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<document id="023473E78D56BCBBA529E02444CE662E" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a6" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14223917" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AB8DCA69-9BE5-44F1-877D-0E65F73B7186" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1732278135730" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="O’Gorman, José Patricio &amp; Otero, Rodrigo A." docDate="2023" docId="0A1587CBFFB375498D4EFEE3FE572F43" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.22.6.77-90.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (6)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="undetermined undetermined" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="79" masterDocId="F62CFFB3FFB7754D8C14FE3BFFCC2B6C" masterDocTitle="Revision of the short-necked Cretaceous plesiosaurians from New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="90" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="79" updateTime="1733199068229" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6977544BAC08337D94E8CDDCCC9C5F30">Revision of the short-necked Cretaceous plesiosaurians from New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="804A8648296C3893BAEC5319CD7F02BD">O’Gorman, José Patricio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2E721DD8C5B8FA4B03008747A7ABEDBC">División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s / n., B 1900 FWA, La Plata (Argentina) &amp; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8636879C20FC1422AD53F7BC4416AF2B">Otero, Rodrigo A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="29CE8AF5A185EF2BF3875E2BE4CEC0F9">Red Paleontológica U-Chile, Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Las Palmeras, 3425, Santiago (Chile) &amp; Consultora Paleoconsultores Ltda. Huelén 165 C, Providencia, Santiago (Chile)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="1A25D1F34D5DB5650C222CBC3A409344">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BB61F90D11B866007D90FCE8B29055D5">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498D4EFEE3FDFD2B9E" box="[346,561,216,242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498D4EFEE3FDFD2B9E" blockId="4.[346,561,216,274]" box="[346,561,216,242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<heading id="D94B81B1FFB375498D4EFEE3FDFD2B9E" box="[346,561,216,242]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" reason="9">
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498D4EFEE3FDE12B9E" box="[346,557,216,242]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polycotylidae indet</taxonomicName>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498D9DFEC3FDCE2A7E" box="[393,514,248,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="description">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498D9DFEC3FDCE2A7E" blockId="4.[346,561,216,274]" box="[393,514,248,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
(
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB375498D86FEC2FE002A7E" box="[402,460,249,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,207,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-128@5.[698,1267,764,1316]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Polycotylidae indet.: A-D, NPC CD 459, cervical vertebra in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, right; D, dorsal; E-H, DMR1544, cervical centrum in: E, posterior; F, left lateral; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I-L, DM 1548, left propodium in: I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, anterior; L, posterior; M, NHMUK R838, propodium in dorsal view. Scale bars: A-L, 20 mm; M, not in scale. Credits: M, taken from Hector 1874: fig. XXVIIB’." pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E-H)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498C90FF0AFD932AAE" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FF0AFED62A0F" blockId="4.[132,775,304,355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A2AC11F3FFB375498C90FF0AFED62A0F" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498C90FF0AFEE92A24" authority="Hector, 1874" authorityName="Hector" authorityYear="1874" box="[132,293,305,329]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" genus="Polycotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498C90FF0AFEE92A24" box="[132,293,305,329]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Polycotylus tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="031D10CCFFB375498D2BFF0AFE3D2A24" author="HECTOR J." box="[319,497,304,329]" page="335" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D2BFF0AFE3D2A24" author="HECTOR J." box="[319,497,304,329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="333 - 358" refId="ref7423" refString="HECTOR J. 1874. - On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactionsand Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 6: 333 - 358." type="journal article" year="1874">Hector 1874: 335</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 27. — Welles 1962: 73,
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498C90FF77FED82A0F" box="[132,276,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">nomen dubium</emphasis>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FF40FDE12AFF" blockId="4.[132,557,379,403]" box="[132,557,379,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A2AC11F3FFB375498C90FF40FDE12AFF" box="[132,557,379,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498C90FF40FE842AFE" authority="(Hector, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Hector" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[132,328,379,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Cryptoclididae" genus="Cimoliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498C90FF40FE842AFE" box="[132,328,379,403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Cimoliosaurus tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="031D10CCFFB375498D75FF40FDE52AFF" author="LYDEKKER R." box="[353,553,379,403]" page="188" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D75FF40FDE52AFF" author="LYDEKKER R." box="[353,553,379,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" refId="ref7881" refString="LYDEKKER R. 1889. - Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum: Part 2, in LYDEKKER R. (ed.), Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia. British Museum, London, 307 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61848" type="book" year="1889">Lydekker 1889: 188</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FF91FD932AAE" blockId="4.