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFEA2FC14E066FC40" box="[359,549,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFEA2FC14E066FC40" box="[359,549,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a similar form. Examination of the marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFADBFC15E7DFFC40" box="[1310,1436,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFADBFC15E7DFFC40" box="[1310,1436,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimen USNM 1086480 revealed a cyclically transitional form, with period of 40–90 Μm per transition and muscle fibers contained within 0–34 lacunae and 0–27 mesogleal pleats (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C6C3CFA536FFEDFC0FFC4CE64DFC09" box="[970,1038,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[195,1419,187,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,183,1461]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring). A. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Corallizoanthus tsukaharai. B. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature of Savalia savaglia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251142/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
317
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317
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@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
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<mods:title id="2CA6F1A07B6DFC19145C183BAE891F14">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="914E3F310F6FDE0148EE9AF25806D2E8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA536FFE2FF52FBAAE75CFDD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672458" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426775" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672458" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA536FFE2FF52FBAAE75CFDD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA536FFE2FF52FBAAE75CFDD8" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A536FFEDFF52FBAAE1C6FBAE" box="[151,901,1074,1099]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF52FBAAE1C6FBAE" blockId="7.[151,901,1074,1099]" box="[151,901,1074,1099]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="E10A6826A536FFEDFF52FBAAE1C6FBAE" bold="true" box="[151,901,1074,1099]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF52FBAAE1C6FBAE" bold="true" box="[151,901,1074,1099]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF2FFBAAE1C6FBAE" ID-CoL="7NQB3" authority="Sinniger, Reimer" authorityName="Sinniger, Reimer" authorityYear="2010" box="[234,901,1074,1099]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF2FFBAAE385FBAE" bold="true" box="[234,454,1074,1099]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Antipathozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFE09FBAAE1C6FBAE" author="Sinniger" box="[460,901,1074,1099]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Sinniger, F., Reimer, J. D. & Pawlowski, J. (2010) The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 57 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0034 - 3" type="journal article" year="2010">Sinniger, Reimer, & Pawlowski, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A536FFEDFF52FBE3E629FB75" box="[151,1130,1146,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF52FBE3E629FB75" blockId="7.[151,1130,1146,1168]" box="[151,1130,1146,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A536FFEDFF52FBE3E28AFB75" box="[151,201,1147,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFEE0FBE2E12CFB75" authority="Ocano & Brito, 2004" authorityName="Ocano & Brito" authorityYear="2004" box="[293,879,1146,1168]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFEE0FBE2E0C3FB75" box="[293,640,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Antipathozoanthus macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Ocaño &
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFD34FBE2E12AFB75" author="Brito" box="[753,873,1146,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Ocana, O. & Brito, A. (2004) A review of Gerardiidae (Anthozoa: Zoantharia) from the Macaronesian islands and the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 15, 159 - 189." type="journal article" year="2004">Brito, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by original designation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A536FFEDFF52FB25E2A3FA6F" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF52FB25E2A3FA6F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1213,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF52FB25E352FB33" bold="true" box="[151,273,1213,1238]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFE44FB25E06FFB33" box="[385,556,1213,1238]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
associated with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD2DFB25E137FB33" box="[744,884,1213,1238]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Antipatharia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and lacking scleroprotein skeleton. Known from subtropical and tropical regions at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA536FFEDFDE7FB79E0C9FB1C" box="[546,650,1249,1274]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="10.0">
|
||||
10–
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFB14C3A536FFEDFD89FB79E0C9FB1C" box="[588,650,1249,1274]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="generic">45 m</specimenCount>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
. Azooxanthellate. Polyps pink to yellow and encrusted, expand
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA536FFEDFAA1FB7AE280FAF8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.0">4–12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
wide and
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA536FFEDFEFBFA9DE3EFFAF8" box="[318,428,1285,1310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="4.0">4–15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long (diagnosis of Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD33FA9EE171FAFB" box="[758,818,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008). Capitular ridges 23–28. Marginal musculature endodermal, 352–585 Μm in length, composed of 30–63 attachment points. Encrustations of the column to the outer mesoglea; no mesogleal canals or encircling sinus (diagnosis expanded using data presented here and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFA93FAD5E297FA6F" author="Swain" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A536FFE2FF02FA0DE75CFDD8" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA536FFEDFF02FA0DE161F80B" blockId="7.[151,1437,1213,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF02FA0DE378FA4B" bold="true" box="[199,315,1429,1454]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
The identity and attributes of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD78FA0EE1C8FA48" box="[701,907,1430,1453]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD78FA0EE1C8FA48" box="[701,907,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">A. macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have been confused due to an initial misidentification (Ocaño &
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFE0FFA21E014FA37" author="Brito" box="[458,599,1465,1490]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Ocana, O. & Brito, A. (2004) A review of Gerardiidae (Anthozoa: Zoantharia) from the Macaronesian islands and the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 15, 159 - 189." type="journal article" year="2004">Brito, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) of specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFC8CFA21E64DFA37" box="[841,1038,1465,1490]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC8CFA21E64DFA37" box="[841,1038,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as an ecological variant of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFA41FA22E37DFA10" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFA41FA22E37DFA10" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">A. macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Because of this error, nucleotide sequences derived from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFC3FFA46E639FA13" box="[1018,1146,1501,1526]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC3FFA46E639FA13" box="[1018,1146,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were labeled as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFA8DFA45E370F9FC" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFA8DFA45E370F9FC" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Genbank
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A536FFEDFE75F999E06EF9FF" box="[432,557,1537,1562]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY995906" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">AY995906</accessionNumber>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A536FFEDFDFDF999E0F7F9FF" box="[568,692,1537,1562]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY995930" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">AY995930</accessionNumber>
|
||||
) by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFD23F999E19AF9FF" box="[742,985,1537,1562]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonn, P. & Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 0016 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC89F99AE1C7F9FF" box="[844,900,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2005)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Although the error in both publications was identified by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFEA6F9BEE07CF9DB" box="[355,575,1573,1598]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Ocana, O., Brito, A., Gonzalez, G. & Herrera, R. (2007) Additions in relation to Gerardiidae from the Macaronesian waters and the Mediterranean Sea (Anthozoa: Zoantharia). Vieraea, 35, 163 - 168." type="journal article">
|
||||
Ocaña
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFE76F9BEE3AEF9DB" box="[435,493,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2007)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and published correctly in Remier
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC11F9BEE64DF9DB" box="[980,1038,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2007), Remier
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFB0EF9BEE746F9DB" box="[1227,1285,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2008a), and Remier
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF30F9D2E371F987" box="[245,306,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2008b), it was further propagated by Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFCAAF9D2E1EFF987" box="[879,940,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2008) with the introduction of new COI sequence (Genbank
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A536FFEDFE46F9F5E3BAF963" box="[387,505,1645,1670]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EF672657" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">EF672657</accessionNumber>
|
||||
) from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD8BF9F6E08EF963" box="[590,717,1645,1670]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD8BF9F6E08EF963" box="[590,717,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
labeled
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFCF0F9F5E660F963" box="[821,1059,1645,1670]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFCF0F9F5E660F963" box="[821,1059,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia aff. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in supplemental information,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFA42F9F6E370F94C" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFA42F9F6E370F94C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Genbank, and unlabeled in the text. This error was compounded by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFBBFF909E2A2F92B" author="Sinniger" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Sinniger, F. & Haussermann, V. (2009) Zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from shallow waters of the southern Chilean fjord region, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 9, 23 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ode. 2008.10.003" type="journal article" year="2009">Sinniger & Häussermann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
with the introduction of new ITS sequences (Genbank
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A536FFEDFCA2F92DE1A0F92B" box="[871,995,1717,1742]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU591546" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">EU591546</accessionNumber>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A536FFEDFC34F92DE62FF92B" box="[1009,1132,1717,1742]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU591547" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">EU591547</accessionNumber>
|
||||
) from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFB7BF92EE77FF92B" box="[1214,1340,1717,1742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFB7BF92EE77FF92B" box="[1214,1340,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that are labeled
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF33F941E3AFF917" box="[246,492,1753,1778]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF33F941E3AFF917" box="[246,492,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia aff. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the text and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD05F941E1B1F914" box="[704,1010,1753,1778]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD05F941E1B1F914" box="[704,1010,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia aff. macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Genbank.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFB64F941E702F917" author="Swain" box="[1185,1345,1753,1778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
further propagated this error by applying the original binomen
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFCDCF965E666F8F0" box="[793,1061,1789,1814]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Gerardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFCDCF965E666F8F0" box="[793,1061,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Gerardia macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to nucleotide sequences derived from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF13F8BAE310F8DF" box="[214,339,1825,1850]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savaglia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF13F8BAE310F8DF" box="[214,339,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. savaglia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
but labeled
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFE24F8BAE0D8F8DC" box="[481,667,1826,1849]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Gerardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFE24F8BAE0D8F8DC" box="[481,667,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFD0DF8B9E1FEF8DF" box="[712,957,1825,1850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonn, P. & Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 0016 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFCF5F8BAE129F8DF" box="[816,874,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2005)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFB9BF8BAE6DBF8DF" box="[1118,1176,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2008).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA536FFEDFB3EF8B9E2A2F8BB" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" refString="Sinniger, F., Reimer, J. D. & Pawlowski, J. (2010) The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 57 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0034 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFAA7F8BAE7DFF8DF" box="[1378,1436,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2010)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reassigned
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFEAFF8DEE067F8B8" box="[362,548,1862,1885]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Gerardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFEAFF8DEE067F8B8" box="[362,548,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">S. macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFD89F8DDE15DF8BB" box="[588,798,1861,1886]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFD89F8DDE15DF8BB" box="[588,798,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Antipathozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFC8DF8DEE653F8B8" box="[840,1040,1862,1885]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFC8DF8DEE653F8B8" box="[840,1040,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">A. macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and reported that this species was distantly related to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFEB1F8F1E38BF867" box="[372,456,1897,1922]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFEB1F8F1E38BF867" box="[372,456,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This appears to be the first correct application of the species name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFB18F8F2E73AF864" box="[1245,1401,1898,1921]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Gerardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFB18F8F2E73AF864" box="[1245,1401,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">macaronesica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFF52F816E37DF840" box="[151,318,1934,1957]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFF52F816E37DF840" box="[151,318,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) in a molecular phylogeny; previously, samples belonging to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A536FFEDFBC4F816E68AF840" box="[1025,1225,1934,1957]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A536FFEDFBC4F816E68AF840" box="[1025,1225,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">A. macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were labeled with various renditions of the collection locations
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA536FFEDFD51F82AE155F82F" box="[660,790,1969,1994]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA536FFEDFC8BF829E1ECF82F" box="[846,943,1969,1994]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">Principe</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. The accessions in Genbank (numbers cited above) remain mislabeled (last accessed
|
||||
<date id="CE43F98AA536FFEDFD9AF84DE155F80B" box="[607,790,2005,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" value="2014-03-14">March 14, 2014</date>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF02FF00E75CFDD8" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
In addition to misidentifications leading to error propagation, authors disagree (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FB81FF0FE765FF55" author="Sinniger" box="[1092,1318,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Sinniger, F., Reimer, J. D. & Pawlowski, J. (2010) The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 57 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0034 - 3" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FB69FF01E6A7FF55" box="[1196,1252,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) about the scleroprotein skeleton (character apparently unique to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FCDFFF24E12DFF30" box="[794,878,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FCDFFF24E12DFF30" box="[794,878,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FC63FF24E63BFF30" box="[934,1144,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FC63FF24E63BFF30" box="[934,1144,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Antipathozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. It seems that it can be difficult to distinguish between the skeleton of the host
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FCC0FF47E1D2FF1D" box="[773,913,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Antipatharia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and extensions of that skeleton constructed by the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FF06FE9CE306FEF8" box="[195,325,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, this skeleton appears to be ecologically important, as established
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FB79FE9CE753FEF8" box="[1212,1296,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FB79FE9CE753FEF8" box="[1212,1296,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations increase biodiversity and the deposition of bioavailable substrates (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FC40FEB0E627FEA5" author="Cerrano" box="[901,1124,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Cerrano, C., Danovaro, R., Gambi, C., Pusceddu, A., Riva, A. & Schiaparelli, S. (2010) Gold coral (Savalia savaglia) and gorgonian forests enhance benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the mesophotic zone. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 153 - 167. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 009 - 9712 - 5" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Cerrano
