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<document id="51916548A1630BC1B2EBCC927936020C" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847742498" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sulej, Tomasz" docDate="2024" docId="03A287B16B0A5571F182FDC3FD45FF5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae085.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Shaanbeikannemeyeria xilougouensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="FF9BFFC96B255540F149FFC3FFECFF98" masterDocTitle="Osteology and relationships of the Late Triassic giant dicynodont Lisowicia" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1733704824731" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="154107BA643B3EE9AD965CB2AA2FB1B9">
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<mods:title id="1BFD133AEAB33FE204C6ED0516108533">Osteology and relationships of the Late Triassic giant dicynodont Lisowicia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97094AF99C3C00FCBBC65F6F6F1E7139">Sulej, Tomasz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2FB0D35F671E3CC31FAC4D102EC5D5B4">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A7AD941C1538467C36EC93339C669082">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9B72843E4C8C87774F381230E62F84E9">2024-09-14</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B92F399FFD4E9BDCDDEE7289E6A343DA">https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="F06F1A0E60B3BEE7C424B30BDF70A397" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D3ED4BBD61727740D0B4FFAF359510A5" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="E2842F4C6B0A5570F182FDC3FD15F8E5" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="multiple">
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<treatment id="03A287B16B0A5571F182FDC3FD45FF5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287B16B0A5571F182FDC3FD45FF5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287B16B0A5571F182FDC3FD45FF5F" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C311652C6B0A556FF182FDC3FDB1FDA3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF182FDC3FDB1FDA3" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0FC81CB6B0A556FF182FDC3FDB1FDA3" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF182FDC3FE5CFD83" bold="true" box="[203,432,512,539]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">The Laurasian lineage</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF0FCFDC3FE7FFDA3" baseAuthorityName="Cheng" baseAuthorityYear="1980" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Shaanbeikannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xilougouensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0FCFDC3FE7FFDA3" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0FCFDC3FD4CFD83" bold="true" box="[437,672,512,539]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Shaanbeikannemeyeria</emphasis>
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xilougouensis
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</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
→
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF0F3FDE3FDB1FDA3" authorityName="Sulej & Niedźwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[442,605,544,571]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lisowicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0F3FDE3FDB1FDA3" bold="true" box="[442,605,544,571]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lisowicia bojani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B0A5571F138FD84FD45FF5F" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF138FD84FDB5FB29" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
Until the description of the Polish dicynodonts,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF3EAFD84FD16FDC7" box="[675,762,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF138FDA5FF4BFDE6" box="[113,167,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF13EFDA4FF4BFDE6" box="[119,167,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’occipitals were the most well-known dicynodont from the Late Triassic of Laurasia. Its diagnostic characters are elongated frontals, parietal triangular in cross-section, and maxillae with long ‘tusks’. They were ignored by earlier researchers and the species was grouped together with the Gondwanan dicynodonts. According to Vega-Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0E3FCC0FE35FC83" box="[426,473,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
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(2004) they were closely related and may represent a lineage initiated by
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF308FCE1FEA6FCC1" authority="(Damiani et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Damiani" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF308FCE1FD16FCA2" box="[577,762,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
|
||||
(Damiani
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF190FC81FEEBFCC1" box="[217,263,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2007)
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF01AFC82FE24FCC1" author="King" box="[339,456,833,857]" firstAuthor="King" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref33000" refString="King GM. Anomodontia. In: Wellnhofer P (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 17 C. Guotav Fiocher, 1988, 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1988">King (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF09BFC82FDEAFCC1" author="King" box="[466,518,833,857]" firstAuthor="King" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref33031" refString="King GM. Ne Dicynodonto: A Study in Palaeobiology. London: Chapman and Hall. 1990, 234." type="journal volume" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) distinguished two separate ‘suites’: Placerinii for
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF034FCA2FE24FCE0" box="[381,456,865,889]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF034FCA2FE63FCE0" box="[381,399,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0D1FCA2FE24FCE0" box="[408,456,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0B4FCA2FD2BFCE0" box="[509,711,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
with a thin, tapering snout, and Stahleckerini for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF376FC43FD16FC00" box="[575,762,896,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF376FC43FD16FC00" box="[575,762,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1EAFC5CFE77FC2F" box="[163,411,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Zambiaoauruo oubmeroeo</emphasis>
|
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(probably juvenile).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF3CAFC63FEABFC4F" author="Keyser and Cruickshank" firstAuthor="Keyser" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="81 - 108" refId="ref32885" refString="Keyser AW, Cruickshank ARI. Ne origins and classifications of Triassic dicynodonts. Tranoactiono of the Geological Society of South Atica 1979; 82: 81 - 108." type="journal article" year="1979">Keyser and Cruickshank (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
discussed alternative origins for
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF3EAFC7CFD16FC4E" box="[675,762,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">I. jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1E2FC1DFEBEFC6E" box="[171,338,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
or from
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF0F8FC1CFD2AFC6E" box="[433,710,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0F8FC1CFD2AFC6E" box="[433,710,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The close relationship of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF00FFC3DFE08FB8D" box="[326,484,1021,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF00FFC3DFE08FB8D" box="[326,484,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">K. oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF357FC3DFD9FFB8D" box="[542,627,1022,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF357FC3DFD9FFB8D" box="[542,627,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. poteno</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
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and
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF3EFFC3DFD17FB8D" box="[678,763,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">I. jenoeni</emphasis>
|
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was posited by Damiani
|
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF022FBDEFE76FBAD" box="[363,410,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
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(2007). In many recent phylogenetic analyses, the South American taxa have been joined together (Griffin and Angielczyk 2019, Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019, Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021).
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0F1FBB8FDF8FB0A" box="[440,532,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF30BFBB8FD75FB0B" box="[578,665,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
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are probably not closely related to the Gondwanan ones.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4FB7AFE24F8DC" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1C4FB7AFF08FB49" box="[141,228,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF1BEFB7AFEC1FB49" box="[247,301,1209,1233]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1B4FB79FEC1FB49" box="[253,301,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’comes from the basal Bluewater Creek Formation at the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF06AFB1AFE2BFB69" authority="quarry" authorityName="Quarry" box="[291,455,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Placerias quarry</taxonomicName>
|
||||
near St. Johns,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B0A556FF32CFB1AFD54FB69" box="[613,696,1241,1265]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, dated as Adamanian.