[132,607,426,450]" box="[132,607,426,450]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A2AC11F3FFB375498C90FF91FD932AAE" box="[132,607,426,450]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498C90FF91FE8A2AAE" box="[132,326,426,450]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" genus="Undetermined" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Polycotylidae indet.</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="031D10CCFFB375498D4AFF91FD972AAE" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[350,603,426,450]" page="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D4AFF91FD972AAE" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[350,603,426,450]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg 1971: 44</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498C90FFE1FD832A9D" box="[132,591,474,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FFE1FD832A9D" blockId="4.[132,591,474,498]" box="[132,591,474,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498C90FFE1FF2B2A9C" baselines="491,492" box="[132,231,474,497]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
. —
<materialsCitation id="32D43C80FFB375498D00FFE1FD872A9D" box="[276,587,474,498]" collectionCode="DM" country="New Zealand" location="Haumuri Bluff" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" specimenCode="DM R1544" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Island">
<specimenCode id="D21A9EA6FFB375498D00FFE1FE472A9E" box="[276,395,474,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">DM R1544</specimenCode>
, a cervical centrum
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498C90FC31FCCB2950" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FC31FCCB2950" blockId="4.[132,776,521,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498C90FC31FF2F294C" baselines="539,540" box="[132,227,522,545]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498CF8FC34FEDA294C" baselines="540" box="[236,278,527,544]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498D09FC34FEB5294C" baselines="540" box="[285,377,527,544]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="horizon" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">HORIZON</smallCapsWord>
.
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498D9CFC31FE6D294D" box="[392,417,522,545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">—</emphasis>
<location id="87636006FFB375498DBFFC32FD8F294D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A1587CBFFB375498D4EFEE3FE572F43:87636006FFB375498DBFFC32FD8F294D" box="[427,579,521,545]" country="New Zealand" name="Haumuri Bluff" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" stateProvince="South Island">Haumuri Bluff</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="4078F83FFFB375498E5AFC32FD02294D" box="[590,718,521,545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">South Island</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="FAAB764DFFB375498ECEFC31FF192950" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
.
<geologicalTimeScale id="F09CB676FFB375498CC8FC1FFDC62950" box="[220,522,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Conway Formation, Campanian</geologicalTimeScale>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498E00FC1FFD772950" author="WILSON G. J. &amp; SCHIOLER P. &amp; HILLER N. &amp; JONES C. M." box="[532,699,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="377 - 387" refId="ref9627" refString="WILSON G. J., SCHIOLER P., HILLER N. &amp; JONES C. M. 2005. - Age and provenance of Cretaceous marine reptiles from the South Island and Chatham Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48 (2): 377 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288306.2005.9515120" type="journal article" year="2005">
Wilson
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498E48FC1EFD4B2950" box="[604,647,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB375498ED1FC1FFD352950" box="[709,761,548,572]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[813,824,882,899]" captionTargetBox="[812,1454,215,841]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[811,1457,225,743]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Map of New Zealand with the localities mentioned in the text (modified from Wilson et al. 2005)." pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498C90FC4CFE572F43" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FC4CFF2429E3" blockId="4.[131,775,631,1071]" box="[132,232,631,657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498C90FC4CFF2429E3" baselines="650,650" box="[132,232,631,657]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90FCA3FE572F43" blockId="4.[131,775,631,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498C90FCA3FEBC29DC" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[132,368,664,688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg (1971)</bibRefCitation>
provided the centrum indices (HI = 145 and BI = 168), pointing out the presence of deeply excavated articular facets and a subcircular articular outline. Such morphology differs from the typical cervical centra observed among Late Cretaceous elasmosaurids, characterized by platycelous articular facets and a bilobed articular contour (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498E78FD0CFF752803" author="GASPARINI Z. &amp; SALGADO L. &amp; CASADIO S." pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="157 - 170" refId="ref7373" refString="GASPARINI Z., SALGADO L. &amp; CASADIO S. 2003. - Maastrichtian plesiosaurs from northern Patagonia. Cretaceous Research 24 (2): 157 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0195 - 6671 (03) 00036 - 3" type="journal article" year="2003">
Gasparini
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498EC3FD03FCCB2823" box="[727,775,823,847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). Otherwise, the elliptical and strongly concave articular facets indicate affinities with