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FC2DFEB1E663FEA5" box="[1000,1056,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Careful phylogenetics and morphometrics may eventually unravel confusion over identity and skeleton construction, and assist in clarifying definitions for both genera; one possibility is that the cyclically transitional marginal musculature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FAC6FEE8E7DFFE6D" box="[1283,1436,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tsukaharai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FAC6FEE8E7DFFE6D" box="[1283,1436,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">C. tsukaharai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a character shared with others in its clade (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FD49FE0DE089FE49" box="[652,714,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FD14FE0CE114FE49" author="Swain" box="[721,855,404,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and may serve to differentiate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FB7DFE0CE72EFE48" box="[1208,1389,404,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FB7DFE0CE72EFE48" box="[1208,1389,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FF52FE2FE2A8FE35" box="[151,235,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF52FE2FE2A8FE35" box="[151,235,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FEF8FE2FE054FE35" box="[317,535,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FEF8FE2FE050FE35" box="[317,531,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathozoanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Another possibility is that associations between symbionts and hosts may differentiate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FEEDFE44E33FFE10" box="[296,380,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Savalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FEEDFE44E33FFE10" box="[296,380,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Savalia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FE73FE44E0CBFE10" box="[438,648,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FE73FE44E0CBFE10" box="[438,648,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Antipathozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(thought to be parasitic by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FC0DFE44E6F1FE11" author="Ocana" box="[968,1202,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Ocana, O. & Brito, A. (2004) A review of Gerardiidae (Anthozoa: Zoantharia) from the Macaronesian islands and the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 15, 159 - 189." type="journal article" year="2004">Ocaña & Brito 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FB28FE44E28CFDFD" author="Reimer" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
respectively) from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FE6BFE67E020FDFD" box="[430,611,511,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Corallizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FE6BFE67E020FDFD" box="[430,611,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Corallizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(thought not to be parasitic by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FC0DFE67E6EFFDFD" author="Reimer" box="[968,1196,511,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F. & Iwase, F. (2008 a) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 008 - 0389 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Reimer
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FBE7FD99E618FDFD" box="[1058,1115,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); although controlled experiments similar to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FE5DFDBCE073FDD9" author="Swain" box="[408,560,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Swain, T. D. (2012) Context-dependent effects of symbiosis: Zoanthidea colonization generally improves Demospongiae condition in native habitats. Marine Biology, 159, 1429 - 1438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 012 - 1919 - 4" type="journal article" year="2012">Swain (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
are needed to clarify the outcome of these symbiotic relationships.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
180
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA539FFE0FF52FD17E776FE6D.xml
Normal file
180
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA539FFE0FF52FD17E776FE6D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
|
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<mods:title id="6BBA3F46B53DCA777800028DBE8132D6">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9269FA9240AE9156441F8C971D08ECDC">Swain, Laura M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA539FFE0FF52FD17E776FE6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672460" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426776" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672460" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA539FFE0FF52FD17E776FE6D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA539FFE0FF52FD17E776FE6D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A539FFE2FF52FD17E0F5FD28" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF52FD17E0A8FD4D" blockId="8.[151,747,655,717]" box="[151,747,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
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<heading id="E10A6826A539FFE2FF52FD17E0A8FD4D" bold="true" box="[151,747,655,680]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FF52FD17E0A8FD4D" ID-CoL="F2C8" authority="Reimer & Fujii, 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,747,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hickmani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF52FD17E0A8FD4D" bold="true" box="[151,747,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF52FD17E3A5FD4D" bold="true" box="[151,486,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Antipathozoanthus hickmani</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FE28FD17E0A8FD4D" author="Reimer" box="[493,747,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF52FD2CE0F5FD28" blockId="8.[151,747,655,717]" box="[151,694,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Figure 3. Morphbank species collection 829705.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A539FFE2FF52FD64E0F5FCF0" box="[151,694,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF52FD64E0F5FCF0" blockId="8.[151,1437,764,1930]" box="[151,694,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF52FD64E3C3FCF0" bold="true" box="[151,384,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA539FFE2FE42FD64E39BFCF1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,764,788]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
1134064,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A539FFE2FD8BFD65E0F1FCF0" box="[590,690,765,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A539FFE2FF02FC87E10CFC08" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF02FC87E10CFC08" blockId="8.[151,1437,764,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF02FC87E302FCDD" bold="true" box="[199,321,799,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FE8CFC87E058FCDD" box="[329,539,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FE8CFC87E058FCDD" box="[329,539,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Antipathozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with endodermal marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 585 Μm in length, composed of as many as 63 unbranched mesogleal pleats. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 80 Μm width. Occuring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA539FFE2FC95FCFFE1F0FC9A" box="[848,947,871,896]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" unit="m" value="23.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="12.0">12–35 m</quantity>
|
||||
near the Galapagos Islands, symbiotic with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FF52FC14E0C8FC41" authority="Diechmann, 1941" authorityName="Diechmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,651,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galapagensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF52FC14E3ECFC40" box="[151,431,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Antipathes galapagensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Diechmann, 1941
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Coenenchyme, polyps, and tentacles red, yellow, or cream; often contrasting each other. Tentacles and mesenteries to 40, oral disk slightly concave when expanded, capitular ridges to 28. Largest expanded polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA539FFE2FE39FC4CE008FC09" box="[508,587,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA539FFE2FD54FC4CE0A3FC09" box="[657,736,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A539FFE0FF02FC6FE65CFF30" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF02FC6FE11BFBD1" blockId="8.[151,1437,764,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FF02FC6FE31AFBF5" bold="true" box="[199,345,1015,1040]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme red, yellow, or cream and completely enveloping branches of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A539FFE2FA41FC60E368FBD0" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galapagensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A539FFE2FA41FC60E368FBD0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">A. galapagensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FD9EFB84E10FFBD1" author="Reimer" box="[603,844,1052,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF02FBA7E67CFB21" blockId="8.[151,1437,764,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges conspicuous, 23–28 (Morphbank 830698). Tentacles, oral disk, and column of expanded polyps red, yellow, or cream (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FDA0FBFCE11EFB99" author="Reimer" box="[613,861,1124,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps of diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA539FFE2FB91FBFCE682FB99" box="[1108,1217,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.0">4–12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(expanded) extend
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA539FFE2FF52FB1FE346FB7A" box="[151,261,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="4.0">4–15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from the coenenchyme; body wall infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FC16FB1FE68CFB45" author="Reimer" box="[979,1231,1159,1184]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles to 40, dicyclic, expand in length greater than diameter of oral disk (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA539FFE2FC87FB34E670FB21" author="Reimer" box="[834,1075,1196,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF02FB57E714FA08" blockId="8.[151,1437,764,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829723), marginal musculature endodermal with muscle fibers anchored to 30–63 (x = 44, n sections = 10) unbranched mesogleal pleats that decrease in size proximally (Fig. 3A). Fibers enclosed in lacunae in few sections as muscles traverse mesenteries (Fig. 3A). Length of marginal musculature (Fig. 3A) 352–585 Μm (x = 417, n sections= 10); width at widest point (Fig. 3A) 38–109 Μm (x = 79, n sections = 10). Length of largest pleats supporting muscle fibers (Fig. 3A) 26–56 Μm (x = 37, n sections = 10). Scattered lacunae in ectoderm and ectodermal surface of mesoglea are result of dissolved encrustations (Fig. 3B). In region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature; Fig. 3A) ectoderm is 8–40 Μm (x = 21, n sections = 10), mesoglea 26–55 Μm (x = 41, n sections = 10) and endoderm 15–41 Μm (x = 24, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA539FFE2FF02FA64E66FF86C" blockId="8.[151,1437,764,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829707), mesenteries 32, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (Fig. 3C). Dorsal directives with rounded free border (distal to the mesenterial filament), similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 3C). Ventral directives (Fig. 3D) supported by mesoglea 199–292 Μm (x = 256, n sections = 10) from column to siphonoglyph, 3–11 Μm (x = 7, n sections = 10) width, 10–21 Μm (x = 17, n sections = 10) width at retractor muscles, and heteromorphic at column 11–24 Μm (x = 15, n sections = 10) width; similar to nondirective perfect mesenteries (Fig. 3D). Actinopharynx deeply furrowed (Fig. 3C). Siphonoglyph distinct and Ushaped (Fig. 3D); ectoderm is 19–38 Μm (x = 27, n sections = 10), mesoglea 14–32 Μm (x = 24, n sections = 10) and endoderm 8–33 Μm (x = 16, n sections = 10) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 3D), column ectoderm is 8–26 Μm (x = 15, n sections = 10), mesoglea 44–80 Μm (x = 60, n sections = 10) and endoderm 23–52 Μm (x = 36, n sections = 10) width. Encircling sinus and mesogleal canals imperceptible, small lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations throughout ectoderm and outer quarter width of mesoglea in column (Fig. 3C, D).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA538FFE3FF52F896E717F83A" blockId="9.[151,1437,1806,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A538FFE3FF52F896E34DF8C6" bold="true" box="[151,270,1806,1828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A538FFE3FE67F896E087F8C1" box="[418,708,1806,1828]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="90" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hickmani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A538FFE3FE67F896E087F8C1" box="[418,708,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">Antipathozoanthus hickmani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurements of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A538FFE3FF52F813E2ECF845" bold="true" box="[151,175,1931,1952]" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A538FFE3FB6EF814E681F844" bold="true" box="[1195,1218,1932,1953]" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A538FFE3FEBCF832E3D2F825" bold="true" box="[377,401,1962,1984]" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesentery.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A538FFE3FECFF851E360F83B" bold="true" box="[266,291,1993,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="90">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02FF0FE65CFF30" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
Cnidae. Tentacles and pharynx: basitrichs, mastigophores, holotrichs, spirocysts; filaments: mastigophores, holotrichs; column: holotrichs (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FDE1FF24E14DFF31" author="Reimer" box="[548,782,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for size and frequency).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF02FF47E2A3FEF9" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02FF47E2A3FEF9" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02FF47E323FF1D" bold="true" box="[199,352,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Associated with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FDE0FF78E09AFF1D" box="[549,729,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galapagensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FDE0FF78E09AFF1D" box="[549,729,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">A. galapagensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FD3BFF47E121FF12" box="[766,866,223,248]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="23.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="12.0">12–35 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Galapagos Islands,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA53BFFE0FBBAFF47E69FFF1D" box="[1151,1244,223,248]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FB28FF47E297FEF9" author="Reimer" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF02FEBFE776FE6D" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02FEBFE776FE6D" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02FEBFE378FEA5" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FE81FEBFE0C5FEA5" box="[324,646,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hickmani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FE81FEBFE0C5FEA5" box="[324,646,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Antipathozoanthus hickmani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was erected to recognize differences in color (can be red or cream), distribution (Galapagos as opposed to Macaronesia), and host (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FC44FED4E67AFE80" box="[897,1081,332,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galapagensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FC44FED4E67AFE80" box="[897,1081,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">A. galapagensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as opposed to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FB36FED4E38BFE6D" authority="Opresko, 2001" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2001" class="Anthozoa" family="Myriopathidae" genus="Tanacetipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FB36FED4E358FE6D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Tanacetipathes cavernicola</emphasis>
|
||||
Opresko, 2001
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53BFFE0FDFBFEE8E02DFE6D" box="[574,622,368,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species of the genus,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FCA1FEE8E772FE6D" authority="Reimer & Fujii 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[868,1329,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FCA1FEE8E66AFE6D" box="[868,1065,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">A. macaronesicus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FBFDFEF7E76AFE6D" author="Reimer" box="[1080,1321,367,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
142
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53BFFE0FF52FE44E754FB7F.xml
Normal file
142
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53BFFE0FF52FE44E754FB7F.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
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<mods:titleInfo id="AB7C38E489CFBDA0F8B5EB706D71191F">
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<mods:title id="1ACAD8F4057CBBE705251C33CF5FF17E">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA53BFFE0FF52FE44E754FB7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672462" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA53BFFE0FF52FE44E754FB7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA53BFFE0FF52FE44E754FB7F" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FE44E0BEFE13" bold="true" box="[151,765,475,502]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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Genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FF2BFE43E0BEFE13" ID-CoL="7PQ8V" authority="Haddon & Shackleton, 1891" authorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" authorityYear="1891" box="[238,765,475,502]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF2BFE43E3D5FE10" bold="true" box="[238,406,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE58FE44E0BEFE13" author="Haddon" box="[413,765,476,502]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891) A Revision of the British Actini. Part II: The Zoanthe. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 609 - 672." type="journal article" year="1891">Haddon & Shackleton, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF52FDBBE1FEFDDD" box="[151,957,546,568]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FDBBE1FEFDDD" blockId="10.[151,957,546,568]" box="[151,957,546,568]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53BFFE0FF52FDBBE28AFDDD" box="[151,201,547,568]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FEE0FDBAE081FDDD" authority="Schmidt, 1862" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[293,706,546,568]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="axinellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FEE0FDBAE056FDDD" box="[293,533,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus axinellae</emphasis>
|
||||
(Schmidt, 1862)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by original designation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF52FDFDE6B9FCD7" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FDFDE6B9FCD7" blockId="10.[151,1437,613,1178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FDFDE352FD9B" bold="true" box="[151,273,613,638]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FEDDFDFDE380FD9B" box="[280,451,613,638]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with encrusted column; mesoglea containing canals, cell-islets, and an encircling sinus; usually dioecious (diagnosis of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FDD3FD11E124FD47" author="Haddon" box="[534,871,649,674]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891) A Revision of the British Actini. Part II: The Zoanthe. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 609 - 672." type="journal article" year="1891">Haddon & Shackleton 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Often associated with Demospongiae but not Hydrozoa; usually colonial; lacking scleroprotein skeleton (diagnosis expanded by Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FB70FD36E6ACFD23" box="[1205,1263,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008). Known from temperate and tropical regions at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FD93FD4AE0FCFD0C" box="[598,703,722,746]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.555" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="0.01" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="155.5" valueMax="310.0" valueMin="1.0">
|
||||
1–
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFB14C3A53BFFE0FDAAFD4AE0FCFD0C" box="[623,703,722,746]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="generic">310 m</specimenCount>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
. Some species zooxanthellate. Capitular ridges 10–22. Marginal musculature endodermal, 33–1251 Μm in length, composed of 7–63 attachment points. Encrustations of the column to endodermal surface of mesoglea (diagnosis expanded using data presented here and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FBA1FC81E6ACFCD7" author="Swain" box="[1124,1263,793,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF02FCA5E754FB7F" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02FCA5E754FB7F" blockId="10.[151,1437,613,1178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02FCA5E378FCB3" bold="true" box="[199,315,829,854]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
The concept of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FE31FCA5E0D3FCB3" box="[500,656,829,854]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FE31FCA5E0D3FCB3" box="[500,656,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been refined by molecular phylogenetics with the loss of taxa to genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FF1BFCF9E035FC9F" authority="Sinniger et al., 2010" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[222,630,865,890]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Hydrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF1BFCF9E3CBFC9F" box="[222,392,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Hydrozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE4AFCF9E035FC9F" author="Sinniger" box="[399,630,865,890]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Sinniger, F., Reimer, J. D. & Pawlowski, J. (2010) The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 57 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0034 - 3" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FE31FCFAE06FFC9F" box="[500,556,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Although the morphological definition of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FB96FCF9E7DFFC9F" author="Haddon" box="[1107,1436,865,890]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891) A Revision of the British Actini. Part II: The Zoanthe. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 609 - 672." type="journal article" year="1891">Haddon & Shackleton (1891)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