|
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF053FB3BFE34FA88" box="[282,472,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
Placeriao
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF037FB3BFE34FA88" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1904" box="[382,472,1272,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heoternuo">heoternuo</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is known from the stratigraphically higher Blue Mesa Member of the Petrified Forest Formation from just north-east of Cameron,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B0A556FF311FAF4FD45FAD7" box="[600,681,1335,1359]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF3F7FAF4FF49FAF6" author="Lucas" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="193 - 5" refId="ref33659" refString="Lucas FAA. new batrachian and a new reptile from the Trias of Arizona. Proceedingo of the United Stateo National Muoeum 1904; 27: 193 - 5. hups: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.27 - 1353.193" type="journal article" year="1904">Lucas 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
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, 1995, 1998a,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF00AFA95FDC5FAF6" author="Lucas and Hunt" box="[323,553,1366,1390]" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="321 - 5" refId="ref34001" refString="Lucas SG, Hunt AP. A dicynodont from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and its biochronological significance. Nes Mexico Muoeum of Natural Hiotory and Science Bulletin 1993; 3: 321 - 5." type="journal article" year="1993">Lucas and Hunt 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF37DFA95FF49FA15" author="Lucas and Heckert" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="199 - 204" refId="ref33964" refString="Lucas SG, Heckert AB. Stratigraphy and correlation of Triassic strata around the Nacimiento and Jemez uplisss, northern New Mexico. Guidebook - Nes Mexico Geological Society 1996; 47: 199 - 204." type="journal article" year="1996">Lucas and Heckert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Heckert and Lucas 2002) of slightly younger age (Heckert 2004). Many new studies have shown that both taxa come from the Blue Mesa Member, which is dated as ~223 to ~218 Mya (Lucas 1993,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF049FA17FE5DFA73" author="Martz" box="[256,433,1491,1515]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Martz" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="99 - 180" refId="ref34547" refString="Martz J, Kirkland J, Milner A et al. Upper Triassic lithostratigraphy, depositional systems, and vertebrate paleontology across southern Utah. Geology of the Intermountain Weot 2017; 4: 99 - 180. hups: // doi. org / 10.31711 / giw. v 4. pp 99 - 180" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Martz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF00CFA17FE9CFA73" box="[325,368,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Gehrels
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF35CFA17FDACFA73" box="[533,576,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
2020). The localities are
|
||||
<quantity id="4CF39B426B0A556FF183FA31FEF6F993" box="[202,282,1522,1547]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
|
||||
apart, so the different exact ages are possible. These are separate species (Camp and Welles 1956) that have different humeri (contrary to:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF0ECF9F1FD6DF9D1" author="Lucas and Hunt" box="[421,641,1585,1609]" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="321 - 5" refId="ref34001" refString="Lucas SG, Hunt AP. A dicynodont from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and its biochronological significance. Nes Mexico Muoeum of Natural Hiotory and Science Bulletin 1993; 3: 321 - 5." type="journal article" year="1993">Lucas and Hunt 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Kammerer
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF138F992FF48F9F1" box="[113,164,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013). The supinator process is more proximal then the entepicondylus in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF078F9B2FE93F910" box="[305,383,1648,1672]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF078F9B2FEAFF910" box="[305,323,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF006F9B2FE93F910" box="[335,383,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ (like in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF0A9F9B2FD6CF910" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[480,640,1648,1672]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0A9F9B2FD6CF910" box="[480,640,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), than in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF3A3F9B2FF27F93F" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1904" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heoternuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF3A3F9B2FF27F93F" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. heoternuo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[compare fig. 5D and 6A in Kammerer
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF320F953FD7FF93F" box="[617,659,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2013)]. The edge above the entepicondylus is straight in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF316F96CFD23F95F" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1904" box="[607,719,1711,1735]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heoternuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF316F96CFD23F95F" box="[607,719,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. heoternuo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and concave in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF196F90CFEC7F97E" box="[223,299,1742,1766]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF196F90CFF1DF97E" box="[223,241,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1B2F90CFEC7F97E" box="[251,299,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ (similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF0E9F90CFDD1F97E" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[416,573,1742,1766]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0E9F90CFDD1F97E" box="[416,573,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but not so much). The deltopectoral crest is more laterally expanded in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF3C2F92DFD17F89D" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1904" box="[651,763,1773,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heoternuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF3C2F92DFD17F89D" box="[651,763,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. heoternuo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF1F5F8CEFEE4F8BC" box="[188,264,1805,1829]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1F5F8CEFF22F8BC" box="[188,206,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF191F8CEFEE4F8BC" box="[216,264,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ (clearly visible in the best preserved specimen of proximal part GPIT-PV-108382).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4F888FD17F859" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" lastBlockId="47.[158,763,1930,1986]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
According to Kammerer (2018),
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0B2F88FFD50F8FB" box="[507,700,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pentaoauruo goggai</emphasis>
|
||||
from the lower Elliot Formation (probably Norian age) represents the
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B0A556FF1D7F849FD17F859" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
latest surviving Placerinii, but the material is very poor, and similarities to
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF071F86AFE63F859" box="[312,399,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
are very weak. In some aspects it
|
||||
</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF263FF6CFA98FE5A" blockId="47.[810,1459,175,607]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
covered as Placerinii in recent analyses of dicynodont evolution (Kammerer 2018). In fact the most characteristic element is the distal head of the humerus, which is very different than in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FECDFC6AFEBD" box="[810,902,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF28BFECEFBF5FEBD" box="[962,1049,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF557FECEFBB8FEBD" box="[1054,1108,269,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF56DFECDFBB8FEBD" box="[1060,1108,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’. Any humerus of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF45AFECEFA98FEBD" box="[1299,1396,269,293]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF45AFECEFA98FEBD" box="[1299,1396,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Jachaleria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is unknown. Only the posterior part of the frontal is elongated like in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FE8EFC69FEFC" box="[810,901,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
, but for the most, part of the bone is lacking. If it is true that
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF211FEAFFBFEFE1B" box="[856,1042,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pentaoauruo goggai</emphasis>
|
||||
represents the latest surviving Placerinii, it will be evidence that this group is not characteristic only for Laurasia, but more specimens are needed to confirm that.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF20CFE09FB07FDC7" blockId="47.[810,1459,175,607]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
The age of the youngest member of the lineage,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF41EFE09FC8BFD99" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF41EFE09FC8BFD99" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, is close to the Norian/Rhaetian boundary (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019). Its older relative,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF5FAFDCBFA6FFDB8" box="[1203,1411,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
|
||||
, originates from the Carnian sediments from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0A556FF591FDE4FACCFDA7" box="[1240,1312,551,575]" name="Poland" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0A556FF41AFDE4FA5FFDA7" box="[1363,1459,551,575]" name="Germany" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF27CFD84FC56FDC7" author="Schoch" box="[821,954,583,607]" firstAuthor="Schoch" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="119 - 23" refId="ref35623" refString="Schoch RR. Dicynodont mandible from the Triassic of Germany forms the first evidence of large herbivores in the Central European Carnian. Neueo Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 2012; 263: 119 - 23." type="journal article" year="2012">Schoch 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF28DFD84FB36FDC7" author="Szczygielski and Sulej" box="[964,1242,583,607]" firstAuthor="Szczygielski" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="279 - 406" refId="ref36597" refString="Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Woznikella triradiata n. gen., n. sp. - a new kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of northern Pangea and the global distribution of Triassic dicynodonts. Compteo Renduo Palevol 2023; 22: 279 - 406." type="journal article" year="2023">Szczygielski and Sulej 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF263FD43FB71FB54" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1918]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FD43FB98FD00" box="[810,1140,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Evolution of the cranium: Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF533FD43FB5CFD00" box="[1146,1200,640,664]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF5C9FD42FB5CFD00" box="[1152,1200,641,664]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF5ABFD42FA93FD00" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1250,1407,640,664]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF5ABFD42FA93FD00" box="[1250,1407,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have exceptionally small areas for muscles responsible for adducting the mandible. Moreover, the zygomatic arch to which some of these muscles are attached is very thin and delicate. The snout is very thin, and the grooves for the dentary are poorly developed, which means that the area for tearing food is rather small. These aspects of the skull anatomy are derived and opposite to those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF263FC98FBF9FCEB" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[810,1045,859,883]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FC98FBF9FCEB" box="[810,1045,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In some Permian dicynodonts there was a large ridge in the anterior part of the surface for articulation with the quadrate, which was a barrier for the quadrate. It is absent in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF238FC79FC51FC49" box="[881,957,953,977]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF238FC79FC6FFC49" box="[881,899,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF2C4FC79FC51FC49" box="[909,957,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF2B8FC79FBABFC49" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1009,1095,953,977]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF2B8FC79FBABFC49" box="[1009,1095,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This means that the quadrate could drop anteriorly from its normal position when the mandible moved backward. Apparently, the forces acting on the jaw were much smaller than in the case of Permian dicynodonts. It seems that in the evolution of Triassic dicynodonts the shape of the frontal was strictly controlled by selection. Especially the shape of its anterior part and the morphology of the contact with the orbital margin are the most characteristic and useful for understanding the evolution of that group.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF20CFB17FA71F8C5" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1918]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