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498DB3FD4CFCCF28E3" authority="(Salgado et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Salgado" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[423,771,887,911]" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Polycotylidae (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498E2FFD4CFD3428E3" author="SALGADO L. &amp; PARRAS A. &amp; GASPARINI Z." box="[571,760,887,911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="349 - 358" refId="ref9004" refString="SALGADO L., PARRAS A. &amp; GASPARINI Z. 2007. - Un plesiosaurio de cuello corto (Plesiosauroidea, Polycotylidae) del Cretacico Superior del norte de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 44 (2): 349 - 358." type="journal article" year="2007">
Salgado
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498E9BFD43FD7228E3" box="[655,702,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. These are non-conclusive regarding a generic determination, as previously pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D84FD8CFD4F28A3" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[400,643,951,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg (1971)</bibRefCitation>
. DM R1544 is part of the hypodigm of ‘
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498D81FDECFD032883" authority="Hector, 1874" authorityName="Hector" authorityYear="1874" box="[405,719,983,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" genus="Polycotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498D81FDECFDF12883" box="[405,573,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Polycotylus tenuis</emphasis>
’
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498E5CFDECFD032883" author="HECTOR J." box="[584,719,983,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="333 - 358" refId="ref7423" refString="HECTOR J. 1874. - On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactionsand Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 6: 333 - 358." type="journal article" year="1874">Hector, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(currently
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498CD2FDCCFE912F63" box="[198,349,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">nomen dubium</emphasis>
), and was designated as the
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by
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498CB7FA2CFE5B2F43" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[163,407,1047,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg (1971)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

163
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<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498D65F96FFDD72C00" box="[369,539,1876,1900]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">cf. Polycotylidae</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498D87F94FFE342CE0" box="[403,504,1908,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="description">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498D87F94FFE342CE0" blockId="4.[369,539,1876,1932]" box="[403,504,1908,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
(
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB375498D88F94FFE3C2CE0" box="[412,496,1908,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,207,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-128@5.[698,1267,764,1316]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Polycotylidae indet.: A-D, NPC CD 459, cervical vertebra in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, right; D, dorsal; E-H, DMR1544, cervical centrum in: E, posterior; F, left lateral; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I-L, DM 1548, left propodium in: I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, anterior; L, posterior; M, NHMUK R838, propodium in dorsal view. Scale bars: A-L, 20 mm; M, not in scale. Credits: M, taken from Hector 1874: fig. XXVIIB’." pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Fig. 2M</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498C90F99CFD802C87" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90F99CFDF72CD3" blockId="4.[132,588,1959,2027]" box="[132,571,1959,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498C90F99CFEE92CD3" authority="Hector, 1874" authorityName="Hector" authorityYear="1874" box="[132,293,1959,1983]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" genus="Polycotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498C90F99CFEE92CD3" box="[132,293,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Polycotylus tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="031D10CCFFB375498D2AF993FE3C2CD3" author="HECTOR J." box="[318,496,1959,1983]" page="335" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D2AF993FE3C2CD3" author="HECTOR J." box="[318,496,1959,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="333 - 358" refId="ref7423" refString="HECTOR J. 1874. - On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactionsand Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 6: 333 - 358." type="journal article" year="1874">Hector 1874: 335</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 27.
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<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498C90F9E8FD802C87" blockId="4.[132,588,1959,2027]" box="[132,588,2003,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A2AC11F3FFB375498C90F9E8FD802C87" box="[132,588,2003,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498C90F9E8FE8E2C87" box="[132,322,2003,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" genus="Undetermined" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Polycotylidae indet</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="031D10CCFFB375498D5FF9E8FD842C87" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[331,584,2003,2027]" page="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D5FF9E8FD842C87" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[331,584,2003,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg 1971: 47</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498F39FDECFA402883" box="[813,1420,983,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498F39FDECFA402883" blockId="4.[813,1420,983,1007]" box="[813,1420,983,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498F39FDECFC5C2881" baselines="1000,1001" box="[813,912,983,1006]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
.