continues to accurately describe the taxa included in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FD20FC1DE1C2FC7B" box="[741,897,901,926]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FD20FC1DE1C2FC7B" box="[741,897,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FC7AFC1DE62AFC7B" box="[959,1129,901,926]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Hydrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FC7AFC1DE62AFC7B" box="[959,1129,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Hydrozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), morphological characters that circumscribe these taxa have not been identified and recent restrictions are based on ecological and nucleotide data;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FF13FC55E331FC03" box="[214,370,973,998]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF13FC55E331FC03" box="[214,370,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is now restricted to Demospongiae-symbiotic taxa and their free-living relatives (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FADBFC55E342FBEF" author="Sinniger" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Sinniger, F., Reimer, J. D. & Pawlowski, J. (2010) The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 57 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0034 - 3" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Sinniger
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FA4DFC56E2F7FBEF" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FEAFFC69E045FBEF" box="[362,518,1009,1034]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FEAFFC69E045FBEF" box="[362,518,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, there are three distinct clades of taxa that are restricted to (and are diagnosable by) symbioses with sponges of specific pairs of Demospongiae orders: Halichondrida & Poecilosclerida, Hadromerida &
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FE91FBA1E3B0FBB7" box="[340,499,1081,1106]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Haplosclerida</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FDF7FBA1E0D9FBB7" box="[562,666,1081,1106]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Porifera" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Petrosina">Petrosina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
& Agelasida (see Figure S2 of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FBCAFBA1E6D8FBB7" author="Swain" box="[1039,1179,1081,1106]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). There are no current taxonomic distinctions between the three clades of zoanthid symbionts; however, it seems appropriate to create subgenera within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FE9BFB19E3B9FB7F" box="[350,506,1153,1178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FE9BFB19E3B9FB7F" box="[350,506,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that reflect molecular evolution and the specificity of these symbioses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
182
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD.xml
Normal file
182
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
|
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<mods:title id="48C40840F7139A315600326BA7BDEFCC">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672464" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426774" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672464" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA53BFFE6FF52FB75E19AFACD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0F5FACF" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0D8FAE3" ID-CoL="4DJ7N" authority="Reimer & Fujii, 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,667,1261,1286]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FB75E0D8FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,667,1261,1286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FB75E3D4FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,407,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus darwini</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE5BFB75E0D8FAE3" author="Reimer" box="[414,667,1261,1286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FA89E0F5FACF" blockId="10.[151,694,1261,1322]" box="[151,694,1297,1322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Figure 4. Morphbank species collection 830697.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF52FAC1E0F5FA97" box="[151,694,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF52FAC1E0F5FA97" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" box="[151,694,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF52FAC1E3C3FA97" bold="true" box="[151,384,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA53BFFE0FE42FAC2E39BFA97" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1370,1394]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
1134065,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53BFFE0FD8BFAC2E0F1FA97" box="[590,690,1370,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE0FF02FAE5E2BCF9AF" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02FAE5E2BCF9AF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02FAE5E302FA73" bold="true" box="[199,321,1405,1430]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53BFFE0FE7DFAE5E017FA73" box="[440,596,1405,1430]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FE7DFAE5E017FA73" box="[440,596,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with endodermal marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 529 Μm in length, composed of as many as 27 mesogleal pleats. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 357 Μm width. Occurring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FCE8FA5EE1CAFA38" box="[813,905,1478,1502]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="2.0">2–30 m</quantity>
|
||||
near the Galapagos Islands, symbiotic with Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida. Coenenchyme and polyps tan, pink, or cream. Tentacles and mesenteries 24–30, oral disk concave when expanded, capitular ridges inconspicuous. Largest expanded polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FB03F995E748F9C0" box="[1222,1291,1549,1574]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FA9DF995E7DEF9C0" box="[1368,1437,1549,1574]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53BFFE6FF02F9CDE65CFC00" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02F9CDE649F939" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53BFFE0FF02F9CDE31AF98B" bold="true" box="[199,345,1621,1646]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme light tan, light pink, or cream-colored and covering portions of the surface of sponge hosts with meandering bands and sheets; infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FBD1F9E1E748F977" author="Reimer" box="[1044,1291,1657,1682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Facultative symbionts of Demospongiae of orders Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FC26F905E69FF953" author="Reimer" box="[995,1244,1693,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Independent of sponge hosts, colonies can cover areas of 0.02 to>
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FD16F95CE0B9F939" box="[723,762,1732,1756]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||||
2 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FCC8F95CE1BDF939" author="Reimer" box="[781,1022,1732,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53BFFE0FF02F970E0C9F875" blockId="10.[151,1437,1369,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges inconspicuous (Morphbank 830699). Tentacles yellow, orange, or cream; oral disk red or yellow; column same color as coenenchyme (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FD00F894E1FDF8C1" author="Reimer" box="[709,958,1804,1829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps of diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FB70F894E756F8C1" box="[1205,1301,1804,1829]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(expanded) extend
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53BFFE0FF28F8A8E30CF8AD" box="[237,335,1840,1865]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2–6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from the coenenchyme and retract nearly flush with surface of the coenenchyme; body wall infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE00F8CCE080F889" author="Reimer" box="[453,707,1876,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles 24–30, dicyclic, and expand in length greater than diameter of oral disk (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53BFFE0FE4BF8E0E03CF875" author="Reimer" box="[398,639,1912,1937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53AFFE1FF52F96EE36BF800" blockId="11.[151,1436,1782,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FF52F96EE34DF8EE" bold="true" box="[151,270,1782,1804]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53AFFE1FE63F96EE0C9F8E9" box="[422,650,1782,1804]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FE63F96EE0C9F8E9" box="[422,650,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Parazoanthus darwini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), endodermal marginal musculature (EMM), encircling sinus (ES), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurements of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FEE5F8EBE37BF86D" bold="true" box="[288,312,1907,1928]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing endodermal marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FA41F8ECE7D8F86C" bold="true" box="[1412,1435,1908,1929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FD92F80AE02CF84D" bold="true" box="[599,623,1938,1960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesentery.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53AFFE1FE13F829E3ADF823" bold="true" box="[470,494,1969,1990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FF0FE004FE39" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829710), marginal musculature endodermal with muscle fibers anchored to 14–27 (x = 20, n sections = 10) unbranched mesogleal pleats that decrease in size proximally (Fig. 4A). Fibers enclosed in lacunae in few sections as muscles transverse mesenteries. Length of marginal musculature (Fig. 4A) 403–529 Μm (x = 480, n sections= 10); width at widest point (Fig. 4A) 67–84 Μm (x = 76, n sections = 10). Length of largest pleats supporting muscle fibers (Fig. 4A) 41–57 Μm (x = 51, n sections = 10). Copious large lacunae throughout ectoderm and outer three-quarters diameter of mesoglea resulting from dissolution of encrustations (Fig. 4B). In the region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature; Fig. 4A) ectoderm is 42–119 Μm (x = 78, n sections = 10), mesoglea 95–258 Μm (x = 162, n sections = 10) and endoderm 13–28 Μm (x = 19, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FE73E3C1FC79" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829709), mesenteries 20, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (Fig. 4C). Dorsal directives with bulbous free border (distal to the mesenterial filament), similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 4C). Ventral directives (Fig. 4D) supported by mesoglea 189–218 Μm (x = 196, n sections = 7) from column to siphonoglyph, 4–6 Μm (x = 5, n sections = 7) width, same at retractor muscles, and heteromorphic at column 10–14 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 7) width; similar to non-directive perfect mesenteries (Fig. 4D). Actinopharynx without esophageal furrows (Fig. 4C). Siphonoglyph distinct and V-shaped (Fig. 4D); ectoderm is 13–20 Μm (x = 17, n sections = 7), mesoglea 8–24 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 7), and endoderm 56–155 Μm (x = 82, n sections = 7) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 4D), column ectoderm is 76–165 Μm (x = 115, n sections = 8), mesoglea 222–357 Μm (x = 280, n sections = 8), and endoderm 15–28 Μm (x = 20, n sections = 8) width. Encircling sinus composed of oval and flattened lacunae just beneath the endodermal surface of the mesoglea (Fig. 4C, D). Large lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations throughout ectoderm and outer four-fifths width of mesoglea in column (Fig. 4C, D).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FC3FE65CFC00" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||||
Cnidae. Tentacles and pharynx: basitrichs, mastigophores, holotrichs, spirocysts; filaments: mastigophores, holotrichs; column: holotrichs (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FDE1FC54E14DFC01" author="Reimer" box="[548,782,972,997]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for size and frequency).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53DFFE6FF02FC77E16DFBC9" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FC77E16DFBC9" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FF02FC77E323FBED" bold="true" box="[199,352,1007,1032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Facultatively associated with Demospongiae of orders Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53DFFE6FAA1FC68E2EEFBC9" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="2.0">2–30 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Galapagos Islands,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA53DFFE6FE00FB8CE061FBC8" box="[453,546,1044,1069]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FDF4FB8CE161FBC9" author="Reimer" box="[561,802,1044,1069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53DFFE6FF02FBAFE19AFACD" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF02FBAFE19AFACD" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FF02FBAFE378FBB5" bold="true" box="[199,315,1079,1104]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
With notable similarity in genetics (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FD27FBAFE12CFBB5" author="Swain" box="[738,879,1079,1104]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), morphology, intimacy with host sponge (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FA9BFBA1E7DFFBB5" box="[1374,1436,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FF52FBC4E3C8FB91" author="Swain" box="[151,395,1116,1141]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Swain, T. D. & Wulff, J. L. (2007) Diversity and specificity of Caribbean sponge-zoanthid symbioses: a foundation for understanding the adaptive significance of symbioses and generating hypotheses about higher-order systematics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 695 - 711. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00861. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Swain & Wulff 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and specificity to Poecilosclerida and Hadromerida; Pacific members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FB25FBC5E717FB90" box="[1248,1364,1116,1141]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FB25FBC5E717FB90" box="[1248,1364,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">P. darwini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
could easily be mistaken for Caribbean
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FDE6FBE7E14DFB7D" box="[547,782,1151,1176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="swiftii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FDE6FBE7E14DFB7D" box="[547,782,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Parazoanthus swiftii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) if the distributions overlapped. Of named
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FDECFB3CE086FB58" box="[553,709,1188,1213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FDECFB3CE086FB58" box="[553,709,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with available nucleotide sequences, no species are more closely related (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FF37FB5FE33CFB05" author="Swain" box="[242,383,1223,1248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FE57FB5FE0CFFB05" box="[402,652,1223,1248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="darwini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FE57FB5FE0CFFB05" box="[402,652,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Parazoanthus darwini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was erected (in part) to recognize differences from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FB13FB51E774FB05" box="[1238,1335,1224,1248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="swiftii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FB13FB51E774FB05" box="[1238,1335,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">P. swiftii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in polyp morphology (larger polyps with greater numbers of tentacles and mesenteries), obligation to host (commonly observed without its sponge host), and distribution (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FD19FA97E18EFACD" author="Reimer" box="[732,973,1295,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
269
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53CFFE5FF52FAA4E6E7F93E.xml
Normal file
269
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53CFFE5FF52FAA4E6E7F93E.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="4671C06AF6627796085F066D90D07F76">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5D068EEBD5CBB5DDC4110A2C4602ECD7">Swain, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FD5B3803838696B9AC7BC093BA449095">Swain, Laura M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CDDBBF01401D81A7B5E1F28FF6CA9F8A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="69CABC6E975CF9EF1AFAEC0A224407D7">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="32546E5CA53CFFE5FF52FAA4E6E7F93E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672472" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672472" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA53CFFE5FF52FAA4E6E7F93E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA53CFFE5FF52FAA4E6E7F93E" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53CFFE7FF52FAA4E155FA9D" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF52FAA4E03FFAB0" blockId="13.[151,790,1340,1400]" box="[151,636,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
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<heading id="E10A6826A53CFFE7FF52FAA4E03FFAB0" bold="true" box="[151,636,1340,1365]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FF52FAA4E03FFAB0" ID-CoL="84DRM" authority="Reimer & Fujii, 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,636,1340,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF52FAA4E03FFAB0" bold="true" box="[151,636,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF52FAA4E33BFAB0" bold="true" box="[151,376,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus onoi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FEBAFAA4E03FFAB0" author="Reimer" box="[383,636,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF52FAC7E155FA9D" blockId="13.[151,790,1340,1400]" box="[151,790,1375,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
Figure 5,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53CFFE7FEC6FAC7E314FA9D" box="[259,343,1375,1400]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
. Morphbank species collection 829714.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53CFFE7FF52FA3FE0F5FA25" box="[151,694,1447,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF52FA3FE0F5FA25" blockId="13.[151,1437,1447,1943]" box="[151,694,1447,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
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<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF52FA3FE3C3FA25" bold="true" box="[151,384,1447,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
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<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA53CFFE7FE42FA30E39BFA25" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1448,1472]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">USNM</collectionCode>
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1134066,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53CFFE7FD8BFA30E0F1FA25" box="[590,690,1448,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
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.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53CFFE7FF02FA54E1E9F97D" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF02FA54E1E9F97D" blockId="13.[151,1437,1447,1943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF02FA54E302FA00" bold="true" box="[199,321,1484,1509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE71FA54E016FA00" box="[436,597,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FE71FA54E016FA00" box="[436,597,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with transitional (mesogleal–endodermal) and distinctly curved marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 922 Μm in length, composed of as many as 31 lacunae and 31 mesogleal pleats. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 126 Μm width. Occurring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53CFFE7FF52F9AFE2B2F9AA" box="[151,241,1591,1616]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="18.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="1.0">1–35 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Galapagos Islands, free-living. Coenenchyme and polyps colored reds or browns. Tentacles and mesenteries 32–40, oral disk calathiform when expanded, capitular ridges imperceptible due to extreme encrustations. Largest expanded polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53CFFE7FD92F918E0E5F972" box="[599,678,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53CFFE7FD29F918E178F972" box="[748,827,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53CFFE5FF02F93CE084FBEE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF02F93CE7D9F906" blockId="13.[151,1437,1447,1943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF02F93CE31AF958" bold="true" box="[199,345,1700,1725]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme tan to dark brown and covers substratum as sheets; infiltrated with sediment. Not known to associate with other invertebrates. Colonies can cover areas>