In the Laurasian lineage, the anterior part of the skull is elongated. In all species the frontals form a part of the orbital margin. It is most elongated in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF559FAD1FB8BFAB2" box="[1040,1127,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF524FAD1FB4EFAB2" box="[1133,1186,1298,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF53BFAD0FB4EFAB2" box="[1138,1186,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’, similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF45CFAD0FA5FFAB2" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1301,1459,1298,1322]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF45CFAD0FA5FFAB2" box="[1301,1459,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13302A226B0A556FF27CFAF2FC96FAD1" box="[821,890,1329,1353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="44.[129,162,1097,1121]" captionTargetBox="[130,1463,146,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-513@44.[128,1475,144,1070]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Fig. 48. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. A, reconstruction of skeleton in lateral view. Ŋe proportions from Parakannemeyeria chengi, and the shape of the manus and foot are based on Camp and Welles (1956). B, reconstruction of vertebral column in lateral view." pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The specimen of the older
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF5E9FAF2FA9DFAD1" box="[1184,1393,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF4C9FAF2FC7BFAF1" author="Sulej" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sulej" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="261 - 9" refId="ref36164" refString="Sulej T, Bronowicz R, Talanda M et al. A new dicynodont-archosaur assemblage from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Poland. Earth & Environmental Science Tranoactiono of Ne Royal Society of Edinburgh 2011; 101: 261 - 9." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||||
Sulej
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FA92FCB0FAF1" box="[810,860,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2011
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF2ECFA92FB28FAF1" author="Szczygielski and Sulej" box="[933,1220,1361,1385]" firstAuthor="Szczygielski" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="279 - 406" refId="ref36597" refString="Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Woznikella triradiata n. gen., n. sp. - a new kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of northern Pangea and the global distribution of Triassic dicynodonts. Compteo Renduo Palevol 2023; 22: 279 - 406." type="journal article" year="2023">Szczygielski and Sulej 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) has the frontal partly preserved, but it shows a long edge forming the orbital margin and an elongation of the anterior part of the frontal is suggested by well-preserved nasals. Even older dicynodonts with a similar frontal are those from the Anisian of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0A556FF587FA0DFAF9FA7E" box="[1230,1301,1486,1510]" name="Russia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF46AFA0DFC9EF99D" authorityName="Efremov" authorityYear="1940" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF46AFA0DFC9EF99D" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhadiodromuo klimovi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the smaller
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF574FA2EFB2FF99D" box="[1085,1219,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rabidooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF598FA2DFC24F9BD" authority="(Ochev and Shishkin 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Ochev and Shishkin" baseAuthorityYear="1989" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="criotatuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF598FA2DFACEF99D" box="[1233,1314,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">criotatuo</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF472FA2EFC50F9BD" author="Ochev and Shishkin" firstAuthor="Ochev" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="143 - 73" refId="ref34855" refString="Ochev VG, Shishkin MA. On the principles of global correlation of the continental Triassic on the tetrapods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 1989; 34: 143 - 73." type="journal article" year="1989">Ochev and Shishkin 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF29BF9CEFB47F9BC" authorityName="Surkov" authorityYear="2003" box="[978,1195,1549,1573]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF29BF9CEFB47F9BC" box="[978,1195,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhadiodromuo mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is known after a complete skull but from a different locality of the same formation. They all have a very long anterior part of the frontal and a very long edge of the frontal forming the orbital margin (which is characteristic for almost all Anisian dicynodonts). Both species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF418F948FA5FF93A" authorityName="Surkov" authorityYear="2003" box="[1361,1459,1675,1698]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF418F948FA5FF93A" box="[1361,1459,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">R. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have orbits directed strongly dorsally and the frontal elongated anteriorly.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF2D1F90AFB99F978" box="[920,1141,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
Rabidooauruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF56DF90AFB99F978" baseAuthorityName="Ochev and Shishkin" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1060,1141,1737,1760]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="criotatuo">criotatuo</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has the frontals with a distinct high posterior process, and its parietals are similar to those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF4EAF92AFC8CF887" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF4EAF92AFA59F898" box="[1443,1461,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF279F8CBFC8CF887" box="[816,864,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’. The slightly older
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF56CF8C4FA60F887" authorityName="Cheng" authorityYear="1980" box="[1061,1420,1799,1823]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Shaanbeikannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xilougouenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF56CF8C4FA60F887" box="[1061,1420,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Shaanbeikannemeyeria xilougouenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has frontals elongated anteriorly. The same
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54B088056B0A556FF58DF8E4FB1EF8A7" box="[1220,1266,1831,1855]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
of suture between frontals and nasals is present in both species of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF44EF885FA7BF8C6" box="[1287,1431,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF20CF8A5FA5FF823" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1918]" lastBlockId="47.[810,1459,1925,1980]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
The position of the orbits is correlated with the shape of the
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B0A556FF265F846FA5FF823" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||||
postorbital. This bone is oblique posteriorly in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF451F846FA83F805" box="[1304,1391,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF434F846FA41F804" box="[1405,1453,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF21FF866FC1FF824" box="[854,1011,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
. In these species the orbits are located more
|
||||
</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1C8FF53FDD8FE1B" blockId="48.[129,777,144,168]" lastBlockId="48.[128,780,175,857]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
posteriorly, and the temporal opening is smaller; it was related with the size of the external adductor muscles. The zygomatic arch morphology is not known in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F09EFF0CFDCFFF7E" box="[471,547,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F09EFF0CFE05FF7E" box="[471,489,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F0BAFF0CFDCFFF7E" box="[499,547,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F311FF0CFD42FF7F" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[600,686,207,231]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F311FF0CFD42FF7F" box="[600,686,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but preserved fragments of the squamosal suggest that it was directed slightly antero-medially. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F0D7FECDFE01FEBD" box="[414,493,269,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F0D7FECDFE5CFEBD" box="[414,432,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F0F4FECDFE01FEBD" box="[445,493,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ the lateral edge of the occipital plate in lateral view is strongly oblique posteriorly (to the horizontal position of the frontal). The adductor muscles were attached to the mandible more posteriorly.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5FE48FE65FDB8" blockId="48.[128,780,175,857]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
In
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1FFFE48FEE1FE3B" box="[182,269,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F05BFE48FEABFE3A" box="[274,327,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F05EFE48FEABFE3A" box="[279,327,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ the occipital condyles are directed ventrally, which means that in the resting position the skull was strongly oblique ventrally (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13302A226B155570F074FE0AFE6FFE79" box="[317,387,457,481]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-7@46.[129,1205,269,1847]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 50. Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of Dinodontooauruo brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [ personal studies , and Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) ] , ilium of Stahleckeria poteno and all postcranial elements of Placeriao ‘gigao’ are based on Camp and Welles ( 1956 ) and modified . The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D . brevirootrio , their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of Stahleckeria poteno is based on Maisch ( 2001 ) , its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT . The sternum of Stahleckeria is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of Iochigualaotia jenoeni is based on personal studies of MCZ materials . The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox ( 1965 ) and modified. The scapula of Jachaleria candelarienoio is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980) , skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz ( 2004 ) and modified based on personal studies. Jachaleria colorata is based on Bonaparte (1978). Acratophoruo argentinenoio is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) . Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox ( 1965 ) and Renaut and Hancox (2001). Rhadiodromuo mariae is based on Surkov (2003), Rabidooauruo criotatuo is based on personal observation , Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay ( 1988 ) and modified based on personal observations. Parakannemeyeria youngi skull and Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio scapula , ilium , and sternum from Sun ( 1963 ) . Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al. (2018). Shaanbeikannemeyeria is based on Liu et al. (2017). Woznikella is based on Szczygielski and Sulej ( 2023 ) . Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox ( 1969 ) ." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||||
). It is consistent with the shape of the orbits, which are opened antero-dorsally and frontally in an oblique position of the skull.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5FDEBFEB6FCC1" blockId="48.[128,780,175,857]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
There is no evidence in the fossil material for the reconstruction of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F04EFD84FE8EFDC7" box="[263,354,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F023FD84FE4EFDC6" box="[362,418,583,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F039FD84FE4EFDC6" box="[368,418,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ by Camp and Welles (1956: fig. 24), with the dentary much higher than the posterior part of the mandible. Also, in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F023FD46FDADFD05" box="[362,577,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