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498F89FDE3FC7A2883" box="[925,950,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="32D43C80FFB375498FA9FDECFA442883" box="[957,1416,983,1007]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="New Zealand" location="Haumuri Bluff" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" specimenCode="NHMUK R838" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Island">
<specimenCode id="D21A9EA6FFB375498FA9FDECFB932883" box="[957,1119,983,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">NHMUK R838</specimenCode>
, an indeterminate propodium
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498F39FA3CFA632F55" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498F39FA3CFA632F55" blockId="4.[813,1456,1030,1081]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498F39FA3CFC402F71" baselines="1048,1049" box="[813,908,1031,1054]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498F80FA37FC722F71" baselines="1049" box="[916,958,1036,1053]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498FD2FA37FBEE2F71" baselines="1049" box="[966,1058,1036,1053]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="horizon" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">HORIZON</smallCapsWord>
.
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498824FA3CFB852F72" box="[1072,1097,1031,1054]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">—</emphasis>
<location id="87636006FFB375498847FA3DFB272F72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A1587CBFFB375498D65F96FFC382D41:87636006FFB375498847FA3DFB272F72" box="[1107,1259,1030,1054]" country="New Zealand" name="Haumuri Bluff" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" stateProvince="South Island">Haumuri Bluff</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="4078F83FFFB3754988E2FA3DFABB2F72" box="[1270,1399,1030,1054]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">South Island</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="FAAB764DFFB375498996FA3CFCB12F55" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
.
<geologicalTimeScale id="F09CB676FFB375498F90FA1AFB7E2F55" box="[900,1202,1057,1081]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Conway Formation, Campanian</geologicalTimeScale>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB3754988A8FA1AFAA82F55" author="WILSON G. J. &amp; SCHIOLER P. &amp; HILLER N. &amp; JONES C. M." box="[1212,1380,1057,1081]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="377 - 387" refId="ref9627" refString="WILSON G. J., SCHIOLER P., HILLER N. &amp; JONES C. M. 2005. - Age and provenance of Cretaceous marine reptiles from the South Island and Chatham Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48 (2): 377 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288306.2005.9515120" type="journal article" year="2005">
Wilson
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498910FA19FAFC2F55" box="[1284,1328,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB37549897AFA1AFA6D2F55" box="[1390,1441,1057,1081]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[813,824,882,899]" captionTargetBox="[812,1454,215,841]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[811,1457,225,743]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Map of New Zealand with the localities mentioned in the text (modified from Wilson et al. 2005)." pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB375498F39FA4EFC382D41" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498F39FA4EFC5D2FE1" blockId="4.[811,1456,1141,1581]" box="[813,913,1141,1167]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB375498F39FA4EFC5D2FE1" baselines="1160,1160" box="[813,913,1141,1167]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB375498F39FAADFC382D41" blockId="4.[811,1456,1141,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
The general gracile outline (
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB375498850FAADFB5B2FC2" box="[1092,1175,1174,1198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,207,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-128@5.[698,1267,764,1316]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Polycotylidae indet.: A-D, NPC CD 459, cervical vertebra in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, right; D, dorsal; E-H, DMR1544, cervical centrum in: E, posterior; F, left lateral; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I-L, DM 1548, left propodium in: I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, anterior; L, posterior; M, NHMUK R838, propodium in dorsal view. Scale bars: A-L, 20 mm; M, not in scale. Credits: M, taken from Hector 1874: fig. XXVIIB’." pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Fig. 2M</figureCitation>
) of this specimen is consistent with polycotylid propodials, but no clear diagnostic features are observed. The specimen was illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498935FAEDFA652F82" author="HECTOR J." box="[1313,1449,1238,1262]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="333 - 358" refId="ref7423" refString="HECTOR J. 1874. - On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactionsand Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 6: 333 - 358." type="journal article" year="1874">Hector 1874</bibRefCitation>
: fig. XXVIIB’, but it was part of an exchange in 1880 (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498945FACDFCAE2E42" author="LYDEKKER R." pageId="4" pageNumber="79" refId="ref7881" refString="LYDEKKER R. 1889. - Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum: Part 2, in LYDEKKER R. (ed.), Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia. British Museum, London, 307 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61848" type="book" year="1889">Lydekker 1889</bibRefCitation>
) and it is now in the Natural History Museum (London). The propodium is
<quantity id="45449B38FFB375498FE4FB0DFB8B2E21" box="[1008,1095,1334,1358]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.28" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" unit="cm" value="22.8">22.8 cm</quantity>
in length (