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53CFFE7FBA5F953E6C4F907" box="[1120,1159,1739,1763]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||||
2 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FB58F952E7CCF906" author="Reimer" box="[1181,1423,1738,1763]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF02F976E3D8F872" blockId="13.[151,1437,1447,1943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges inconspicuous (Morphbank 830701). Tentacles and oral disk bright red or red-brown; column and coenenchyme same color (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FD91F88AE108F8CE" author="Reimer" box="[596,843,1810,1835]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps of
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53CFFE7FC10F88BE601F8CF" box="[981,1090,1811,1835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.0">4–12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter (expanded) rarely extend more than
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53CFFE7FEA4F8AFE3F2F8AA" box="[353,433,1847,1871]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from coenenchyme and cannot retract flush; body wall infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FA8DF8AEE371F896" author="Reimer" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles 32–40, dicyclic, and expand in length nearly the diameter of the calathiform oral disk (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FF5BF8E6E3CCF872" author="Reimer" box="[158,399,1918,1943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53FFFE4FF52F965E0BFF808" blockId="14.[151,1436,1789,2029]" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53FFFE4FF52F965E353F8F6" bold="true" box="[151,272,1789,1811]" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53FFFE4FE68F965E035F8F1" box="[429,630,1789,1812]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="14" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53FFFE4FE68F965E035F8F1" box="[429,630,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">Terrazoanthus onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), encircling sinus (ES), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), peristome (P), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), transitional (mesogleal–endodermal) marginal musculature (TMM), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurements of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53FFFE4FDBBF8E3E0D4F875" bold="true" box="[638,663,1915,1936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing transitional (mesogleal–endodermal) marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53FFFE4FD4CF802E0E3F84A" bold="true" box="[649,672,1946,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53FFFE4FBA5F801E63BF84A" bold="true" box="[1120,1144,1945,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesenteries.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53FFFE4FC7AF820E19BF828" bold="true" box="[959,984,1976,1997]" pageId="14" pageNumber="95">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF02FF0FE6F4FDC3" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829716), marginal musculature mesogleal distally, transitioning through distinct constriction and crescent-curve to endodermal proximally (Fig. 5A). Approximately two-thirds length of marginal muscle enclosed within 25–31 (x = 28, n sections = 10) elliptical or lachrymiform lacunae that occupy full diameter of mesoglea distally, reducing in diameter prior to shifting toward endoderm proximally, with half of muscle attachment sites opening to endoderm and forming 22–31 (x = 27, n sections = 10) unbranched mesogleal pleats (Fig. 5A). Length of marginal musculature (Fig. 5A) 756–922 Μm (x = 858, n sections= 10), width at widest point (Fig. 5A) 116–135 Μm (x = 124, n sections = 10). Diameter of largest lacuna enveloping muscle fibers (Fig. 5A) 86–103 Μm (x = 94, n sections = 10). Large lacunae throughout ectoderm and outer three-quarters diameter of mesoglea resulting from dissolution of encrustations (Fig. 5B). In the region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature; Fig. 5A), ectoderm is 5–51 Μm (x = 24, n sections = 10), mesoglea 50–99 Μm (x = 72, n sections = 10) and endoderm 6–23 Μm (x = 11, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF02FDADE0E4FC26" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829715), mesenteries 30, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (Fig. 5C). Dorsal directives lachrymiform, similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 5C). Ventral directives (Fig. 5D) supported by mesoglea 140–191 Μm (x = 166, n sections = 10) from column to siphonoglyph, 4–11 Μm (x = 8, n sections = 10) width, at retractor muscles 21–28 Μm (x = 24, n sections = 10) width, and homomorphic at column; similar to non-directive perfect mesenteries (Fig. 5D). Actinopharynx without esophageal furrows (Fig. 5C). Siphonoglyph distinct and U-shaped (Fig. 5D); ectoderm is 23–62 Μm (x = 37, n sections = 10), mesoglea 15–28 Μm (x = 22, n sections = 10), and endoderm 7–16 Μm (x = 12, n sections = 10) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 5D), column ectoderm is 23–55 Μm (x = 44, n sections = 10), mesoglea 96–126 Μm (x = 109, n sections = 10), and endoderm 17–23 Μm (x = 20, n sections = 10) width. Sparse mesogleal canals form an indistinct encircling sinus (Fig. 5C, D). Lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations scattered in ectoderm and outer half width of mesoglea in column (Fig. 5C, D).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF02FC56E084FBEE" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
Cnidae. Tentacles, pharynx, and filament: basitrichs, mastigophores, holotrichs, spirocyst; column: holotrichs (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FF0EFC6AE3F6FBEE" author="Reimer" box="[203,437,1010,1035]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for size and frequency).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53EFFE5FF02FB8EE703FBCA" box="[199,1344,1046,1071]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF02FB8EE703FBCA" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,1755]" box="[199,1344,1046,1071]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FF02FB8EE323FBCA" bold="true" box="[199,352,1046,1071]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonies free-living at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53EFFE5FDAFFB8EE0FCFBCA" box="[618,703,1046,1071]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" unit="m" value="18.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="1.0">1–35 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Galapagos Islands,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA53EFFE5FC12FB8EE677FBCA" box="[983,1076,1046,1071]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FB86FB8EE777FBCA" author="Reimer" box="[1091,1332,1046,1071]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53EFFE5FF02FBA2E6E7F93E" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF02FBA2E6E7F93E" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FF02FBA2E378FBB6" bold="true" box="[199,315,1082,1107]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FE80FBA2E061FBB6" box="[325,546,1082,1107]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FE80FBA2E061FBB6" box="[325,546,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Terrazoanthus onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was erected to recognize differences from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FBD9FBA4E6DFFBB6" box="[1052,1180,1084,1107]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FBD9FBA4E6DFFBB6" box="[1052,1180,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in polyp morphology (larger oral disk diameter and polyp height), colony size (larger colonies), color (red rather than brown), microhabitat (exposed surfaces rather than cryptic spaces), cnidae (identity and location), and mutations in nucleotide sequences (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FE57FB3EE0C7FB5A" author="Reimer" box="[402,644,1190,1215]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Although the nucleotide sequences (ITS, but not COI or 16S) used in the phylogenetic analyses of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FE1FFB52E096FB06" author="Reimer" box="[474,725,1226,1251]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
appear to differentiate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FC1DFB54E666FB06" box="[984,1061,1228,1251]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FC1DFB54E666FB06" box="[984,1061,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FBADFB54E6A4FB06" box="[1128,1255,1228,1251]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FBADFB54E6A4FB06" box="[1128,1255,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see Figure 6 of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FF52FB76E3D2FAE2" author="Reimer" box="[151,401,1262,1287]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), examination of nucleotide sequences culled from Genbank do not confirm a consistent difference. Nucleotide sequences of the most variable gene (and therefore most likely to detect independently evolving species) commonly used in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FD85FAAEE0FDFAAA" box="[576,702,1334,1359]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
phylogenetics (ITS) cannot reliably distinguish between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FA88FAA0E7DFFAAA" box="[1357,1436,1336,1359]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FA88FAA0E7DFFAAA" box="[1357,1436,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FF02FAC4E06CFA96" box="[199,559,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FF02FAC4E30BFA96" box="[199,328,1372,1395]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">T. sinnigeri</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FEB4FAC4E068FA96" box="[369,555,1370,1395]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">E. patagonichus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and a single nucleotide mutation differentiates
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FB89FAC4E6B1FA96" box="[1100,1266,1370,1395]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FB89FAC4E6B1FA96" box="[1100,1266,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">E. californicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53EFFE5FAC4FAC2E715FA96" box="[1281,1366,1370,1395]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). It is possible that the nucleotide sequences that are identical (or nearly identical) between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FBA2FA18E6F4FA72" box="[1127,1207,1408,1431]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FBA2FA18E6F4FA72" box="[1127,1207,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FB35FA18E732FA72" box="[1264,1393,1408,1431]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FB35FA18E732FA72" box="[1264,1393,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are actually all derived from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FE74FA3CE3BDFA5E" box="[433,510,1444,1467]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FE74FA3CE3BDFA5E" box="[433,510,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as Genbank accessions
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A53EFFE5FCC9FA3BE1C6FA5E" box="[780,901,1443,1467]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU333803" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">EU333803</accessionNumber>
|
||||
–
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A53EFFE5FC56FA3BE64EFA5E" box="[915,1037,1443,1467]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU333810" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">EU333810</accessionNumber>
|
||||
are labeled
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FB51FA3CE757FA5E" box="[1172,1300,1444,1467]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FB51FA3CE757FA5E" box="[1172,1300,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Genbank (last accessed on
|
||||
<date id="CE43F98AA53EFFE5FE9AFA5EE054FA3A" box="[351,535,1478,1503]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" value="2014-03-14">March 14, 2014</date>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FD9CFA50E0EBFA3A" box="[601,680,1480,1503]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FD9CFA50E0EBFA3A" box="[601,680,1480,1503]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53EFFE5FD0AFA5EE167FA3A" box="[719,804,1478,1503]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FC88FA5EE611FA3A" author="Reimer" box="[845,1106,1478,1503]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. If the labeling of
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53EFFE5FAECFA5EE73EFA3A" box="[1321,1405,1478,1503]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">
|
||||
Table
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53EFFE5FAAAFA5FE73EFA3A" box="[1391,1405,1479,1503]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||||
</tableCitation>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FF52FA72E3D7F9E6" author="Reimer" box="[151,404,1514,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
is correct, than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FD8DFA74E0D6F9E6" box="[584,661,1516,1539]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FD8DFA74E0D6F9E6" box="[584,661,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FD09FA74E108F9E6" box="[716,843,1516,1539]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FD09FA74E108F9E6" box="[716,843,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished from each other with the use of ITS nucleotide sequences, but not
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FDDFF988E02BF9C2" box="[538,616,1552,1575]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FDDFF988E02BF9C2" box="[538,616,1552,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FD69F988E120F9C2" box="[684,867,1550,1575]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FD69F988E120F9C2" box="[684,867,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Out of these species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FBA4F988E6ECF9C2" box="[1121,1199,1552,1575]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FBA4F988E6ECF9C2" box="[1121,1199,1552,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FB20F988E7DFF9C2" box="[1253,1436,1550,1575]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FB20F988E7DFF9C2" box="[1253,1436,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
appear to be the most morphologically (and genetically) similar with many features indistinguishable (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FACAF9ACE774F9AE" box="[1295,1335,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, tentacle count and marginal muscle form) between the two species except for several characters that assess polyp size (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FAA9F9C0E7D6F98A" box="[1388,1429,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, the tissue thicknesses and marginal muscle dimensions) of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FC4EF9E4E19CF976" box="[907,991,1660,1683]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FC4EF9E4E19CF976" box="[907,991,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53EFFE5FC29F9E3E60EF976" box="[1004,1101,1659,1683]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
are 60–80% of those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FA41F9E4E36DF952" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FA41F9E4E36DF952" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens used in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FDDEF906E0F8F952" author="Swain" box="[539,699,1694,1719]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. It is unclear if these differences are sufficient to differentiate species or if the apparent differences between specimens would withstand broader sampling.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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88
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Hydrozoanthidae
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|
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with macrocnemic mesenterial arrangement and simple endodermal or transitional marginal musculature. Species associated with Hydrozoa or are free-living.
|
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share specific genetic characters (insertions and deletions in the
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region of mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene, as defined in
|
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Sinniger
|
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<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FAA1F994E7DFF9C6" box="[1380,1436,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
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2005
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) and are monophyletic with suborder
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. Expanded polyps to
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diameter and
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length, encrusted, and connected by coenenchyme. Tentacles and mesenteries 30–42 (diagnosis expanded from
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Sinniger
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2010
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).
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258
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Genus
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|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53DFFE6FF52F8B3E184F8A5" box="[151,967,1834,1856]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE6FF52F8B3E184F8A5" blockId="12.[151,967,1834,1856]" box="[151,967,1834,1856]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53DFFE6FF52F8B3E28AF8A5" box="[151,201,1835,1856]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FEE0F8B2E08FF8A5" authority="Reimer & Fujii, 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[293,716,1834,1856]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FEE0F8B2E3A9F8A5" box="[293,490,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Terrazoanthus onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FE35F8B2E08FF8A5" author="Reimer" box="[496,716,1834,1856]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by original designation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53DFFE7FF52F8F5E0B2FF1D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53DFFE7FF52F8F5E0B2FF1D" blockId="12.[151,1437,1901,2034]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1256]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53DFFE6FF52F8F5E352F863" bold="true" box="[151,273,1901,1926]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53DFFE6FEDFF8F5E398F863" box="[282,475,1901,1926]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydrozoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
not obligately associated with Hydrozoa and lacking scleroprotein skeleton. Known from subtropical and tropical regions, azooxanthellate, and may be brightly colored (diagnosis of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53DFFE6FB2BF809E297F82B" author="Reimer" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Found at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53DFFE6FE94F82DE3EAF828" box="[337,425,1973,1998]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" unit="m" value="18.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="1.0">
|
||||
1–
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFB14C3A53DFFE6FEAEF82DE3EAF828" box="[363,425,1973,1998]" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" type="generic">35 m</specimenCount>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
. Polyps white, yellow, red or brown, expand to
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53DFFE6FC06F82EE651F828" box="[963,1042,1974,1998]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
wide and
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA53DFFE6FB42F82EE695F828" box="[1159,1238,1974,1998]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="93" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, with 15–20 capitular ridges. Marginal musculature transitional with approximately half its length mesogleal (distal) and half endodermal (proximal), 550–1536 Μm in length, composed of 17–110 attachment points. Encrustations of the column to endodermal surface of mesoglea; sparse mesogleal canals form an indistinct encircling sinus (diagnosis expanded using data presented here and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FD9EFF47E0A5FF1D" author="Swain" box="[603,742,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53CFFE7FF02FE9CE64CFB0D" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF02FE9CE36AFD60" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF02FE9CE378FEF8" bold="true" box="[199,315,260,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE12FE9CE03BFEF8" box="[471,632,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FE12FE9CE03BFEF8" box="[471,632,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are extraordinarily similar (in both morphology and genetics) to
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF52FEBFE0B6FEA5" box="[151,757,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FF52FEBFE3F6FEA5" box="[151,437,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">Epizoanthus californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE06FEBFE0B1FEA5" box="[451,754,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">Epizoanthus patagonichus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FCF6FEBFE663FEA5" box="[819,1056,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FCF6FEBFE663FEA5" box="[819,1056,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Epizoanthus minutus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Nucleotide sequences of highly conserved genes (mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA & cytochrome oxidase I) are identical, and hypervariable genes (complete internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal RNA) contain few mutations and may not consistently differentiate species for which we have multiple sequences (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53CFFE7FC0EFE0CE65CFE49" box="[971,1055,404,429]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). With the available morphologic and genetic evidence, species assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FDB4FE2FE151FE35" box="[625,786,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FDB4FE2FE151FE35" box="[625,786,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