|
||||
the dentary is relatively long and low. It is more similar to the elongated one of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F1CBFD06FF3EFD44" box="[130,210,708,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1CBFD06FF78FD44" box="[130,148,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1E9FD06FF3EFD44" box="[160,210,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’, than to any other dicynodont from South America. In
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1EDFD27FEEFFD63" box="[164,259,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
the dentary is unknown but the articulation for the dentary on the angular suggests that it was high and with a concave middle edge of the mandible, almost like in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1C8FC82FEBFFCC1" box="[129,339,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1C8FCB8FD42FB35" blockId="48.[127,779,891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1C8FCB8FE23FC0B" box="[129,463,891,915]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Evolution of pootcranial okeleton:</emphasis>
|
||||
The acromion process trend to decrease is apparent in the Laurasian lineage.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F3D4FC59FF33FC49" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
|
||||
has a scapula with the acromion process high but short.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F18BFC1AFEF5FC69" box="[194,281,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F056FC1AFEB9FC68" box="[287,341,985,1009]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F06CFC1AFEB9FC68" box="[293,341,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ has an elongated ridge (Camp and Welles 1956: fig. 29) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F074FC3AFE37FB88" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[317,475,1016,1040]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F074FC3AFE37FB88" box="[317,475,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has the process very small. In both species the base of the scapular blade is relatively narrow. It has a similar shape in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F017FBF4FE59FBD7" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[350,437,1079,1103]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F017FBF4FE59FBD7" box="[350,437,1079,1103]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but in this species the end of the scapular blade is very wide, probably as a result of the large size of the animal. Probably a decrease in size of the acromion process was convergent in both these long-lasting lineages.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5FB77FDAEFAB2" blockId="48.[127,779,891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
The triceps brachii muscles probably changed their role in the Late Triassic dicynodonts. In the advanced forms like
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F3FDFB10FCE7FB73" box="[692,779,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F1C8FB30FF5AFA92" box="[129,182,1267,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1CFFB30FF5AFA92" box="[134,182,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’, the attachment for these muscles on the scapula is relatively small, and in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F00AFAD0FE73FAB2" box="[323,415,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
it is diminutive.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5FAF2FCE6F91B" blockId="48.[127,779,891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F1D5FAF2FE3AFAD1" box="[156,470,1329,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1D5FAF2FE3AFAD1" box="[156,470,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the oldest Laurasian form with a single articulation surface on the sternum. This continued to occur in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1BFFAB3FEA6FA10" box="[246,330,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F006FAB3FE6EFA10" box="[335,386,1392,1416]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F01DFAB2FE6EFA10" box="[340,386,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F0F2FAB2FDBFFA10" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[443,595,1392,1416]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F0F2FAB2FDBFFA10" box="[443,595,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The Late Triassic increase in dicynodonts general size was related to a gradual change of the position of the humerus and decrease in size of the acromion process on the scapula (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019). The change in movement of the humerus affected the position of the articulation surface for the coracoid and ribs on the sternum. In both lineages this surface moved posteriorly. In the Laurasian lineage, the sternum of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1A6F98FFEABF9FB" box="[239,327,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
with extremely posteriorly set the articulation and very high ridges represents probably the last stage of evolution.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5F949FD15F8E5" blockId="48.[127,779,891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
The underived humerus of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F08DF949FCE5F93A" box="[452,777,1674,1698]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F08DF949FCE5F93A" box="[452,777,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F1E5F969FE52F959" box="[172,446,1705,1729]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F1E5F969FE52F959" box="[172,446,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have rotated distal and proximal heads, whereas in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F076F90AFE77F978" box="[319,411,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
they are almost in the same plane; only the deltoid crest is curved ventrally. This decreasing of the rotation was related to changes in the orientation of the humerus relative to the scapulocoracoid.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B155570F085F8E4FDAAF8A7" author="Ray" box="[460,582,1831,1855]" firstAuthor="Ray" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1263 - 86" refId="ref35294" refString="Ray S. Functional and evolutionary aspects of the postcranial anatomy of dicynodonts (Synapsida, Nerapsida). Palaeontology 2006; 49: 1263 - 86. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00597. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Ray (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that the humerus changed its position, and it was related to the change from the lateral orientation of the glenoid to a posterior orientation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5F846FCE5F824" blockId="48.[129,778,1925,1980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B155570F1D5F846FCE5F824" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">The size of the supinator process seems to have become gradually larger in the sequence: Woznikella triradiata</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSection id="E2842F4C6B155570F270FF53FA2EF8E5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F270FF53FB29FD98" blockId="48.[825,1474,144,168]" lastBlockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B155570F270FF53FA2EFF30" box="[825,1474,144,168]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="2">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B155570F20DFF53FB81FF30" author="Szczygielski and Sulej" box="[836,1133,144,168]" firstAuthor="Szczygielski" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="279 - 406" refId="ref36597" refString="Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Woznikella triradiata n. gen., n. sp. - a new kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of northern Pangea and the global distribution of Triassic dicynodonts. Compteo Renduo Palevol 2023; 22: 279 - 406." type="journal article" year="2023">Szczygielski and Sulej 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5C0FF53FB0CFF30" box="[1161,1248,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5A2FF53FACDFF30" box="[1259,1313,144,168]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5B8FF52FACDFF30" box="[1265,1313,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F42FFF52FA2EFF30" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1382,1474,145,168]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F42FFF52FA2EFF30" box="[1382,1474,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F270FF6CFC91FF5F" box="[825,893,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">bojani.</emphasis>
|
||||
Surprisingly, the humerus of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F580FF6CFABAFF5F" box="[1225,1366,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Zambiaoauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
from the Anisian already had a large supinator process similar to that in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F270FF2CFC69FE9E" authority="(Kammerer et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Kammerer" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[825,901,238,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F270FF2CFCA7FE9E" box="[825,843,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F21CFF2CFC69FE9E" box="[853,901,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ (Kammerer
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F546FF2CFBD2FE9E" box="[1039,1086,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013). In the Gondwanan lineage, dicynodonts and the Chinese
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F512FECEFA77FEBD" box="[1115,1435,269,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F512FECEFA77FEBD" box="[1115,1435,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the entepicondyle is large, whereas it is small in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F440FEEEFABBFEDC" box="[1289,1367,301,325]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F440FEEEFAF7FEDC" box="[1289,1307,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F46EFEEEFABBFEDC" box="[1319,1367,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and even smaller in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F2E2FE8EFBEAFEFC" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[939,1030,332,356]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F2E2FE8EFBEAFEFC" box="[939,1030,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Probably also the medial epicondyle became narrower during evolution of the Laurasian lineage. Other postcranial skeletal characters seem to be more variable in the Laurasian dicynodonts. The articulation surface for the ulna on the dorsal side of the humerus is very large in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F469FE09FA2EFE79" box="[1312,1474,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F469FE09FA2EFE79" box="[1312,1474,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F22CFE2AFC5CFD98" box="[869,944,489,513]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F22CFE2AFC9BFD98" box="[869,887,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F2C9FE2AFC5CFD98" box="[896,944,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ but very small in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F520FE2AFB53FD99" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1129,1215,489,513]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F520FE2AFB53FD99" box="[1129,1215,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CFDCBFB2DFD44" blockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
In the Laurasian lineage, the number of sacral ribs was probably small from the beginning.In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5CBFDE4FA2CFDA7" box="[1154,1472,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5CBFDE4FA2CFDA7" box="[1154,1472,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
there were only five, but in most genera it remains unknown.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F270FDA5FC7CFDE6" box="[825,912,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F2DEFDA5FC20FDE6" box="[919,972,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F2D5FDA4FC20FDE6" box="[924,972,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ has a rather underived ilium with five sacral ribs (Camp and Welles 1956), although only three areas for articulation are visible.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F290FD66FB9BFD25" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[985,1143,677,701]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F290FD66FB9BFD25" box="[985,1143,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has only four sacral ribs, and the first sacral rib is above the acetabulum.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CFD27FA68FC2F" blockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
The North American
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F575FD20FAC7FD63" box="[1084,1323,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Eubrachiooauruo brosni</emphasis>
|
||||
probably represents a South American immigrant lineage (Kammerer
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F4D8FCC0FA50FC83" box="[1425,1468,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013). Its well-preserved pelvis shows a frontally elongated ilium with a curved lower end, with a ridge on the blade, and its pubis is very small in relation to the ischium. It is also older (Camp and Welles 1956) than