<quantity id="45449B38FFB3754988AAFB0DFAD52E22" box="[1214,1305,1334,1358]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" unit="in" value="9.0">9 inches</quantity>
). It was designated by
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498F9FFB6EFBB72E02" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[907,1147,1365,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg (1971)</bibRefCitation>
as the
<typeStatus id="5D07887FFFB3754988D6FB6EFAD32E01" box="[1218,1311,1365,1389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of ‘
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498953FB6EFCAB2EE1" authority="Hector, 1874" authorityName="Hector" authorityYear="1874" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" genus="Polycotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498953FB6EFCAB2EE1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Polycotylus tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’. The latter authors referred the specimen to
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498933FB4EFA632EE1" box="[1319,1455,1397,1421]" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polycotylidae</taxonomicName>
indet. Based on its gracility, it probably belongs to a polycotylid. Similar propodials were described from
<collectingCountry id="FAAB764DFFB3754988DFFB8EFAE92EA1" box="[1227,1317,1461,1485]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Australia</collectingCountry>
and possible polycotylidae affinities were commented (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB3754988D5FBEDFAEA2E81" author="KEAR B. P." box="[1217,1318,1493,1517]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="769 - 782" refId="ref7682" refString="KEAR B. P. 2005. - Marine reptiles from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) deposits of White Cliffs, southeastern Australia: implications of high latitude, cold water assemblage. Cretaceous Research 26 (5): 769 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2005.04.006" type="journal article" year="2005">Kear 2005</bibRefCitation>
). However, as no clear diagnostic feature are observed, the specimen is referred as cf.
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB375498F70F82EFC3C2D41" box="[868,1008,1557,1581]" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polycotylidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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143
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(
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I-L)
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–
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, pl. 27.
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.
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.
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. —
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, a
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, indeterminate propodium
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.
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.
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498D6BFB66FE542E18" box="[383,408,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">—</emphasis>
No information, but almost certainly from
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(
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D59FB4CFDED2EE3" author="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R." box="[333,545,1399,1423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9538" refString="WELLES S. &amp; GREGG D. R. 1971. - Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1971">Welles &amp; Gregg 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB375498E3AFB4CFDAA2EE3" box="[558,614,1399,1423]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[813,824,882,899]" captionTargetBox="[812,1454,215,841]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[811,1457,225,743]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Map of New Zealand with the localities mentioned in the text (modified from Wilson et al. 2005)." pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
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Based on its gracility, DM R1548 probably belongs to a polycotylid. It must be noted that the coeval plesiosaur record from
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includes a very unusual, still indeterminate elasmosaurid (CMZfr 159) that possesses a distinctively elongate propodial (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498D4BF86EFDD62D01" author="HILLER N. &amp; O'GORMAN J. P. &amp; OTERO R. A." box="[351,538,1621,1645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="27 - 37" refId="ref7511" refString="HILLER N., O'GORMAN J. P. &amp; OTERO R. A. 2014. - A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the lower Maastrichtian of North Canterbury, New Zealand. Cretaceous Research 50: 27 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2014.03.026" type="journal article" year="2014">
Hiller
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB375498DB2F86EFE172D01" box="[422,475,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7), although not so slender as the DM R1548. Similar unusually elongate propodials are known from the late Aptian of
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, and have also been compared with polycotylids (see
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB375498E2BF88EFD612DA0" author="KEAR B. P." box="[575,685,1716,1740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="769 - 782" refId="ref7682" refString="KEAR B. P. 2005. - Marine reptiles from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) deposits of White Cliffs, southeastern Australia: implications of high latitude, cold water assemblage. Cretaceous Research 26 (5): 769 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2005.04.006" type="journal article" year="2005">Kear 2005</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3A, B). Based on these possibilities, we refer it, with doubts, to cf.
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.