could have reasonably been assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FB24FE2FE72FFE35" box="[1249,1388,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FB24FE2FE72FFE35" box="[1249,1388,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and many of the taxa listed in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53CFFE7FE0EFE44E062FE11" box="[459,545,476,501]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
could be considered conspecific. Of particular similarity are species pairs
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FA41FE45E36DFDFD" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FA41FE45E36DFDFD" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FEA0FD99E3F0FDFD" box="[357,435,513,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FEA0FD99E3F0FDFD" box="[357,435,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE2EFD99E0D2FDFD" box="[491,657,511,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FE2EFD99E0D2FDFD" box="[491,657,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. californicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FD0DFD99E106FDFD" box="[712,837,513,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FD0DFD99E106FDFD" box="[712,837,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; with the small data sets currently available, it is not yet possible to determine if they are congeneric species or if the observed differences (the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FB4CFDBCE769FDD8" box="[1161,1322,548,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FB4CFDBCE769FDD8" box="[1161,1322,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53CFFE7FAF4FDBDE7DFFDD8" box="[1329,1436,549,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
appear to be slightly smaller and have fewer mesenteries then the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FC5DFDDFE660FD85" box="[920,1059,583,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FC5DFDDFE660FD85" box="[920,1059,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species) reflect variation among conspecifics.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF02FD17E69AFC2D" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
The genetic similarity of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE31FD17E0D6FD4D" box="[500,661,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FE31FD17E0D6FD4D" box="[500,661,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FD07FD09E603FD4D" box="[706,1088,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FD07FD09E12CFD4D" box="[706,879,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">E. californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FCBBFD09E67FFD4D" box="[894,1084,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">E. patagonichus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FBBAFD09E6BFFD4D" box="[1151,1276,657,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FBBAFD09E6BFFD4D" box="[1151,1276,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. minutus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
suggests that revision of the genera involved will be necessary for the taxonomy of this clade to reflect molecular evolution (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FF52FD4FE360FD15" author="Swain" box="[151,291,727,752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53CFFE7FEA9FD40E3DFFD15" box="[364,412,728,752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FDDAFD4FE0E9FD15" box="[543,682,727,752]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FDDAFD4FE0E9FD15" box="[543,682,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FD0BFD4FE6DCFD15" authority="Johnston, 1842" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1842" box="[718,1183,727,752]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FD0BFD4FE197FD15" box="[718,980,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Epizoanthus papillosus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Johnston, 1842)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and as a symbiont of hermit crabs of family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE69FD64E05CFCF0" box="[428,543,764,789]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Paguridae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, it is not expected to be closely related to these species (inferred from the distribution of symbioses across the phylogeny of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FCCDFC87E1D9FCDD" author="Swain" box="[776,922,799,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Therefore, upon future reexamination of morphology (particularly the marginal musculature), we suggest that reassigning
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FBEFFCDDE7DFFCB8" box="[1066,1436,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FBEFFCDDE690FCB8" box="[1066,1235,836,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">E. californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FB1BFCDDE7DBFCB8" box="[1246,1432,836,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">E. patagonichus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FF03FCF1E37DFC65" box="[198,318,873,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF03FCF1E37DFC65" box="[198,318,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. minutus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FEA7FCFFE040FC65" box="[354,515,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FEA7FCFFE040FC65" box="[354,515,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may be the most effective means of making taxonomy consistent with phylogeny. This reassignment would require further expansion of the definition of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FC0DFC14E62AFC40" box="[968,1129,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FC0DFC14E62AFC40" box="[968,1129,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to include species that are facultative symbionts of Hydrozoa (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FDEEFC29E0A2FC2D" box="[555,737,943,968]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FDEEFC29E0A2FC2D" box="[555,737,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
associates with hydroids:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FBCCFC37E68EFC2D" author="McMurrich" box="[1033,1229,943,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1904) The Actiniae of the Plate Collection. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 6, 215 - 306." type="journal article" year="1904">McMurrich 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53CFFE7FF02FC4CE64CFB0D" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">
|
||||
Identification of the facultative hydrozoan-symbiont
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FCD3FC4DE188FC08" box="[790,971,980,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FCD3FC4DE188FC08" box="[790,971,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a close relative and potential congener to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FF71FC6FE316FBF5" box="[180,341,1015,1040]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FF71FC6FE316FBF5" box="[180,341,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species introduces the possibility that others in this clade are unobserved symbionts of Hydrozoa as well; this would be consistent with the patterns of symbiosis of most non-Brachycnemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FB00FB84E29FFBBD" authority="Swain 2010" authorityName="Swain" authorityYear="2010" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||||
Zoanthidea (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FA91FB84E297FBBD" author="Swain" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Reciprocal monophyly between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FDA1FBA7E14DFBBD" box="[612,782,1087,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Hydrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FDA1FBA7E14DFBBD" box="[612,782,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Hydrozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and potential
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FC79FBA7E61EFBBD" box="[956,1117,1087,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FC79FBA7E61EFBBD" box="[956,1117,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species reported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53CFFE7FA93FBA7E2A2FB99" author="Swain" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
provides support for the utility of the taxonomic concept of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FC49FBFCE66EFB98" box="[908,1069,1124,1149]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FC49FBFCE66EFB98" box="[908,1069,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, even if it is eventually revealed to be a misnomer or that the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53CFFE7FE2CFB10E05AFB45" box="[489,537,1160,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species is a junior synonym (if
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FC4BFB11E19DFB45" box="[910,990,1161,1184]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FC4BFB11E19DFB45" box="[910,990,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was confirmed to be conspecific to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FA41FB11E36DFB20" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FA41FB11E36DFB20" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and suggests that marginal musculature may be a key character in distinguishing between the two sister genera (endodermal in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FE19FB57E0C5FB0D" box="[476,646,1231,1256]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Hydrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FE19FB57E0C5FB0D" box="[476,646,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Hydrozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and transitional in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53CFFE7FC9BFB57E1BCFB0D" box="[862,1023,1231,1256]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53CFFE7FC9BFB57E1BCFB0D" box="[862,1023,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="94">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
281
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53EFFF8FF52F8B6E777FE4C.xml
Normal file
281
data/32/54/6E/32546E5CA53EFFF8FF52F8B6E777FE4C.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="FC28C4EDB2EC7F311C5377549E385778">
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<mods:title id="E520B6702DCF3ACEF02C3524A9238DC6">Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="26C4D7AAE3AD3FCC2BDEE76E019C44E9">Swain, Laura M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="72AC6E0A9471B353AB26E574AFE22075">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="EFD689808B4BCF86BC57446F57B17453">3796</mods:number>
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|
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||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="32546E5CA53EFFF8FF52F8B6E777FE4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672474" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426769" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672474" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32546E5CA53EFFF8FF52F8B6E777FE4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32546E5CA53EFFF8FF52F8B6E777FE4C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
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<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53EFFE5FF52F8B6E156F88E" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF52F8B6E0F3F8A2" blockId="15.[151,789,1838,1899]" box="[151,688,1838,1863]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
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<heading id="E10A6826A53EFFE5FF52F8B6E0F3F8A2" bold="true" box="[151,688,1838,1863]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" reason="2">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A53EFFE5FF52F8B6E0F3F8A2" authority="Reimer & Fujii, 2010" authorityName="Reimer & Fujii" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,688,1838,1863]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FF52F8B6E0F3F8A2" bold="true" box="[151,688,1838,1863]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FF52F8B6E3EFF8A2" bold="true" box="[151,428,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Terrazoanthus sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA53EFFE5FE76F8B6E0F3F8A2" author="Reimer" box="[435,688,1838,1863]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF52F8CAE156F88E" blockId="15.[151,789,1838,1899]" box="[151,789,1874,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
Figure 6,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A53EFFE5FEC6F8CAE314F88E" box="[259,343,1874,1899]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
. Morphbank species collection 829711.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A53EFFFAFF52F802E0BFF803" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA53EFFE5FF52F802E0F5F856" blockId="15.[151,694,1946,1971]" box="[151,694,1946,1971]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A53EFFE5FF52F802E3C3F856" bold="true" box="[151,384,1946,1971]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA53EFFE5FE42F803E39BF856" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[391,472,1947,1971]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="96">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
1134067,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A53EFFE5FD8BF803E0F1F856" box="[590,690,1947,1971]" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA521FFFAFF52F96FE0BFF803" blockId="16.[151,1436,1783,2022]" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A521FFFAFF52F96FE34EF8E9" bold="true" box="[151,269,1783,1805]" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||||
. Histology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A521FFFAFE64F96FE0D7F8E8" box="[417,660,1783,1805]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="16" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A521FFFAFE64F96FE0D7F8E8" box="[417,660,1783,1805]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">Terrazoanthus sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(10 Μm sections). Labeled features include actinopharynx (A), column wall (CW), dorsal directives (DD), encircling sinus (ES), fifth mesentery (5th), oral disk (OD), siphonoglyph (S), tentacles (T), transitional (mesogleal–endodermal) marginal musculature (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DCEC478FA521FFFAFD3BF8AFE103F8A8" box="[766,832,1847,1869]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/22jz-cx2d" name="Texas Memorial Museum" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">TMM</collectionCode>
|
||||
), ventral directives (VD); measurements of capitular tissue width made at black arrow, measurements of column tissue width made at broken arrow, measurements of siphonoglyph tissue width made at gray arrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A521FFFAFE32F8ECE04CF86C" bold="true" box="[503,527,1908,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp at capitulum showing transitional (mesogleal–endodermal) marginal musculature.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A521FFFAFD4CF80BE0E3F84D" bold="true" box="[649,672,1939,1960]" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Longitudinal section of contracted polyp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A521FFFAFBA5F80BE63BF84C" bold="true" box="[1120,1144,1939,1961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing dorsal directives and fifth mesentery.
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A521FFFAFC7CF82AE192F822" bold="true" box="[953,977,1970,1991]" pageId="16" pageNumber="97">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Cross-section of contracted polyp at level of actinopharynx showing ventral directives and siphonoglyph.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A520FFFBFF02FF0FE0E3FE80" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FF0FE0E3FE80" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFF02FF0FE302FF55" bold="true" box="[199,321,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonial
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFE71FF0FE016FF55" box="[436,597,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFE71FF0FE016FF55" box="[436,597,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Terrazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with transitional (mesogleal–endodermal) and distinctly curved marginal musculature; marginal muscle to 1021 Μm length, composed of as many as 39 lacunae and 38 mesogleal pleats. Mesenterial arrangement macrocnemic. Columnar mesoglea adjacent siphonoglyph to 141 Μm width. Occurring at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFF52FE9CE2AEFEF9" box="[151,237,260,284]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="17.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="7.0">7–27 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Galapagos Islands, free-living. Coenenchyme and polyps brown or white. Tentacles and mesenteries 30–36, oral disk calathiform when expanded, capitular ridges imperceptible due to extreme encrustations. Largest expanded polyps
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFE9EFED4E3E9FE81" box="[347,426,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFE35FED4E072FE81" box="[496,561,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A520FFFBFF02FEF7E65CFA36" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FEF7E736FE49" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFF02FEF7E31AFE6D" bold="true" box="[199,345,367,392]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony. Coenenchyme brown or white and connects polyps as stolons; infiltrated with sediment. Not known associate of other invertebrates. Colonies usually composed of <50 polyps. (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFBBDFE0CE72AFE49" author="Reimer" box="[1144,1385,404,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FE2FE2A3FDBB" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
Polyp. Capitular ridges imperceptible (Morphbank 830700). Tentacles and oral disk brown, white, or transparent; column same color as coenenchyme (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFD06FE43E1F0FE11" author="Reimer" box="[707,947,475,500]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Polyps of
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFBF3FE44E6D0FE16" box="[1078,1171,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter (expanded) rarely extend more than
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFE6FFE67E3B9FDF2" box="[426,506,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from coenenchyme; column wall infiltrated with sediment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFB5BFE66E7D2FDF2" author="Reimer" box="[1182,1425,510,535]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Tentacles 30–36, dicyclic, and expand in length longer than diameter of the calathiform oral disk; (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFB2BFDBAE297FDBB" author="Reimer" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FDF1E62CFC16" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Internal Anatomy. In longitudinal section (Morphbank collection 829713), marginal musculature mesogleal distally, transitioning through distinct constriction and crescent-curve to endodermal proximally (Fig. 6A). Approximately two-thirds length of marginal muscle enclosed within 25–39 (x = 32, n sections = 10) elliptical or lachrymiform lacunae that occupy full diameter of mesoglea distally, reducing diameter prior to shifting toward endoderm proximally, with half of muscle attachment sites opening to endoderm and forming 23–38 (x = 30, n sections = 10) unbranched mesogleal pleats (Fig. 6A). Length of marginal musculature (Fig. 6A) 808–1021 Μm (x = 903, n sections= 10), width at widest point (Fig. 6A) 114–181 Μm (x = 140, n sections = 10). Diameter of largest lacuna enveloping muscle fibers (Fig. 6A) 84–168 Μm (x = 106, n sections = 10). Large lacunae throughout ectoderm and outer half diameter of mesoglea resulting from dissolution of encrustations (Fig. 6B). In the region of capitulum (proximal to terminus of marginal musculature; Fig. 6A) ectoderm is 27–96 Μm (x = 56, n sections = 10), mesoglea 61–84 Μm (x = 75, n sections = 10) and endoderm is 10–21 Μm (x = 14, n sections = 10) width.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FB99E364FA69" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">In cross section at actinopharynx (Morphbank collection 829712), mesenteries 32, fifth mesenteries macrocnemic (Fig. 6C). Dorsal directives lachrymiform, similar to non-directive imperfect mesenteries (Fig. 6C). Ventral directives (Fig. 6D) supported by mesoglea 94–244 Μm (x = 175, n sections = 5) from column to siphonoglyph, 3–10 Μm (x = 7, n sections = 5) width, at retractor muscles 3–33 Μm (x = 25, n sections = 5) width, and homomorphic at column; similar to non-directive perfect mesenteries (Fig. 6D). Actinopharynx without esophageal furrows (Fig. 6C). Siphonoglyph distinct and U-shaped (Fig. 6D); ectoderm is 15–67 Μm (x = 34, n sections = 5), mesoglea 8–30 Μm (x = 21, n sections = 5), and endoderm 7–27 Μm (x = 17, n sections = 5) width. Adjacent siphonoglyph (Fig. 6D), column ectoderm is 43–94 Μm (x = 63, n sections = 5), mesoglea 62–141 Μm (x = 115, n sections = 5), and endoderm 19–34 Μm (x = 29, n sections = 5) width. Sparse mesogleal canals form an indistinct encircling sinus (Fig. 6C, D). Lacunae resulting from dissolution of encrustations scattered in ectoderm and outer third diameter of mesoglea in column (Fig. 6C, D).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FA0FE65CFA36" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
Cnidae. Tentacles and pharynx: basitrichs, mastigophores, holitrichs, spirocysts; filaments: mastigophores, holotrichs; column: holotrichs (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFDE1FA22E14DFA36" author="Reimer" box="[548,782,1466,1491]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for size and frequency).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A520FFFBFF02FA46E2A3F9FF" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFFBFF02FA46E2A3F9FF" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFF02FA46E323FA12" bold="true" box="[199,352,1502,1527]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
Colonies free-living under rubble at