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F2B3FC43FBBDFC00" box="[1018,1105,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F51EFC43FB60FC00" box="[1111,1164,896,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F515FC42FB60FC00" box="[1116,1164,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ but differences in the morphology make an ancestor–descendant relationship unlikely.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CFC7CFC2CFB0B" blockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
The ischium of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F2BFFC7CFB79FC4F" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1014,1173,959,983]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F2BFFC7CFB79FC4F" box="[1014,1173,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F581FC7CFAF3FC4F" box="[1224,1311,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F46CFC7CFAB6FC4E" box="[1317,1370,959,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F463FC7CFAB6FC4E" box="[1322,1370,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ are vertically elongated.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F293FC1DFBDDFC6E" box="[986,1073,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F57EFC1DFB81FC6E" box="[1079,1133,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F574FC1CFB81FC6E" box="[1085,1133,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5E8FC1CFB1BFC6E" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1185,1271,990,1014]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5E8FC1CFB1BFC6E" box="[1185,1271,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have their posterior blade a little curved medially. The vertically short ischium of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F270FBDEFBDDFBAD" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2004" box="[825,1073,1053,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chengi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F270FBDEFBDDFBAD" box="[825,1073,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Parakannemeyeria chengi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
probably represents an underived stage for all three lineages. In
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F57CFBFFFB60FBCC" box="[1077,1164,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5DDFBFFFB26FBCC" box="[1172,1226,1084,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5D3FBFEFB26FBCC" box="[1178,1226,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ specimens, this part of the ischium is broken but in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F52EFB9FFB53FBEB" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1127,1215,1115,1139]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F52EFB9FFB53FBEB" box="[1127,1215,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
its shape suggests such a morphology.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CFB59FAAEFA88" blockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
The position of the proximal head of the femur changed during evolution to large in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F51CFB7AFB40FB49" box="[1109,1196,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5FBFB7AFB0BFB49" box="[1202,1255,1209,1233]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5FEFB79FB0BFB49" box="[1207,1255,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F456FB79FA51FB49" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1311,1469,1209,1233]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F456FB79FA51FB49" box="[1311,1469,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which have the proximal head directed dorsally in lateral view, thus the femur had a vertical position while resting.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F270FAF2FBF8F959" blockId="48.[825,1476,1329,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F270FAF2FBA0FAD1" box="[825,1100,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Evolution of the mode of life:</emphasis>
|
||||
It is a matter of controversy whether dicynodonts were ‘grazers’ or browsers (Cox 1959, Kalandadze and Kurkin 2000,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B155570F2A5FAB3FB09FA10" author="Surkov and Benton" box="[1004,1253,1392,1416]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1120 - 9" refId="ref36417" refString="Surkov MV, Benton MJ. Head kinematics and feeding adaptations of the Permian and Triassic dicynodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 1120 - 9. hups: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 - 28.4.1120" type="journal article" year="2008">Surkov and Benton 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B155570F5A7FAB3FA5DFA10" author="Ordonez" box="[1262,1457,1392,1416]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ordonez" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1808 - 20" refId="ref34886" refString="Ordonez MDLA, Cassini GH, Vizcaino SF et al. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of skull shape in Triassic dicynodonts (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from South America. Journal of Morphology 2019; 280: 1808 - 20." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||||
Ordoñez
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F404FAB2FA97FA10" box="[1357,1403,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2019
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). It seems that the shape of the parietal (especially its medial section), and position of the occipital condyle and the orbits are strongly connected with the disposition of the head and the way of seeing the food. In
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F518FA2EFB44F99D" box="[1105,1192,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5F9FA2EFB0AF99D" box="[1200,1254,1517,1541]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5FFFA2DFB0AF99D" box="[1206,1254,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F46BFA2DFA2EF99D" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1314,1474,1517,1541]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F46BFA2DFA2EF99D" box="[1314,1474,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the angulation of the base of the braincase suggests that the skull had an oblique orientation with the snout very low above the ground. Also, the occipital condyle is low under the jaw articulation and far from the top of the skull, which is situated more posteriorly than in such dicynodonts as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F59FF949FA2FF93A" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1238,1475,1674,1698]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F59FF949FA2FF93A" box="[1238,1475,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F21CF96AFBE1F959" box="[853,1037,1705,1729]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F21CF96AFBE1F959" box="[853,1037,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CF90AFA2EF8E5" blockId="48.[825,1476,1329,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
To keep the head oblique demanded a special position of the orbits, because ‘grazing’ animals need to be aware of predators. This was probably the selection pressure to makes the orbits displaced to the top of the skull in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5DAF8E4FB06F8A7" box="[1171,1258,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5BDF8E4FAC5F8A6" box="[1268,1321,1831,1855]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5B0F8E4FAC5F8A6" box="[1273,1321,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F42FF8E4FC9AF8C6" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F42FF8E4FC9AF8C6" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. While lowering the head the animal saw the surroundings in the horizontal plane. Present-day large herbivorous ani-
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSection>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F270F846FA28F824" blockId="48.[825,1476,1925,1980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B155570F270F846FA28F824" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">mals with orbits similarly directed or situated more dorsally are the hippopotamuses, connected with aquatic environments.</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FF53FD16FF30" blockId="49.[113,762,144,168]" box="[113,762,144,168]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B145571F138FF53FD16FF30" box="[113,762,144,168]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">However, animals spending much of their life in water often have</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FF6CFD45FF5F" blockId="49.[113,681,175,199]" box="[113,681,175,199]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B145571F138FF6CFD45FF5F" box="[113,681,175,199]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="2">
|
||||
lighter limb skeletons, which is not the case of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F301FF73FD48FF5F" box="[584,676,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</subSection>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
321
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Normal file
321
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|
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|
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<mods:identifier id="F304CD6CD76D0CFA555FE0E9DA83EB6A" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="E2842F4C6B145571F1A3FF1CFB67FBEB" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="multiple">
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<treatment id="03A287B16B145571F1A3FF1CFB67FBEB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287B16B145571F1A3FF1CFB67FBEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287B16B145571F1A3FF1CFB67FBEB" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection id="C311652C6B145571F1A3FF1CFD70FE81" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F1A3FF1CFD70FE81" blockId="49.[112,763,223,1320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B145571F1A3FF1CFD70FE81" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1A3FF1CFE06FF61" bold="true" box="[234,490,223,249]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">The Gondwanan lineage</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0A6FF1CFEB8FE81" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F0A6FF1CFD6EFF61" baseAuthorityName="Weithofer" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[495,642,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simocephalus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0A6FF1CFD6EFF61" bold="true" box="[495,642,223,249]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
simocephalus
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
→
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F033FF3DFD70FE81" authorityName="Cox" authorityYear="1968" box="[378,668,254,281]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F033FF3DFD70FE81" bold="true" box="[378,668,254,281]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dinodontosaurus brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B145571F138FEE5FB67FBEB" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FEE5FDCAFD6C" blockId="49.[112,763,223,1320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
In the Induan, the Gondwanan dicynodonts are represented by the single genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F06FFE86FE4EFEC4" box="[294,418,325,348]" genus="Lyotrooauruo" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F06FFE86FE4EFEC4" box="[294,418,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lyotrooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
known from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F371FE86FD48FEC5" box="[568,676,325,349]" name="Antarctica" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F3FBFE86FD1BFEC5" box="[690,759,325,349]" name="Russia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F138FEA7FF5EFEE4" box="[113,178,356,380]" name="China" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F1F3FEA7FF1DFEE4" box="[186,241,356,380]" name="India" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F06DFEA7FE4BFEE4" box="[292,423,356,380]" name="South Africa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, but it has not been reported from the Olenekian (Fröbisch 2013).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F0F5FE47FD23FE03" box="[444,719,387,411]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0F5FE47FD23FE03" box="[444,719,387,411]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F13BFE60FEB1FE22" box="[114,349,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dolichuranuo primaevuo</emphasis>
|
||||
are the best known kannemeyerids from Africa.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F1F5FE00FE22FE42" box="[188,462,450,474]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1F5FE00FE22FE42" box="[188,462,450,474]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a medium to large dicynodont (Govender
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F054FE21FEA0FE61" box="[285,332,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008) from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F1B2FDC2FE93FD81" box="[251,383,513,537]" name="South Africa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
dated as Early Anisian (Catuneanu
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F138FDE2FF4FFDA0" box="[113,163,544,568]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005, Hancox