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<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB4754E8817FA2EFB192F43" box="[1027,1237,1045,1071]" class="Reptilia" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polycotylidae indet</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB4754E8825FA0EFB672F23" box="[1073,1195,1077,1103]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" type="description">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB4754E8825FA0EFB672F23" blockId="3.[1027,1242,1045,1103]" box="[1073,1195,1077,1103]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
(
<figureCitation id="1A872A58FFB4754E882EFA0DFBB82F23" box="[1082,1140,1078,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,207,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-128@5.[698,1267,764,1316]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Polycotylidae indet.: A-D, NPC CD 459, cervical vertebra in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, right; D, dorsal; E-H, DMR1544, cervical centrum in: E, posterior; F, left lateral; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I-L, DM 1548, left propodium in: I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, anterior; L, posterior; M, NHMUK R838, propodium in dorsal view. Scale bars: A-L, 20 mm; M, not in scale. Credits: M, taken from Hector 1874: fig. XXVIIB’." pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A-D)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB4754E8F39FA4CFA452FE3" box="[813,1417,1143,1167]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB4754E8F39FA4CFA452FE3" blockId="3.[813,1417,1143,1167]" box="[813,1417,1143,1167]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A2AC11F3FFB4754E8F39FA4CFA452FE3" box="[813,1417,1143,1167]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB4754E8F39FA4CFB802FE3" box="[813,1100,1143,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Pliosauridae" genus="Undetermined" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plesiosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Pliosauridae gen. et sp. indet.</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="031D10CCFFB4754E8870FA4CFA492FE3" author="WIFFEN J. &amp; MOISLEY W. L." box="[1124,1413,1143,1167]" page="243" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8870FA4CFA492FE3" author="WIFFEN J. &amp; MOISLEY W. L." box="[1124,1413,1143,1167]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="205 - 252" refId="ref9569" refString="WIFFEN J. &amp; MOISLEY W. L. 1986. - Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 29 (2): 205 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288306.1986.10427535" type="journal article" year="1986">Wiffen &amp; Moisley 1986: 243</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB4754E8F39FA8BFA812FAB" box="[813,1357,1199,1224]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB4754E8F39FA8BFA812FAB" blockId="3.[813,1357,1199,1224]" box="[813,1357,1199,1224]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
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. —
<materialsCitation id="32D43C80FFB4754E8FA9FA8BFA852FAB" box="[957,1353,1199,1224]" collectionCode="NPC" country="New Zealand" location="Mangahouanga Stream" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" specimenCode="NPC CD 459" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hawke's Bay">
<specimenCode id="D21A9EA6FFB4754E8FA9FA8BFB862FAB" box="[957,1098,1199,1224]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">NPC CD 459</specimenCode>
, anterior cervical vertebra
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB4754E8F39FADBFC7E2E0D" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="820336DDFFB4754E8F39FADBFC7E2E0D" blockId="3.[812,1457,1247,1377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
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<smallCapsWord id="84E5A001FFB4754E8FD2FADEFBEE2F9A" baselines="1266" box="[966,1058,1253,1270]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="horizon" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">HORIZON</smallCapsWord>
. —
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, a northern tributary of
<location id="87636006FFB4754E8FB7FAC1FBEA2E7E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A1587CBFFB4754E8817FA2EFB5C2C80:87636006FFB4754E8FB7FAC1FBEA2E7E" box="[931,1062,1274,1298]" country="New Zealand" name="Te Hoe River" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Hawke's Bay">Te Hoe River</location>
, inland
<collectingRegion id="4078F83FFFB4754E8860FAC1FB232E7E" box="[1140,1263,1274,1298]" country="New Zealand" name="Hawke's Bay" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Hawke’s Bay</collectingRegion>
, North Island,
<collectingCountry id="FAAB764DFFB4754E8997FAC1FCB22E40" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the Tahora Formation, upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian (
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;
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA66556FFB4754E8F39FBAFFB5C2C80" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="820336DDFFB4754E8F39FB8EFB5C2C80" blockId="3.[811,1457,1428,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