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFCCCFA47E123FA13" box="[777,864,1503,1527]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="17.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="7.0">7–27 m</quantity>
|
||||
near Galapagos Islands,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA9FDAA520FFFBFBBAFA46E69FFA12" box="[1151,1244,1502,1527]" name="Ecuador" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFB29FA46E297F9FF" author="Reimer" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E78CC1A520FFF8FF02F9BDE777FE4C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA42DF4AA520FFF8FF02F9BDE777FE4C" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2023]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,425]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFF02F9BDE378F9DB" bold="true" box="[199,315,1573,1598]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFE80F9BDE017F9D8" box="[325,596,1573,1598]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFE80F9BDE017F9D8" box="[325,596,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">Terrazoanthus sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was erected to recognize differences from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFB88F9BEE6DDF9D8" box="[1101,1182,1574,1597]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFB88F9BEE6DDF9D8" box="[1101,1182,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in polyp morphology (smaller oral disk diameter and polyp height), colony size (smaller colonies), color (brown rather than red), microhabitat (cryptic spaces rather than exposed surfaces), cnidae (identity and location), and mutations in nucleotide sequences (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFE57F917E0C7F94D" author="Reimer" box="[402,644,1679,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Although the nucleotide sequences (ITS, but not COI or 16S) used in the phylogenetic analyses of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFE1FF92BE096F92E" author="Reimer" box="[474,725,1715,1740]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
appear to differentiate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFC1DF92CE616F92E" box="[984,1109,1716,1739]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFC1DF92CE616F92E" box="[984,1109,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFB5FF92CE6A5F92E" box="[1178,1254,1716,1739]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFB5FF92CE6A5F92E" box="[1178,1254,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see Figure 6 of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFF52F94EE3D2F90A" author="Reimer" box="[151,401,1750,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), examination of nucleotide sequences culled from Genbank do not confirm a consistent difference. Nucleotide sequences of the most variable gene (and therefore most likely to detect independently evolving species) commonly used in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFD9CF885E094F8D3" box="[601,727,1821,1846]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Zoanthidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
phylogenetics (ITS) cannot reliably distinguish between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFA42F886E2B8F8BC" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFA42F886E2B8F8BC" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFEEAF8DAE01DF8BC" box="[303,606,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFEEAF8DAE33FF8BC" box="[303,380,1858,1881]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">T. onoi</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFE67F8DAE019F8BC" box="[418,602,1856,1881]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">E. patagonichus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and a single nucleotide mutation differentiates
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFBABF8DAE751F8BC" box="[1134,1298,1856,1881]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFBABF8DAE751F8BC" box="[1134,1298,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">E. californicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A520FFFBFAE5F8D8E730F8BC" box="[1312,1395,1856,1881]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). It is possible that the nucleotide sequences that are identical (or nearly identical) between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFBAAF8FDE6ACF899" box="[1135,1263,1893,1916]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFBAAF8FDE6ACF899" box="[1135,1263,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFAE0F8FDE730F899" box="[1317,1395,1893,1916]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFAE0F8FDE730F899" box="[1317,1395,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are actually all derived from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFE74F811E3BDF845" box="[433,510,1929,1952]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFE74F811E3BDF845" box="[433,510,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as Genbank accessions
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A520FFFBFCC9F810E1C6F845" box="[780,901,1928,1952]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU333803" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">EU333803</accessionNumber>
|
||||
–
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="A5AE42A9A520FFFBFC56F810E64EF845" box="[915,1037,1928,1952]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU333810" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">EU333810</accessionNumber>
|
||||
are labeled
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFB51F811E757F845" box="[1172,1300,1929,1952]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFB51F811E757F845" box="[1172,1300,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Genbank (last accessed on
|
||||
<date id="CE43F98AA520FFFBFE9AF833E054F826" box="[351,535,1963,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" value="2014-03-14">March 14, 2014</date>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFD9CF834E0EBF826" box="[601,680,1964,1987]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFD9CF834E0EBF826" box="[601,680,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A520FFFBFD0AF833E167F826" box="[719,804,1963,1988]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFC88F833E611F826" author="Reimer" box="[845,1106,1963,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. If the labeling of
|
||||
<tableCitation id="F77FEAF1A520FFFBFAECF833E73EF826" box="[1321,1405,1963,1988]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,616,639]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,836,1855]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of nucleotide sequences in the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene among Terrazoanthus and related Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus species. Nucleotides identical to first sequence indicated by dot (·), gap by en dash (–), unknown by question mark (?). Taxa names replicate Genbank accessions; those annotated with an asterisk (*) indicate accessions that are labeled Terrazoanthus onoi in Table 1 of Reimer & Fujii (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" tableUuid="EE828FC2A533FFE8FF52FDF0E3CCFD1A">
|
||||
Table
|
||||
<quantity id="7D0572AFA520FFFBFAAAF833E73EF826" box="[1391,1405,1963,1987]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||||
</tableCitation>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA520FFFBFF52F856E3D7F802" author="Reimer" box="[151,404,1998,2023]" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" refString="Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. (2010) Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands. ZooKeys, 42, 1 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 42.378" type="journal article" year="2010">Reimer & Fujii (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
is correct, than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFD8DF857E084F803" box="[584,711,1999,2022]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFD8DF857E084F803" box="[584,711,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A520FFFBFD38F857E108F803" box="[765,843,1999,2022]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="98" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="onoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A520FFFBFD38F857E108F803" box="[765,843,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="98">T. onoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished from each other with the use of ITS nucleotide sequences, but
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FE3FFF01E03FFF55" box="[506,636,153,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FE3FFF01E03FFF55" box="[506,636,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is differentiated by 5–6 nucleotide mutations from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FB11FF01E73FFF55" box="[1236,1404,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FB11FF01E73FFF55" box="[1236,1404,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">E. californicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(a level of variation in a hypervariable gene that is considered intraspecific in some zoanthid species;
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FB2DFF24E753FF36" box="[1256,1296,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FADBFF24E73EFF31" box="[1310,1405,188,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="swiftii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FADBFF24E73EFF31" box="[1310,1405,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">P. swiftii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FF52FF46E3F5FF12" box="[151,438,222,247]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF52FF46E3F5FF12" box="[151,438,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">Parazoanthus parasiticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860):
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FC2AFF46E6C4FF12" author="Swain" box="[1007,1159,222,247]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Swain, T. D. (2009 b) Phylogeny-based species delimitations and the evolution of host associations in symbiotic zoanthids (Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) of the wider Caribbean region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 156, 223 - 238. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00513. x" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">Swain 2009b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Out of these species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FA42FF78E2B8FEFF" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FA42FF78E2B8FEFF" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FEF1FE9BE399FEFE" box="[308,474,258,283]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FEF1FE9BE399FEFE" box="[308,474,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">E. californicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
appear to be the most morphologically similar with many features indistinguishable (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FF65FEBFE28BFEDB" box="[160,200,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, tentacle count and marginal muscle form) between the two species except for several characters that assess polyp size (
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FEDEFED2E300FE84" box="[283,323,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, the tissue thicknesses and marginal muscle dimensions) of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FBD2FED2E6D4FE84" box="[1047,1175,330,353]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Terrazoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinnigeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FBD2FED2E6D4FE84" box="[1047,1175,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">T. sinnigeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="654661E8A523FFF8FB5BFED2E6BDFE87" box="[1182,1278,330,354]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
are 60–140% of those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFDA4C9A523FFF8FEDAFEF6E39AFE60" box="[287,473,364,389]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="88890358A523FFF8FEDAFEF6E39AFE60" box="[287,473,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="99">E. patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens used in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DE6CA2BBA523FFF8FD05FEF4E11DFE60" author="Swain" box="[704,862,364,389]" pageId="18" pageNumber="99" refString="Swain, T. D. (2010) Evolutionary transitions in symbioses: dramatic reductions in bathymetric and geographic ranges of Zoanthidea coincide with loss of symbioses with invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 19, 2587 - 2598. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2010.04672. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Swain (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. It is unclear if these differences are sufficient to differentiate species or if the apparent differences between specimens would withstand broader sampling.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
264
data/32/54/87/32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55.xml
Normal file
264
data/32/54/87/32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
|
|||
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<mods:mods id="778AA12DA0EBAD45BE3835EA1F0DC47A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="74618D1C22AD87C92883509EDA661623">
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<mods:title id="383649B66DBB95FE21966A516999460C">A new species of water mite (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Hygrobatidae) from the mantle cavity of the prosobranch gastropod Potadoma moerchi (Reeve) (Streptoneura: Thiaridae) in Nigeria</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="12C47066D68950476A50A4F719249E17" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A0389E4165052CDB8D4880F0CB0C91FC">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E1BD017039F8E8946AD9424CADBC3943">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5543A9A123A643112694544C28A11A68">Gledhill, Terence</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="A6B4FB6C410055F148EEE70E5765F7FD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="EFFB00C37FCD330CB72FC1BAEDE2D8EA">
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<mods:roleTerm id="008AB2D6179841DD9AE589A5C81BD507">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="D046C408E046E89871778D35BAE847AF">Agbolade, Olufemi</mods:namePart>
|
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</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="1507E2DE88A46995438A777D7322EA23">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B43FEBBB4DFA432CA8498F3141DF2E6C">
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<mods:title id="649BAD929F3ED36B1D088222648AD5AD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="56E382DBB6824116FD83A6E76C00B76F">
|
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<mods:date id="D2085575122654BB9028727413B08D54">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AD9E93277FD74419ECFD39C74FEB7E10">2006-03-27</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:detail id="2EFD62267D66D4A0A35D677668F0A803" type="volume">
|
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<mods:classification id="77F6832B88F6B2DDA0205EC017253689">journal article</mods:classification>
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|
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<treatment id="32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156788822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="F2E7650CFF88FFA1C266510D7AC41B0A" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C266510D79131B66" blockId="2.[264,610,283,345]" box="[264,610,283,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
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<heading id="E10A81EBFF88FFA1C266510D79131B66" bold="true" box="[264,610,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C266510D79131B66" bold="true" box="[264,610,283,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
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<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF88FFA1C266510D7A861B65" authority="Gledhill & Agbolade, 2006" authorityName="Gledhill & Agbolade" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,503,284,310]" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockovdia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oruensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C266510D7A861B65" bold="true" box="[264,503,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Dockovdia oruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="93BA57EEFF88FFA1C16B510A79131B66" box="[517,610,283,309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C266512E7AC41B0A" blockId="2.[264,610,283,345]" box="[264,437,319,345]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">(Figures 1–19)</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E7650CFF88FFA1C266519E7ADF18BA" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C266519E7A971BFB" blockId="2.[264,1323,399,745]" box="[264,486,399,424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C266519E7A971BFB" box="[264,486,399,424]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C25651A67FAC1822" blockId="2.[264,1323,399,745]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="0A953CDAFF88FFA1C25651A67E5A1872" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2416982157" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
Seven
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C2E551A67AA31B82" box="[395,466,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="male">males</specimenCount>
|
||||
, six
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C17F51A6791E1B82" box="[529,623,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="female">females</specimenCount>
|
||||
, dissected and mounted in glycerine jelly on microscope slides. Coll.
|
||||
<collectorName id="17085351FF88FFA1C2CD51CE79F01BAA" box="[419,641,479,505]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Dr O.M. Agbolade</collectorName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF88FFA1C1A751CE78D81BAB" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[713,937,479,504]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pachychilidae" genus="Potadoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="moerchi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C1A751CE78D81BAB" box="[713,937,479,504]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Potadoma moerchi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
collected in the Ojupon and Eri Oru streams, Oru,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7839F865FF88FFA1C280521679091872" box="[494,632,519,545]" country="Nigeria" name="Ogun" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Ogun State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA7617FF88FFA1C1E9521679931872" box="[647,738,519,545]" name="Nigeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, between
|
||||
<date id="CE431047FF88FFA1C03152167F6F1872" box="[863,1054,519,545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="2002-12">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="DE07E9AFFF88FFA1C03152167F6F1872" box="[863,1054,519,545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="2002-12">December 2002</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<date id="CE431047FF88FFA1C73152167E571872" box="[1119,1318,519,545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="2003-09">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="DE07E9AFFF88FFA1C73152167E571872" box="[1119,1318,519,545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="2003-09">September 2003</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="0A953CDAFF88FFA1C266523E7FAC1822" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2416982158" collectingDate="1432" collectingDateMax="2003-09" collectingDateMin="1432" country="Nigeria" location="Prep" municipality="Prep" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Ogun State" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF88FFA1C266523E7A09181A" box="[264,376,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C2E9523E7AB1181A" box="[391,448,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="5A26ACFDFF88FFA1C2A5523E7974181A" box="[459,517,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Prep</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
. 1434,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF88FFA1C10E523E79BB181A" box="[608,714,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C1B7523E7858181A" box="[729,809,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||||
<location id="BF22605CFF88FFA1C05A523E781F181A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55:BF22605CFF88FFA1C05A523E781F181A" box="[820,878,559,585]" country="Nigeria" municipality="Prep" name="Prep" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Ogun State">Prep</location>
|
||||
. 1427.
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF88FFA1C0A7523E7F4F181A" box="[969,1086,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C723523E7FE0181A" box="[1101,1169,559,585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="male">males</specimenCount>
|
||||
<location id="BF22605CFF88FFA1C7F2523E7FAC181A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55:BF22605CFF88FFA1C7F2523E7FAC181A" box="[1180,1245,559,585]" country="Nigeria" municipality="Prep" name="Preps" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Ogun State">Preps</location>
|
||||
1429, 1430, 1433, 1435,
|
||||
<date id="CE431047FF88FFA1C28A524679E51822" box="[484,660,599,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="1436" valueMax="1438">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="DE07E9AFFF88FFA1C28A524679E51822" box="[484,660,599,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="1436" valueMax="1438">1436 and 1438</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C1CE5246798A1822" box="[672,763,599,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="female">females</specimenCount>
|
||||
<location id="BF22605CFF88FFA1C06D524678351822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55:BF22605CFF88FFA1C06D524678351822" box="[771,836,599,625]" country="Nigeria" municipality="Prep" name="Preps" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Ogun State">Preps</location>
|
||||
1426, 1428, 1431,
|
||||