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F00BFDE2FE81FDA0" box="[322,365,544,568]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020); however, some zircon studies of the Puesto Viejo Group (San Rafael depocenter,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F3C3FDFCFD1FFDCF" box="[650,755,575,599]" name="Argentina" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) suggest a Carnian age for this assemblage (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F367FD9CFD05FDEF" author="Ottone" box="[558,745,607,631]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ottone" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="186 - 99" refId="ref35003" refString="Ouone EG, Monti M, Marsicano CA et al. Age constraints for the Triassic Puesto Viejo Group (San Rafael depocenter, Argentina): SHRIMP U - Pb zircon dating and correlations across southern Gondwana. Journal of American Earth Scienceo 2014; 56: 186 - 99." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Ottone
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F336FD9CFD43FDEF" box="[639,687,607,631]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F138FDBDFE8EFD0E" box="[113,354,638,662]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dolichuranuo primaevuo</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F025FDBDFE19FD0E" author="Keyser" box="[364,501,638,662]" firstAuthor="Keyser" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref32813" refString="Keyser AWA. new Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. Palaeontologia Aticana 1973; 16: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1973">Keyser, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
was described from the Omingonde Formation, Karoo Supergroup, Waterberg Basin; Middle Triassic, probably Anisian–Ladinian (Damiani
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F38DFD7EFD17FD4D" box="[708,763,701,725]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2007, Wynd
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1BDFD1EFEF1FD6C" box="[244,285,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2018, Zieger
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0E7FD1EFE3AFD6C" box="[430,470,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F1C4FD3FFDA7FC28" blockId="49.[112,763,223,1320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
The Middle Triassic kannemeyerids are represented by
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F138FCD8FEA9FCAB" box="[113,325,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Wadiaoauruo indicuo</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0D0FCD8FD5FFCAB" box="[409,691,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Rechnioauruo criotarhynchuo</emphasis>
|
||||
Roy- Chowdhury, 1970 from the Anisian Yerrapalli Formation of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F38EFCF9FD17FCCA" box="[711,763,826,850]" name="India" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Chowdhury 1970,KeyserandCruickshank 1979,Bandyopadhyay 1988,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1FAFCBAFEA7FC09" box="[179,331,889,913]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Bandyopadhyay</emphasis>
|
||||
and Sengupta 2006,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F362FCBAFD05FC09" author="Ottone" box="[555,745,889,913]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ottone" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="186 - 99" refId="ref35003" refString="Ouone EG, Monti M, Marsicano CA et al. Age constraints for the Triassic Puesto Viejo Group (San Rafael depocenter, Argentina): SHRIMP U - Pb zircon dating and correlations across southern Gondwana. Journal of American Earth Scienceo 2014; 56: 186 - 99." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Ottone
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F334FCBAFD43FC09" box="[637,687,889,913]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which was related with
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F01CFC5BFE3DFC28" box="[341,465,920,944]" name="South Africa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
at that time.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F1C4FC7BFD7EFAB0" blockId="49.[112,763,223,1320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
The South American Ladinian kannemeyerids dicynodonts are
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1D2FC14FEF2FC77" box="[155,286,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Acratophoruo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F060FC14FD16FC77" authority="Kammerer and Ordonez, 2021" authorityName="Kammerer and Ordonez" authorityYear="2021" box="[297,762,983,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F060FC14FE4AFC76" box="[297,422,983,1006]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">argentinenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
Kammerer and Ordoñez, 2021
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Rio Seco de la Quebrada Formation of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F3DCFC35FD16FB96" box="[661,762,1014,1038]" name="Argentina" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Bonaparte 1967,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F078FBD5FDCEFBB5" author="Lucas and Harris" box="[305,546,1045,1069]" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="603 - 22" refId="ref33919" refString="Lucas SG, Harris SK. Taxonomic and biochronological significance of specimens of the Triassic dicynodont Dinodontooauruo Romer 1943 in the Tubingen collection. Palaontologioche Zeitochriss 1996; 70: 603 - 22. hups: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02988096" type="journal article" year="1996">Lucas and Harris 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F379FBD5FF49FBD5" author="Renaut and Hancox" firstAuthor="Renaut" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="81 - 91" refId="ref35384" refString="Renaut AJ, Hancox PJ. Cranial description and taxonomic re-evaluation of Kannemeyeria argentinenoio (Nerapsida: Dicynodontia). Palaeontologia Aticana 2001; 37: 81 - 91." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F379FBD5FD9AFBB5" box="[560,630,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Renaut</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F3E7FBD5FD17FBB5" box="[686,763,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Hancox</emphasis>
|
||||
2001
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Arcucci
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F054FBF6FEB4FBD5" box="[285,344,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2004, Zavattieri and Arcucci 2007, Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F0B2FB96FE45FB13" authority="Kammerer and Ordonez, 2021" authorityName="Kammerer and Ordonez" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aganooteuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0B2FB96FD16FBF4" box="[507,762,1109,1132]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria aganooteuo</emphasis>
|
||||
Kammerer and Ordoñez, 2021
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Based on the similarity of faunas it was correlated with the Cynognathus zone.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F31AFB50FF30FB52" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Dinodontooauruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F138FB71FF30FB52" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[113,220,1202,1226]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">brevirootrio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
was the most common in the Late Triassic of South America. Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021) recognized
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F3E2FB11FD16FB71" authorityName="MCZ" authorityYear="1670" box="[683,762,1234,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tener">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F3E2FB11FD16FB71" box="[683,762,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D. tener</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F1D5FB32FECDFA91" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[156,289,1265,1289]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1D5FB32FECDFA91" box="[156,289,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D. brevirootrio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as the only valid species of the genus.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F3D1FB32FF03FAB0" baseAuthorityName="Cox" baseAuthorityYear="1968" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platygnathuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F3D1FB32FF03FAB0" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Jachaleria platygnathuo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a nomen dubium (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F080FAD3FD6DFAB0" author="Morato" box="[457,641,1296,1320]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morato" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref34690" refString="Morato L, Vega-Dias C, Schultz CL. Taxonomic revision of Dinodontooauruo Romer, 1943 (Nerapsida, Dicynodontia). Ameghiniana 2006; 43 Suplemento: Resumes 46." type="journal volume" year="2006">
|
||||
Morato
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F352FAD2FDA5FAB0" box="[539,585,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FA8AFF50F82C" blockId="49.[112,763,1353,1972]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F138FA8AFE87FAF9" box="[113,363,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Evolution of the cranium:</emphasis>
|
||||
The significance of proportions of the skull was studied by Cox and Li (1983). The morphology of the cranium of dicynodonts from the Permian of South America and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B145571F1D4FA64FEF3FA27" box="[157,287,1447,1471]" name="South Africa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
is well known (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F0F6FA64FD64FA27" author="Ordonez" box="[447,648,1447,1471]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ordonez" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="102 - 597" refId="ref34930" refString="Ordonez MDLA, Marsicano CA, Mancuso AC. New specimen of Dinodontooauruo (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from west-central Argentina (Chanares Formation) and a reassessment of the Triassic Dinodontosaurus Dinodontooauruo (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from west-central Argentina (Chanares Formation) and a reassessment of the Triassic Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone of southern South America. Journal of South American Earth Scienceo 2020; 100: 102 - 597." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Ordoñez
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F368FA6BFDBCFA27" box="[545,592,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F3DAFA64FEDFFA47" author="de Simao-Oliveira" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="de Simao-Oliveira" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="384 - 97" refId="ref35907" refString="de Simao-Oliveira D, Kerber L, Pinheiro FL. Endocranial morphology of the Brazilian Permian dicynodont Raotodon procurvideno (Nerapsida: Anomodontia). Journal of Anatomy 2020; 236: 384 - 97." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
de Simão-Oliveira
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F183FA04FF1FFA47" box="[202,243,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The Triassic lineage probably started from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F13BFA24FD69FA66" authority="(Govender et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Govender" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[114,645,1510,1534]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F13BFA24FE65FA66" box="[114,393,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
(Govender
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F342FA24FDD1FA66" box="[523,573,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. It had the orbits directed dorsally and elongated, and a narrow snout.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F138F9E6FE94F9A4" box="[113,376,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Acratophoruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F1B3F9E6FE94F9A4" authorityName="Kammerer and Ordonez" authorityYear="2021" box="[250,376,1573,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinenoio">argentinenoio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has a short frontal without any middle anterior process (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B145571F06EF987FDC1F9C4" author="Renaut and Hancox" box="[295,557,1604,1628]" firstAuthor="Renaut" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="81 - 91" refId="ref35384" refString="Renaut AJ, Hancox PJ. Cranial description and taxonomic re-evaluation of Kannemeyeria argentinenoio (Nerapsida: Dicynodontia). Palaeontologia Aticana 2001; 37: 81 - 91." type="journal article" year="2001">Renaut and Hancox 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Domnanovich and Marsicano 2012, Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021), similar to that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F1F5F940FEB6F903" box="[188,346,1667,1691]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F1F5F940FEB6F903" box="[188,346,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">K. oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. But, in younger Ladinian and Carnian? (Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021) species of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F305F961FD19F922" box="[588,757,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