NPC CD 459 possesses amphicelous articular facets, a large neural canal (near the half of the centrum breadth), high neural pedicels and pre- and postzygapophyses as broad as the centrum, which are traits commonly found among cervical vertebrae of polycotylids (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8F4BF80EFBE92D21" author="SATO T. &amp; STORRS G. W." box="[863,1061,1589,1613]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="907 - 914" refId="ref9111" refString="SATO T. &amp; STORRS G. W. 2000. - An early polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology 74 (5): 907 - 914. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000033096" type="journal article" year="2000">Sato &amp; Storrs 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8827F80EFB382D21" author="SALGADO L. &amp; PARRAS A. &amp; GASPARINI Z." box="[1075,1268,1589,1613]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="349 - 358" refId="ref9004" refString="SALGADO L., PARRAS A. &amp; GASPARINI Z. 2007. - Un plesiosaurio de cuello corto (Plesiosauroidea, Polycotylidae) del Cretacico Superior del norte de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 44 (2): 349 - 358." type="journal article" year="2007">
Salgado
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB4754E889CF80DFB752D21" box="[1160,1209,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8915F80EFA6C2D21" author="SATO T. &amp; HANAI T. &amp; HAYASHI S. &amp; NISHIMURA T." box="[1281,1440,1589,1613]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref9163" refString="SATO T., HANAI T., HAYASHI S. &amp; NISHIMURA T. 2018. - A Turonian polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Obira town, Hokkaido, and its biostratigraphic and paleoecological significance. Paleontological Research 22 (3): 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / 2017 PR 024" type="journal article" year="2018">
Sato
<emphasis id="B0C8EACFFFB4754E8920F80DFAA92D21" box="[1332,1381,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). NPC CD 459 was initially described by
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E88F8F868FCBB2DE1" author="WIFFEN J. &amp; MOISLEY W. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="205 - 252" refId="ref9569" refString="WIFFEN J. &amp; MOISLEY W. L. 1986. - Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 29 (2): 205 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288306.1986.10427535" type="journal article" year="1986">Wiffen &amp; Moisley (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, being then referred as an indeterminate pliosaurid. At that moment, polycotylids were considered as part of the clade Pliosauroidea
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8FAAF889FBF22DA1" author="WELLES S. P." box="[958,1086,1714,1741]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="125 - 254" refId="ref9473" refString="WELLES S. P. 1943. - Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with description of new material from California and Colorado. Memoirs of the University of California 13: 125 - 254." type="journal article" year="1943">Welles 1943</bibRefCitation>
. This systematic placement of
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB4754E896CF889FC402D80" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polycotylidae</taxonomicName>
was not questioned until
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8887F8E9FAF62D81" author="O'KEEFE F. R." box="[1171,1338,1746,1773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref8519" refString="O'KEEFE F. R. 2001. - A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Acta Zoologica Fennica 213: 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2001">O’Keefe (2001)</bibRefCitation>
recognized closer affinities to cryptoclidids and “cimoliasaurids” for this clade, based on large-scale phylogenetic analyses. A growing body of evidence currently recognizes the
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB4754E8915F909FA5E2C20" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[1281,1426,1842,1868]" family="Polycotylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polycotylidae</taxonomicName>
as the sister taxon of
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Leptocleididae
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E888CF968FCA82CE0" author="BENSON R. B. &amp; DRUCKENMILLER P. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref6724" refString="BENSON R. B. &amp; DRUCKENMILLER P. S. 2014. - Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic - Cretaceous transition. Biological Reviews 89 (1): 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12038" type="journal article" year="2014">Benson &amp; Druckenmiller, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and part of the larger clade Leptocleidia. In addition, the
<taxonomicName id="45BC4D5EFFB4754E8F42F9A9FC152CC0" box="[854,985,1938,1964]" family="Pliosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pliosauridae</taxonomicName>
as currently understood were extinct by the Campanian-Maastrichtian (
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E884DF989FA642CA0" author="DRUCKENMILLER P. S. &amp; RUSSELL A. P." box="[1113,1448,1970,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref7088" refString="DRUCKENMILLER P. S. &amp; RUSSELL A. P. 2008. - A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922. Zootaxa 1863 (1): 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1863.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Druckenmiller &amp; Russell 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E62D4B2CFFB4754E8F39F9E9FB4C2C80" author="BENSON R. B. &amp; DRUCKENMILLER P. S." box="[813,1152,2001,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref6724" refString="BENSON R. B. &amp; DRUCKENMILLER P. S. 2014. - Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic - Cretaceous transition. Biological Reviews 89 (1): 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12038" type="journal article" year="2014">Benson &amp; Druckenmiller 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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