<date id="CE431047FF88FFA1C74952467FA91822" box="[1063,1240,599,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="1432" valueMax="1437">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="DE07E9AFFF88FFA1C74952467FA91822" box="[1063,1240,599,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="1432" valueMax="1437">1432 and 1437</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="0A953CDAFF88FFA1C256526E7ADF18BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2416982159" collectingDate="1432" collectingDateMax="2003-09" collectingDateMin="1432" country="Nigeria" location="Prep" municipality="Prep" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Ogun State" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C256526E796D18CA" blockId="2.[264,1323,399,745]" box="[312,540,639,665]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<location id="BF22605CFF88FFA1C256526E7AC418CA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55:BF22605CFF88FFA1C256526E7AC418CA" box="[312,437,639,665]" country="Nigeria" municipality="Prep" name="Additional" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Ogun State">Additional</location>
|
||||
material
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C25652B67ADF18BA" blockId="2.[264,1323,399,745]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF88FFA1C25652B67ADC1892" box="[312,429,679,705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
, 25 undissected ovigerous
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF88FFA1C19B52B678211892" box="[757,848,679,705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="female">females</specimenCount>
|
||||
preserved in Koenike’s
|
||||
<location id="BF22605CFF88FFA1C71752B67F911892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32548791FF88FFA6C266510D7F9F1D55:BF22605CFF88FFA1C71752B67F911892" box="[1145,1248,679,705]" country="Nigeria" municipality="Prep" name="Solution" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Ogun State">Solution</location>
|
||||
, same data as above.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E7650CFF88FFA1C266530E79EC1E7A" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C266530E7A0E196B" blockId="2.[264,1323,799,1065]" box="[264,383,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C266530E7A0E196B" box="[264,383,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C2565356789519E2" blockId="2.[264,1323,799,1065]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">With characters of the genus. Pedipalp with P4 not strongly tapering distally, P5 more than three times as high as long, cheliceral claw with only a fringe of short setae, common posterior margin of Cx1+2 not extending posteriorly.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C25653AE79EC1E7A" blockId="2.[264,1323,799,1065]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
The above combination of characters clearly separates
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF88FFA1C0BD53AE7FCE198B" authorityName="Gledhill & Agbolade" authorityYear="2006" box="[979,1215,959,984]" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockovdia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oruensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C0BD53AE7FCE198B" box="[979,1215,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Dockovdia oruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF88FFA1C66053AE7A0C1E53" authorityName="Gledhill" authorityYear="2003" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockovdia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cookarum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C66053AE7A0C1E53" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">D. cookarum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the latter species having P5 only as high as long and the cheliceral claws densely covered in long fine setae.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E7650CFF88FFA7C266544D785C1BFD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA1C266544D7AE31E26" blockId="2.[264,1324,1116,1902]" box="[264,402,1116,1141]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF88FFA1C266544D7AE31E26" box="[264,402,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Description</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF88FFA0C25654957A361E55" blockId="2.[264,1324,1116,1902]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1325,284,1893]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
MALE (Figs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16 and 17). With characters of the genus. Idiosoma in dorsal and ventral views an elongated oval, length, excluding gnathosoma, 646 (537–683, 622, n=6), width 403 (366–439, 407, n=6). Dorsum unstructured, glandularia and associated setae small, and difficult to define but moreorless as illustrated in Fig. 2. Ventrally, (Fig. 1) with coxae in three groups in anterior half of idiosoma; Cx1 fused with capitulum; posterolateral margins of Cx1+2 extended laterally; common hind margin of Cx1+2 not, or only slightly, produced posteriorly; length Cx1+2, 180 (156198, 176, n=7); medial margins of Cx4 moreorless straight and directed posterolaterally; suture lines between Cx3+4 complete; width across Cx4 at level of IV Legs, 336 (
|
||||
<date id="CE431047FF88FFA1C2E455FD7A971C55" box="[394,486,1516,1542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="42-03-30">300342</date>
|
||||
, 332, n=6); distance from posterior margin Cx1+2 to anterior margin of genital plate 240 (204264, 232, n=6). Genital acetabula on a common genital plate incorporating preand postgenital sclerites; three acetabula and four to six short, fine setae on each side of genital aperture (Figs 1, 4, 5 and 6; the latter figure shows genital acetabula on separate plates as in the female but smaller and the subcutaneous outline of the male ejaculatory complex); genital plate length 90 (6390, 81, n=6), genital plate width 81 (69–84, 78, n=7); distance from posterior margin of genital plate to posterior margin of idiosoma 159 (126–198, 162, n=6); excretory pore slitlike, close to posterior margin. Capitulum as in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF88FFA1C2A6573D79171D15" box="[456,614,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1498,1522]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[293,1294,302,1491]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 8, holotype, male Prep. 1434, infracapitulum with chelicera and left pedipalp. 9, holotype, male Prep. 1434, right pedipalp. 10, male Prep. 1436, left pedipalp with host tissue? attached to pedipalp tarsus ‘claws’. 11, male Prep. 1436, right predipalp. 12, male Prep. 1433, infracapitulum. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645222/files/figure.svg" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs 8 and 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
(lateral views), note that the ventral extensions are damaged fused areas of the capitulum and first coxae. Pedipalps (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF88FFA1C0DC57457FD41D3D" box="[946,1189,1876,1902]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1498,1522]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[293,1294,302,1491]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 8, holotype, male Prep. 1434, infracapitulum with chelicera and left pedipalp. 9, holotype, male Prep. 1434, right pedipalp. 10, male Prep. 1436, left pedipalp with host tissue? attached to pedipalp tarsus ‘claws’. 11, male Prep. 1436, right predipalp. 12, male Prep. 1433, infracapitulum. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645222/files/figure.svg" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs 8, 9, 10 and 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
) stout; P2 without ventral projections, with two pinnate setae on medial lateral face and a short dorsal seta at level of proximal lateral seta; P3 with a single pinnate seta on medial lateral face; P4 without pinnate setae but with up to three small, fine setae distally; P5 somewhat rectangular, short, more than three times as high as long and with two long, stout, clawlike setae; dorsal lengths of pedipalp segments: P1, 24 (18–24, 21, n=9); P2, 81 (7284, 78, n=9); P3, 51 (48–66, 56, n=10); P4, 90 (78–90, 84, n=10); P5, 15 (12–15, 13, n=10); pedipalp tarsal claw lengths, 48, 48, 48, 45 (39–48, 44, n=20). Chelicerae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF89FFA0C718521D7E551875" box="[1142,1316,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="7.[264,383,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[345,1251,602,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[333,1265,574,1641]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 13, allotype, female Prep. 1427, left pedipalp. 14, allotype, female Prep. 1427, right pedipalp. 15, male Prep. 1433, chelicerae. 16, male Prep. 1438, chelicerae. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645224/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figs 15 and 16</figureCitation>
|
||||
) stout, length 213 (186–222, 205, n=6); cheliceral claws each with a row of short, fine setae; cheliceral claw length, 84 (75–84, 82, n=5). Legs similar to those of female but shorter (compare
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF89FFA0C2B0529579E418CD" box="[478,661,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–19" captionStartId="8.[264,383,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[315,1279,593,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[294,1292,572,1436]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17–19. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 17, holotype, male Prep. 1434, ILeg. 1–6. 18, allotype, female Prep. 1427, ILeg. 1–6. 19, allotype, female Prep. 1427 IVLeg. 1–6. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645226/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figs 17 and 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
illustrating ILeg of male and female respectively); I Leg.6 straight; claws of all legs each with two moreorless equal teeth; dorsal lengths of leg segments, ILeg.16: 36 (33–36, 35, n=7), 51 (42–51, 46, n=7), 78 (63–78, 70, n=7), 96 (87–96, 92, n=7), 108 (90–120, 103, n=6), 90 (75–90, 79, n=5); IILeg.1–6: (33–39, 36, n=4), 57 (45–66, 54, n=7), 81 (63–81, 76, n=5), 105 (96–111, 102, n=6), 120 (105–129, 117, n=7), 99 (75–99, 86, n=7); IIILeg.1–6: 45 (36–45, 42, n=4), 57 (51–60, 56, n=6), 87 (78–87, 83, n=7), 123 (111–129, 118, n=8), 144 (129–147, 137, n=8), 99 (90–105, 96, n=8); IVLeg.1–6: 87, 90 (75–90, 87, n=8), 87, 90 (78–90, 85, n=8), 120, 126 (111–126, 118, n=7), 156, 159 (144–171, 155, n=8), 171 (153–183, 165, n=5), 105 (102–111, 106, n=5).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF89FFA0C256540578441D36" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
FEMALE (Figs 3, 7, 13, 14, 18 and 19). Idiosoma larger, both longer and wider than that of male, length excluding gnathosoma, 1147 (964–1147, 1057, n=3), width 732 (695–817, 759, n=4). Dorsum as in male. Ventrally (Fig. 3) with coxae similar to those of male; length Cx1+2, 228 (198–240, 224, n=4); width across Cx4 at level of IVLegs, 498 (456–540, 504, n=5); distance from posterior margin Cx1 to anterior margin of pregenital sclerite 324 (264–324, 289, n=4). Genital field as in Figs 3 and 7; genital field length 174 (174–225, 187, n=5), width 171 (171–195, 138, n=4); distance from posterior margin of postgenital sclerite to posterior margin of idiosoma 402 (300–402, 358, n=3). Excretory pore as in male. Pedipalps (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF89FFA0C11E555F785E1F3B" box="[624,815,1358,1384]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="7.[264,383,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[345,1251,602,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[333,1265,574,1641]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 13, allotype, female Prep. 1427, left pedipalp. 14, allotype, female Prep. 1427, right pedipalp. 15, male Prep. 1433, chelicerae. 16, male Prep. 1438, chelicerae. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645224/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figs 13 and 14</figureCitation>
|
||||
) as in male but larger, dorsal lengths of pedipalp segments: P1, 22, 24 (21–27, 23, n=8), P2, 102, 90 (90–105, 95, n=10), P3, 72, 84 (69–84, 76, n=10), P4, 108, 108 (96–111, 103, n=11), P5, 15, 15 (15–18, 17, n=11); pedipalp tarsal claw lengths, 54, 54, 51, 51 (45–54, 51, n=18). Chelicerae as in male (see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF89FFA0C2EB55FB794E1C57" box="[389,575,1514,1540]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="7.[264,383,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[345,1251,602,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[333,1265,574,1641]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 13, allotype, female Prep. 1427, left pedipalp. 14, allotype, female Prep. 1427, right pedipalp. 15, male Prep. 1433, chelicerae. 16, male Prep. 1438, chelicerae. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645224/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figs 15 and 16</figureCitation>
|
||||
), length 312 (252–312, 280, n=9); cheliceral claw length 105 (105–114, 110, n=7). Legs (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="22C62A02FF89FFA0C10B5603786C1C7F" box="[613,797,1554,1580]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–19" captionStartId="8.[264,383,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[315,1279,593,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[294,1292,572,1436]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17–19. Dockovdia oruensis sp. nov., 17, holotype, male Prep. 1434, ILeg. 1–6. 18, allotype, female Prep. 1427, ILeg. 1–6. 19, allotype, female Prep. 1427 IVLeg. 1–6. Measurements in m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645226/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figs 18 and 19</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with chaetotaxy similar to that of male, I Leg.6 not bowed. Dorsal lengths of leg segments, ILeg.1–6: 45 (45, 45, n=1), 48 (45–48, 46, n=2), 87 (84–87, 86, n=2), 120 (111–120, 116, n=2), 120 (120–132, 126, n=3), 96, 120 (93–126, 108, n=6); IILeg.1–6: 36 (36, 36, n=1), 57 (48–57, 52, n=2), 96 (96, 96, n=2), 135 (126–135, 130, n=2), 156 (153–156, 154, n=2), 105, 138 (99–138, 118, n=6); III Leg.1–6: 60 (60, 60, n=1), 66 (66, 66, n=2), 99 (93–105, 99, n=3), 150 (150–159, 154, n=4), 159 (159–183, 167, n=4), (99–150, 123, n=4); IVLeg.1–6: 105 (102–111, 106, n=3), 114 (105–114, 110, n=2), 129 (129–162, 145, n=5), 180 (180–219, 207, n=5), 231 (189–231, 217, n=3), 153 (141–165, 153, n=3).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8EFFA7C256510D785C1BFD" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
Most females were ovigerous, each ovum was within a relatively thickwalled (19–48 m, mean
|
||||
<quantity id="7D059B62FF8EFFA7C2E351557A911B0D" box="[397,480,324,350]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||||
, n=15) egg case (query = shell membrane
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8EFFA7C09F51557F431B0E" box="[1009,1074,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
Sokolov, 1977), the diameter of which ranged from
|
||||
<quantity id="7D059B62FF8EFFA7C113517D78621BD5" box="[637,787,364,390]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" metricValueMax="1.52" metricValueMin="1.24" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="138.0" valueMax="152.0" valueMin="124.0">124–152 m</quantity>
|
||||
(mean
|
||||
<quantity id="7D059B62FF8EFFA7C005517D78B91BD5" box="[875,968,364,390]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="135.0">135 m</quantity>
|
||||
, n=15). The diameter of each of the 15 ova measured
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8EFFA7C14F518579FF1BFE" box="[545,654,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">in corpus</emphasis>
|
||||
was
|
||||
<specimenCount id="ACFBFD0EFF8EFFA7C1A55185785C1BFD" box="[715,813,404,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="generic">
|
||||
<quantity id="7D059B62FF8EFFA7C1A5518578581BFD" box="[715,809,404,430]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="104.0">104 m</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="EE82660FFF8EFFA7C26656A279011D60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3451876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3451876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3451876/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" startId="4.[264,382,1715,1739]" targetBox="[386,1208,481,1694]" targetPageId="4">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8EFFA7C26656A279011D60" blockId="4.[264,1323,1715,1843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8EFFA7C26656A27A0F1C98" bold="true" box="[264,382,1715,1739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">FIGURES</emphasis>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF8EFFA7C7A956A57E561C98" box="[1223,1319,1716,1739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, male Prep. sclerotization of the first coxae removed during dissection. Measurements in m.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="EE82660FFF8FFFA6C266544F78A21EE8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645220/files/figure.svg" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" startId="5.[264,382,1118,1142]" targetBox="[94,1188,286,1080]" targetPageId="5">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8FFFA6C266544F78A21EE8" blockId="5.[264,1323,1118,1211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C266544F7AC21E25" bold="true" box="[264,435,1118,1142]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 4–7.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF8FFFA6C2AE544F79D31E26" authority="Gledhill & Agbolade, 2006" authorityName="Gledhill & Agbolade" authorityYear="2006" box="[448,674,1118,1141]" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockdovdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oruensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C2AE544F79D31E26" box="[448,674,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Dockdovdia oruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="93BA57EEFF8FFFA6C1C6544F798C1E26" box="[680,765,1118,1141]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, 4, holotype, male Prep. 1434, genital plate. 5, male Prep. 1438, genital plate. 6, male Prep. 1433, genital plate (malformed) and ejaculatory complex. 7, allotype, female Prep. 1427, genital field. Measurements in m.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E7650CFF8FFFA6C266551D7A171C35" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8FFFA6C266551D7F5A1F1D" blockId="5.[264,1067,1292,1358]" box="[264,1067,1292,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C266551D79531F1E" box="[264,546,1292,1357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Etymology
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF8FFFA6C256552579531F1E" authority="Gledhill & Agbolade, 2006" authorityName="Gledhill & Agbolade" authorityYear="2006" box="[312,546,1332,1357]" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockovdia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oruensis" status="sp. nov.">Dockovdia oruensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="93BA57EEFF8FFFA6C146552579111F1D" box="[552,608,1332,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
is named for the town of Oru,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C2EA7617FF8FFFA6C0A555257F561F1D" box="[971,1063,1332,1358]" name="Nigeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8FFFA6C2665595793C1FCE" blockId="5.[264,1323,1412,1638]" box="[264,589,1412,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C2665595793C1FCE" box="[264,589,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Designation of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF8FFFA6C2D355957A9F1FCE" box="[445,494,1412,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8FFFA6C25655BD7A171C35" blockId="5.[264,1323,1412,1638]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Unfortunately specimens collected from the Ojupon and EriOru streams were combined. However, according to records held by the second author,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF8FFFA6C72455C57E5B1FBE" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1098,1322,1492,1517]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pachychilidae" genus="Potadoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="moerchi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C72455C57E5B1FBE" box="[1098,1322,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Potadoma moerchi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
collected from the EriOru produced more specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF8FFFA6C0DA55ED7FD01C46" authorityName="Gledhill & Agbolade" authorityYear="2006" box="[948,1185,1532,1557]" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockovdia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oruensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C0DA55ED7FD01C46" box="[948,1185,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Dockovdia oruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than did
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF8FFFA6C67B55ED7A161C6E" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Gastropoda" family="Pachychilidae" genus="Potadoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="moerchi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C67B55ED7A161C6E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">P. moerchi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Ojupon. Accordingly the EriOru stream is designated as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF8FFFA6C79956357E581C6D" box="[1271,1321,1572,1598]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F2E7650CFF8FFFA6C266568D7F9F1D55" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA423687FF8FFFA6C266568D7F9F1D55" blockId="5.[264,1323,1692,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C266568D79601CE6" box="[264,529,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Deposition of material</emphasis>
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF8FFFA6C21E56D57AA71C8D" box="[368,470,1732,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF8FFFA6C17956D579041C8D" box="[535,629,1732,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DFD4D04FF8FFFA6C1CA56D578E01C8E" authorityName="Gledhill & Agbolade" authorityYear="2006" box="[676,913,1732,1757]" class="Arachnida" family="Hygrobatidae" genus="Dockovdia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oruensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8889EA95FF8FFFA6C1CA56D578E01C8E" box="[676,913,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Dockovdia oruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
will be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London.