, the anterior process became longer (Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021) and the whole frontal narrower. It differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F3C6F922FF10F880" authorityName="Maisch & Matzke" authorityYear="2014" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Sungeodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kimkraemerae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F3C6F922FF10F880" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sungeodon kimkraemerae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the shape of the frontal–nasal suture. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F3AAF8C2FF1EF8AF" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F3AAF8C2FD18F880" box="[739,756,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">K</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F138F8DCFF1EF8AF" box="[113,242,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the nasals form the posterior process running between the frontals, but in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F0CFF8FCFDC7F8CF" authorityName="Maisch & Matzke" authorityYear="2014" box="[390,555,1855,1879]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Sungeodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kimkraemerae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F0CFF8FCFDC7F8CF" box="[390,555,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. kimkraemerae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the situation is the opposite, the frontals form an anterior process running between the nasals. This shape is very similar to that of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F320F8BEFF50F82C" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F320F8BEFF54F82C" authorityName="Surkov" authorityYear="2003" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">Rhadiodromuo mariae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F263FF53FA58FF3F" blockId="49.[810,1460,144,168]" box="[810,1460,144,168]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B145571F263FF53FA58FF3F" box="[810,1460,144,168]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F263FF53FB61FF30" box="[810,1165,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Evolution of the pootcranial okeleton:</emphasis>
|
||||
The sternum probably had a
|
||||
</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F262FF6CFA4AFE3A" blockId="49.[809,1461,175,1139]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
function related mainly to the movement of the forelimb and, unlike the skull, it was not related to diet. The oldest known Triassic sternum of kannemeyerids is that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F5E8FF2CFA58FE9E" box="[1185,1460,238,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F5E8FF2CFA58FE9E" box="[1185,1460,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Karoo in which there are two surfaces for the coracoid and first dorsal rib, and it is probably the starting point of the evolution. The sternum of the Gondwanan
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F5A2FE8FFA59FEFC" box="[1259,1461,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Wadiaoauruo indicuo</emphasis>
|
||||
has two distinct surfaces, unlike the Laurasian dicynodonts having one large surface [contrary to Bandyopadhyay (1988)].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F20CFE69FC09FD44" blockId="49.[809,1461,175,1139]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F20CFE69FBC8FE5A" box="[837,1060,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Dinodontooauruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F2BDFE68FBC8FE5A" authorityName="MCZ" authorityYear="1670" box="[1012,1060,427,450]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tener">tener</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has five to six sacral ribs (but juvenile ilium had six sacral ribs). In all these species (except specimen MCN-PV-1489 of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F2AEFE2AFB62FD99" box="[999,1166,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
) the first sacral rib is sutured very far frontally on the iliac blade. According to Govender
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F4EBFDCAFCAFFDA7" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2008)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F2E8FDEBFB55FDA7" box="[929,1209,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F2E8FDEBFB55FDA7" box="[929,1209,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
had five sacral ribs. In
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F263FD84FBDFFDC6" box="[810,1075,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Acratophoruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F2FFFD84FBDFFDC6" authorityName="Kammerer and Ordonez" authorityYear="2021" box="[950,1075,583,606]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinenoio">argentinenoio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
the ilium is known but the number of sacral ribs was not determined. The posterior process of the ilium is very short in most Triassic dicynodonts. Only representatives of the lineage of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F55BFD66FB46FD24" box="[1042,1194,677,700]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F55BFD66FB46FD24" box="[1042,1194,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A. argentinenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F591FD66FAB2FD25" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[1240,1374,677,701]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F591FD66FAB2FD25" box="[1240,1374,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D. brevirootrio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
had this process elongated.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F20CFD27FB08FC6E" blockId="49.[809,1461,175,1139]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
The distinction between South and North American lineages of dicynodonts is also expressed in the morphology of the pubis and ischium. The ischium of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F507FCE1FA8AFCA2" box="[1102,1382,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Dinodontooauruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F5B2FCE1FA8AFCA2" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[1275,1382,802,826]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">brevirootrio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has the vertical length very short in comparison to very long in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F41EFC81FC8BFCE1" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F41EFC81FC8BFCE1" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F2D7FCA2FC19FCE1" box="[926,1013,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F2B2FCA2FBDCFCE0" box="[1019,1072,865,889]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F549FCA2FBDCFCE0" box="[1024,1072,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’. The ischium has the posterior blade strongly curved medially in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F50BFC43FB05FC00" box="[1090,1257,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
. In the Gondwanan lineages, the notch in the ventral border of the ischium and pubis is distinct (in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F2FFFC7CFB24FC4F" box="[950,1224,959,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F2FFFC7CFB24FC4F" box="[950,1224,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F5B0FC7CFA6CFC4F" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[1273,1408,959,983]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F5B0FC7CFA6CFC4F" box="[1273,1408,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D. brevirootrio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) but in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F20DFC1DFBE0FC6E" box="[836,1036,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Wadiaoauruo indicuo</emphasis>
|
||||
this notch is shallow.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F20CFC3DFB67FBEB" blockId="49.[809,1461,175,1139]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
In the underived
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B145571F54EFC3DFACCFB8D" box="[1031,1312,1021,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F54EFC3DFACCFB8D" box="[1031,1312,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the proximal head of the femur is directed antero-medially in lateral view, which results in being set obliquely anteriorly. In maximum posterior position, it was set vertically.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</subSection>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
553
data/03/A2/87/03A287B16B3A5565F52AF902FE6CF827.xml
Normal file
553
data/03/A2/87/03A287B16B3A5565F52AF902FE6CF827.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="4EB8B5D868C1F3660BF82F49AA553711">
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<mods:title id="2470BAF42B5E4CEEDC90B14C8E54CDAB">Osteology and relationships of the Late Triassic giant dicynodont Lisowicia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="DCC6404201C0286B7AE98F14ECC77A53" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A8BEAC67A9AA2B296E146D2C839A0532">Sulej, Tomasz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="44A37B26694129F5D471D5AAD2FA041F">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="8886088DA7AD75DC6B241FE7ED24EE9F">
|
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<mods:date id="2EDFDFAD8841B4AF5549538B7A26F8FB">2024</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="47A91BE03D16B0CF9A0E2A2ECA834F8D" type="pubDate">
|
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<mods:number id="25CFC20E586A05A1DE3616080C9BF17D">2024-09-14</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:detail id="D41254A1EEC077ACDA396EB006568874" type="volume">
|
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<mods:number id="6919F00A66500014719573ED95821ACF">202</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:detail id="B27D3A7646D37BD137CD396E3F78DDF1" type="issue">
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="016A62800FD6B0A039AC52DC75F371AE">journal article</mods:classification>
|
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<mods:identifier id="766D46836E0845C98A9ACEA757326FED" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier id="3745F2BB4A7EEDA55B4CF570EAB46BF9" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="03A287B16B3A5565F52AF902FE6CF827" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287B16B3A5565F52AF902FE6CF827" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287B16B3A5565F52AF902FE6CF827" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection id="C311652C6B3A555FF52AF902FA89F943" box="[1123,1381,1728,1755]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B3A555FF52AF902FAEBF943" authorityName="Sulej & Niedźwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1123,1287,1728,1755]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lisowicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF52AF902FAEBF943" bold="true" box="[1123,1287,1728,1755]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lisowicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
skeleton
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B3A5562F51FF928FB85FB7F" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
|
||||
<subSection id="E2842F4C6B3A555FF51FF928FA5DF81F" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B3A555FF51FF928FB6AF89D" blockId="31.[809,1462,1771,1927]" box="[1110,1158,1771,1797]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||||
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B3A555FF51FF928FB6AF89D" box="[1110,1158,1771,1797]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF51FF928FB6AF89D" box="[1110,1158,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Skull</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B3A555FF263F8D2FA5DF81F" blockId="31.[809,1462,1771,1927]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||||
The reconstruction of the skull of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B3A555FF5DDF8D1FAD8F8B1" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1172,1332,1809,1833]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF5DDF8D1FAD8F8B1" box="[1172,1332,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13302A226B3A555FF40EF8D2FA63F8B1" box="[1351,1423,1809,1833]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[112,145,1029,1053]" captionTargetBox="[117,1454,147,995]" captionTargetId="figure-542@43.[114,1458,144,999]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 47. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Reconstruction of skull (A, B) and mandible (C) based on many elements described in text, in lateral (A, C), and dorsal (B) views." pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is based on bones coming from a few individuals. They represent parts of the skull roof (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B3A555FF543F893FBA0F8F0" box="[1034,1100,1872,1896]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/MB/18), braincase (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B3A555FF412F893FA71F8F0" box="[1371,1437,1872,1896]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/531), and single bones (maxilla
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B3A555FF5D1F8ACFB3AF81F" box="[1176,1238,1903,1927]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/85, postorbital