|
||||
<typeStatus id="65468825FF8FFFA6C12056FD79B11D55" box="[590,704,1772,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
are retained in the collection of the first author.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
261
data/32/54/88/325488B866BA5A9C9FFE655038853D58.xml
Normal file
261
data/32/54/88/325488B866BA5A9C9FFE655038853D58.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
|
|||
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ce86c4e9-3eff-41fa-a6db-47888a494228" ID-PMC="PMC6838221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-60-45" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8003A6139B1050888874E5F93ABFF322" ID-PubMed="31723337" ModsDocID="1314-4049-60-45" checkinTime="1572595447015" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wang, Xin-Cun, Liu, Tie-Zhi, Chen, Shuang-Lin, Li, Yi & Zhuang, Wen-Ying" docDate="2019" docId="325488B866BA5A9C9FFE655038853D58" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 60: 45-67" docOrigin="MycoKeys 60" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186" docTitle="Helvella acetabuloides X. C. Wang & W. Y. Zhuang, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="8003A6139B1050888874E5F93ABFF322" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="8003A6139B1050888874E5F93ABFF322" masterDocTitle="A four-locus phylogeny of rib-stiped cupulate species of Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizales) with discovery of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668136346247" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>A four-locus phylogeny of rib-stiped cupulate species of Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizales) with discovery of three new species</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Wang, Xin-Cun</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Liu, Tie-Zhi</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Chen, Shuang-Lin</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Li, Yi</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Zhuang, Wen-Ying</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part>
|
||||
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>60</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>45</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>67</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-60-45</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8003A6139B1050888874E5F93ABFF322</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="160104922" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:325488B866BA5A9C9FFE655038853D58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/325488B866BA5A9C9FFE655038853D58" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="325488B8-66BA-5A9C-9FFE-655038853D58" authority="X. C. Wang & W. Y. Zhuang" class="Pezizomycetes" family="Helvellaceae" genus="Helvella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Helvella acetabuloides" order="Pezizales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acetabuloides">Helvella acetabuloides X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. a-d Helvella acetabuloides: a mature apothecia when dry (CFSZ 2044) b asci (HMAS 23842) c, d ascospores in ascus (c: CFSZ 2044, d: HMAS 23842) e-g Helvella sichuanensis (HMAS 254610): e mature apothecia when dry f mature apothecia when fresh g ascospores in asci h-k Helvella tianshanensis (HMAS 86040): h, i Mature apothecium when dry j asci k ascospores in ascus. Scale bars: 1 cm (a, e); 0.75 cm (h, i); 50 μm (b, g, j); 20 μm (c, d, k)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352439" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186.figure3">
|
||||
Figure 3
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Holotype.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng City, Harqin Banner, Shijia Town, Toudaoyingzi Village,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="20" value="41.88889">41°53'20"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="119" direction="east" minutes="1" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="1" value="119.016945">119°1'1"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, on the ground under
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Ostryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ostryopsis davidiana" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="davidiana">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Ostryopsis davidiana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Decne., 8 Aug 2002, T.Z. Liu & T.H. Liu, HMAS 279703 (= CFSZ 2044).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
The species epithet refers to its similarity to
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. acetabulum" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="acetabulum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. acetabulum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
Apothecia stipitate to subsessile, cupulate, margin undulate, involute or revolute, 2.2-4.8 cm high and 2.5-4 cm diam. when dry; hymenium dull brown to reddish-brown when dry, receptacle surface light brown to brown when dry, glabrous; stipe terete or flattened, buff, light yellowish-brown to brown, surface ribbed, 0.5-3
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
0.4-1.3 cm, typically fluted with sharp-edged or rarely blunt ribs, ribs branching at the upper half of receptacle surface, reaching to the edge or ending 1-2 mm from the edge. Ectal excipulum of
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">textura angularis</emphasis>
|
||||
, 75-100
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
thick, cells hyaline, outer cells arranged in chains, 16-21.5
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
7-8
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
. Medullary excipulum of
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">textura intricata</emphasis>
|
||||
, 180-220
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
thick, hyphae hyaline. Asci subcylindrical, tapering and with crozier at base, 8-spored, 235-280
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
15-20
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
. Paraphyses filiform with apical portion very slightly enlarged, septate, hyaline, 4.5-5.5
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
wide at apex and 4-4.5
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
below. Ascospores ellipsoidal, hyaline, smooth, uniguttulate, 14-20
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
10-14.5
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
, median 16.2
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
12.3
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
, Q = 1.2-1.55, median 1.375, n = 50.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="additional specimen examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Additional specimen examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
CHINA. Shaanxi Province, Baoji City, Taibai County, Mt. Taibai,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="1" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="34.031387">34°1'53"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="107" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="33" value="107.42583">107°25'33"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, alt. 2270 m, on the ground in broad-leaf forest, 26 Jun 1958, J.H. Yu 106, HMAS 23842.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="notes">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pezizomycetes" family="Helvellaceae" genus="Helvella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Helvella acetabuloides" order="Pezizales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acetabuloides">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Helvella acetabuloides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is nested with
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. acetabulum" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="acetabulum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. acetabulum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. arctoalpina" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="arctoalpina">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. arctoalpina</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. costata" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="costata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. costata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. sichuanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="sichuanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. sichuanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Clade 3 (
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Helvella and Dissingia inferred from combined Hsp 90, ITS 2, LSU and TEF 1 dataset. Posterior probability values ≥ 0.90 (left) and bootstrap values ≥ 70 % (right) are indicated at nodes." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352437" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186.figure1">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Its hymenium is reddish-brown when dry and different from that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. acetabulum" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="acetabulum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. acetabulum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(brown when dry) and those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. arctoalpina" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="arctoalpina">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. arctoalpina</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. sichuanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="sichuanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. sichuanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(black when dry,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.1977.124" author="Harmaja, H" journalOrPublisher="Karstenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="45 - 48" refId="B16" refString="Harmaja, H, 1977b. A revision of the Helvellaacetabulum group (Pezizales) in Fennoscandia. Karstenia 17: 45 - 48" title="A revision of the Helvellaacetabulum group (Pezizales) in Fennoscandia." url="https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.1977.124" volume="17" year="1977 b">Harmaja 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The two specimens cited are identical in sequences of
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Hsp90</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pezizomycetes" family="Helvellaceae" genus="Helvella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Helvella acetabuloides" order="Pezizales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acetabuloides">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Helvella acetabuloides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. acetabulum" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="acetabulum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. acetabulum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in 6 bp for Hsp90 (H410, epitype), 14 bp for ITS2 (HMAS 243823) and 17 bp for TEF1 (H133). It is distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. arctoalpina" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="arctoalpina">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. arctoalpina</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in 2 bp of Hsp90 (H293, holotype) and 11 bp of TEF1 (H033), from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. costata" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="costata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. costata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in 3 bp of Hsp90. It differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. sichuanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="sichuanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">H. sichuanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in 1 bp of Hsp90, 20 bp of ITS2 and 11 bp of TEF1. PCR amplification of LSU failed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352439" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pezizomycetes" family="Helvellaceae" genus="Helvella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Helvella acetabuloides" order="Pezizales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acetabuloides">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Helvella acetabuloides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">a</emphasis>
|
||||
mature apothecia when dry (CFSZ 2044)
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">b</emphasis>
|
||||
asci (HMAS 23842)
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">c, d</emphasis>
|
||||
ascospores in ascus (c: CFSZ 2044, d: HMAS 23842)
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="e–g">e-g</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pezizomycetes" family="Helvellaceae" genus="Helvella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Helvella sichuanensis" order="Pezizales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="sichuanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Helvella sichuanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(HMAS 254610):
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">e</emphasis>
|
||||
mature apothecia when dry
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">f</emphasis>
|
||||
mature apothecia when fresh
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">g</emphasis>
|
||||
ascospores in asci
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="h–k">h-k</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pezizomycetes" family="Helvellaceae" genus="Helvella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Helvella tianshanensis" order="Pezizales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tianshanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Helvella tianshanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(HMAS 86040):
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">h, i</emphasis>
|
||||
Mature apothecium when dry
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">j</emphasis>
|
||||
asci
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">k</emphasis>
|
||||
ascospores in ascus. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">a, e</emphasis>
|
||||
); 0.75 cm (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">h, i</emphasis>
|
||||
); 50
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">b, g, j</emphasis>
|
||||
); 20
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">c, d, k</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
180
data/32/54/EF/3254EFA2F0225832259E2E69E893E729.xml
Normal file
180
data/32/54/EF/3254EFA2F0225832259E2E69E893E729.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
|
|||
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418" ID-GBIF-Dataset="23d1b4ba-12f6-48bf-8cb4-a07a340488f9" ID-PMC="PMC3950464" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-383-1" ID-PubMed="24624021" ID-ZBK="93106FE982C8493791E7339AEAD74BE5" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-383-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 383" ModsDocTitle="Review of Apantelessensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica" checkinTime="1451246290001" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fernandez-Triana, Jose L., Whitfield, James B., Rodriguez, Josephine J., Smith, M. Alex, Janzen, Daniel H., Hallwachs, Winnie D., Hajibabaei, Mehrdad, Burns, John M., Solis, M. Alma, Brown, John, Cardinal, Sophie, Goulet, Henri & Hebert, Paul D. N." docDate="2014" docId="3254EFA2F0225832259E2E69E893E729" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 383: 1-565" docOrigin="ZooKeys 383" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418" docTitle="Apanteles irenecarrilloi Fernandez-Triana, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="D182A22A-BF57-4324-98DD-E5094A61B04D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="162" masterDocId="060FFFBFFFDE4805FFDDDF66FFB3FFAE" masterDocTitle="Review of Apantelessensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica" masterLastPageNumber="565" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="161" updateTime="1668157750355" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Review of Apantelessensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Fernandez-Triana, Jose L.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Whitfield, James B.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Rodriguez, Josephine J.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Smith, M. Alex</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Janzen, Daniel H.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Hallwachs, Winnie D.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Hajibabaei, Mehrdad</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Burns, John M.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Solis, M. Alma</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Brown, John</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Cardinal, Sophie</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Goulet, Henri</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Hebert, Paul D. N.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part>
|
||||
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>383</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>565</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-383-1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">93106FE982C8493791E7339AEAD74BE5</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">93106FE982C8493791E7339AEAD74BE5</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152051353" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D182A22A-BF57-4324-98DD-E5094A61B04D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3254EFA2F0225832259E2E69E893E729" lastPageId="161" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="160" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/D182A22A-BF57-4324-98DD-E5094A61B04D" authority="Fernandez-Triana" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles irenecarrilloi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irenecarrilloi">
|
||||
Apanteles irenecarrilloi
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández-Triana">Fernandez-Triana</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="160" pageNumber="161">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
Figs 27, 229
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="160" pageNumber="161" type="type locality">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">COSTA RICA, Alajuela, ACG, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, San Lucas, 320m, 10.91847, -85.30338.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="160" pageNumber="161" type="holotype">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Holotype.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
♀ in CNC. Specimen labels: 1. DHJPAR0045190. 2. COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, ACG, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, San Lucas, 30.vi.2011, 10.91847, -85.30338, 320m, DHJPAR0045190. 3. Voucher: D.H.Janzen & W.Hallwachs, DB: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu, Area de
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conservación">Conservacion</normalizedToken>
|
||||
Guanacaste, COSTA RICA, 11-SRNP-43138.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="160" pageNumber="161" type="paratypes">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Paratypes.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">1 ♀ (CNC). COSTA RICA, ACG database codes: DHJPAR0043146.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="161" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph lastPageId="161" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
Female. Body color: body mostly dark except for some sternites which may be pale. Antenna color: scape, pedicel, and flagellum dark. Coxae color (pro-, meso-, metacoxa): dark, dark, dark. Femora color (pro-, meso-, metafemur): anteriorly dark/posteriorly pale, dark, dark. Tibiae color (pro-, meso-, metatibia): pale, anteriorly pale/posteriorly dark, anteriorly pale/posteriorly dark. Tegula and humeral complex color: tegula pale, humeral complex half pale/half dark. Pterostigma color: mostly pale and/or transparent, with thin dark borders. Fore wing veins color: partially pigmented (a few veins may be dark but most are pale). Antenna length/body length: antenna about as long as body (head to apex of metasoma); if slightly shorter, at least extending beyond anterior 0.7 metasoma length. Body in lateral view: not distinctly flattened
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="dorso–ventrally">dorso-ventrally</normalizedToken>
|
||||
. Body length (head to apex of metasoma): 2.3-2.4 mm. Fore wing length: 2.5-2.6 mm.
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ocular–ocellar">Ocular-ocellar</normalizedToken>
|
||||
line/posterior ocellus diameter: 2.3-2.5. Interocellar distance/posterior ocellus diameter: 1.7-1.9. Antennal flagellomerus 2 length/width: 2.9-3.1. Antennal flagellomerus 14 length/width: 1.7-1.9. Length of flagellomerus 2/length of flagellomerus 14: 2.0-2.2. Tarsal claws: simple (?). Metafemur length/width: 2.8-2.9. Metatibia inner spur length/metabasitarsus length: 0.4-0.5. Anteromesoscutum: mostly with shallow, dense punctures (separated by less than 2.0
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
its maximum diameter). Mesoscutellar disc: mostly smooth. Number of pits in scutoscutellar sulcus: 9 or 10. Maximum height of mesoscutellum lunules/maximum height of lateral face of mesoscutellum: 0.8 or more. Propodeum areola: completely defined by carinae, including transverse carina extending to spiracle. Propodeum background sculpture: partly sculptured, especially on anterior 0.5. Mediotergite 1 length/width at posterior margin: 2.0-2.2 or 2.3-2.5. Mediotergite 1 shape: mostly
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="parallel–sided">parallel-sided</normalizedToken>
|
||||
for 0.5-0.7 of its length, then narrowing posteriorly so mediotergite anterior width>1.1
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
posterior
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="161" pageNumber="162" start="start">width</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
. Mediotergite 1 sculpture: mostly sculptured, excavated area centrally with transverse striation inside and/or a polished knob centrally on posterior margin of mediotergite. Mediotergite 2 width at posterior margin/length: 3.6-3.9 or 4.0-4.3. Mediotergite 2 sculpture: mostly smooth. Outer margin of hypopygium: with a wide, medially folded, transparent,
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="semi–desclerotized">semi-desclerotized</normalizedToken>
|
||||
area; usually with 4 or more pleats. Ovipositor thickness: about same width throughout its length. Ovipositor sheaths length/metatibial length: 1.2-1.3. Length of fore wing veins r/2RS: 1.7-1.9. Length of fore wing veins 2RS/2M: 1.4-1.6. Length of fore wing veins 2M/(RS+M)b: 0.7-0.8. Pterostigma length/width: 3.6 or more. Point of insertion of vein r in pterostigma: about half way point length of pterostigma. Angle of vein r with fore wing anterior margin: more or less perpendicular to fore wing margin. Shape of junction of veins r and 2RS in fore wing: strongly angulated, sometimes with a knob.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="162" type="molecular data">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Molecular data.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Sequences in BOLD: 3, barcode compliant sequences: 3.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="162" type="biology/ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Biology/ecology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
Solitary (Fig. 229). Host:
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Crambidae" lsidName="" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Asturodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asturodes fimbriauralis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriauralis">Asturodes fimbriauralis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
DHJ03.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="162" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Costa Rica, ACG.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="162" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">We dedicate this species to Irene Carrillo in recognition of her diligent efforts for the ACG Programa del Comedor Santa Rosa.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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