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSection>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B3A555FF262F84CFA58F85E" blockId="31.[810,1460,1935,1990]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B3A555FF262F84CFA58F85E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL V. 33/708, parietal ZPAL V. 33/741, stapes) or their fragments from different individuals: the premaxilla, paroccipital.</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF74662F6B055560F1C8FB0CFDBDFA9B" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[129,162,1231,1255]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1201]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8FB0CFDBDFA9B" blockId="32.[129,1459,1231,1283]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1C8FB0CFF26FB7F" bold="true" box="[129,202,1231,1255]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 36.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F187FB13FD92FB7F" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,1231,1255]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F187FB13FE8DFB7F" box="[206,353,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. The reconstruction of ulnare based on ZPAL V. 33/716 in proximal (A), distal (B), and anterior? (C) views.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8FAF0FE9AFAF3" blockId="32.[129,777,1331,1387]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
The general proportion of the skull was taken from the new reconstruction of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F06BFA90FE82FAF2" box="[290,366,1363,1387]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F06BFA90FED8FAF2" box="[290,308,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F077FA90FE82FAF2" box="[318,366,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8FA4FFD91F907" blockId="32.[129,779,1420,1695]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1C8FA4FFF0CFA3B" box="[129,224,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cranium:</emphasis>
|
||||
The relationship of the frontal to postorbital is clearly visible in the specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F038FA68FE43FA5B" box="[369,431,1451,1475]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/MB/18. A parietal foramen forms a canal the shape of which can be recognized in this specimen and in the whole parietal (specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F303FA29FD64F99A" box="[586,648,1514,1538]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/741). The dorsal edge of the frontal and parietal are visible in lateral view, the latter only slightly raised. The positions of the lacrimal and maxilla are based on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F0DDF98BFD68F9F8" box="[404,644,1608,1632]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F0DDF98BFD68F9F8" box="[404,644,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F3DAF98BFCE8F9C7" authorityName="Kalandadze" authorityYear="1970" box="[659,772,1608,1631]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="criotatuo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F3DAF98BFCE8F9C7" box="[659,772,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">R. criotatuo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F1E5F9ABFF14F9E7" box="[172,248,1639,1663]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1E5F9ABFF52F9E7" box="[172,190,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F181F9ABFF14F9E7" box="[200,248,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’. The setting of the squamosal was reconstructed according to morphology of this element in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F360F944FD99F906" box="[553,629,1671,1695]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F360F944FDD7F906" box="[553,571,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P.</emphasis>
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F30CF944FD99F906" box="[581,629,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8F903FCE5F82B" blockId="32.[127,778,1728,1908]" lastBlockId="32.[128,777,1916,1971]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1C8F903FF09F940" box="[129,229,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mandible:</emphasis>
|
||||
The posterior part of the mandible is preserved in
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD2E6B055560F3ABF903FF01F96F" count="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F1BFF91CFED8F96F" box="[246,308,1759,1783]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/735 and
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F09AF91CFDFDF96F" box="[467,529,1759,1783]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/736. They consist of the articular, surangular, and prearticular. The angulars are also preserved, but always as isolated elements. The dentary and splenial are missing. The reconstruction of the posterior part of the mandible is based on general proportions in other Triassic dicynodonts and on the fit with known elements. The shape of the elongated dentary was based on an extremely elongated bone in
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F273FAF0FAE6FAF3" blockId="32.[826,1474,1331,1387]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F273FAF0FBE1FAD3" box="[826,1037,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
|
||||
(length/deep—
|
||||
<quantity id="4CF39B426B055560F5F3FAF0FAE3FAD3" box="[1210,1295,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="16.6">16.6 cm</quantity>
|
||||
×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CF39B426B055560F465FAF0FA98FAD3" box="[1324,1396,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="6.2">6.2 cm</quantity>
|
||||
= 2.67, probably the ancestor of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F57DFA90FB7CFAF2" box="[1076,1168,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lioosicia</emphasis>
|
||||
in Europe).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F56AFA58FB34FA2D" blockId="32.[825,1476,1435,1904]" box="[1059,1240,1435,1461]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F56AFA58FB34FA2D" box="[1059,1240,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Postcranial skeleton</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F270FA02FC6CF8C9" blockId="32.[825,1476,1435,1904]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
The limb postures of kannemeyeriid dicynodonts were studied by Walter (1986) and Fröbisch (2006). Most of the material of Middle and Late Triassic dicynodonts consists of disarticulated skeletons or their parts. Rare articulated skeletons represent different groups of Triassic dicynodonts. These are:
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F418F9FDFC9FF9ED" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Shanoiodon sangi</emphasis>
|
||||
Yeh, 1959,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F2ADF99DFB0CF9EE" box="[996,1248,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Shanoiodon suhoiangenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
Yeh, 1959,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F418F99DFC6CF90D" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Tetragoniao njaliluo</emphasis>
|
||||
von Huene, 1942, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F538F9BEFA9AF90D" box="[1137,1398,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Angonioauruo cruickohanki</emphasis>
|
||||
among Shansiodontini (Cox 1965) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F5EEF95EFA2EF92C" authorityName="Weithofer" authorityYear="1888" box="[1191,1474,1692,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F5EEF95EFA2EF92C" box="[1191,1474,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
among Kannemeyeriini (Lehman 1961). The most complete are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F228F918FBB3F96B" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1963" box="[865,1119,1755,1779]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F228F918FBB3F96B" box="[865,1119,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F524F918FC2FF88B" authority="Liu and Li, 2003" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F524F918FA7AF96B" box="[1133,1430,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Xiyukannemeyeria brevirootrio</emphasis>
|
||||
Liu and Li, 2003
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F286F938FB86F88A" authorityName="Cheng" authorityYear="1980" box="[975,1130,1787,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xingxianenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F286F938FB86F88A" box="[975,1130,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. xingxianenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F530F939FC0CF8AA" authority=", Dinodontooauruo" authorityName="Dinodontooauruo" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F530F939FA50F88A" box="[1145,1468,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F270F8D9FC0CF8AA" box="[825,992,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F2A1F8D9FBF4F8A9" authorityName="MCZ" authorityYear="1670" box="[1000,1048,1818,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tener">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F2A1F8D9FBF4F8A9" box="[1000,1048,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">tener</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F56DF8D9FAE8F8AA" authorityName="Efremov" authorityYear="1940" box="[1060,1284,1818,1842]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F56DF8D9FAE8F8AA" box="[1060,1284,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Rhadiodromuo klimovi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F409F8D9FC96F8C9" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSection id="E2842F4C6B055560F21CF89AFA2EF837" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F21CF89AFA2EF837" blockId="32.[825,1476,1435,1904]" lastBlockId="32.[825,1474,1912,1967]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
Two species were selected as the reference standard
|
||||
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B055560F270F8BBFA2EF837" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="2">
|
||||
for the reconstruction of the skeleton of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F45AF8BBFA57F808" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1299,1467,1912,1936]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F45AF8BBFA57F808" box="[1299,1467,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F270F854FBD6F837" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1963" box="[825,1082,1943,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F270F854FBD6F837" box="[825,1082,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F53EF854FA50F837" box="[1143,1468,1943,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F53EF854FA50F837" box="[1143,1468,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF74662F6B045561F13AFA86FD84FAE1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[115,148,1349,1373]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1319]" targetPageId="33" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F13AFA86FD84FAE1" blockId="33.[113,1443,1349,1401]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F13AFA86FF50FAC5" bold="true" box="[115,188,1349,1373]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 37.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F1F6FA85FD83FAC5" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1349,1373]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F1F6FA85FEBEFAC5" box="[191,338,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. The radiale ZPAL V. 33/453 in proximal? (A), distal? (B), posteriori? (C), Lateral? (D) and anterior? (E) views.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F138FA6AFED6F9C6" blockId="33.[113,764,1449,1912]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
Their humeri, ulnae, and radii have proportions closely similar to the bones of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F053FA0AFE9FFA78" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[282,371,1480,1504]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F053FA0AFE9FFA78" box="[282,371,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, despite different construction of the forelimb. Other dicynodonts differ substantially from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F3D7FA2BFD19F998" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[670,757,1512,1536]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F3D7FA2BFD19F998" box="[670,757,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, for instance adult
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F067F9C4FDE1F987" box="[302,525,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
Dinodontooauruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F094F9CBFDE1F987" authorityName="MCZ" authorityYear="1670" box="[477,525,1544,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tener">tener</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
material from Harvard has a very short scapula in relation to the length of the humerus (Cox 1965: fig. 11).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F1C4F9A6FECDF82E" blockId="33.[113,764,1449,1912]" lastBlockId="33.[133,762,1919,1974]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
The vertebral spine of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F03CF9A5FDF8F9E5" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[373,532,1637,1661]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F03CF9A5FDF8F9E5" box="[373,532,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and its relationship to the pelvis was based on the fit of bones in the individual
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F3F7F946FD10F905" box="[702,764,1669,1693]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ZPAL</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 33/720. The proportions of the pectoral girdle and forelimb were based on the proportions in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F0B4F900FD16F943" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1963" box="[509,762,1731,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F0B4F900FD16F943" box="[509,762,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F190F920FEFDF962" box="[217,273,1763,1786]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 979; with respect to the length of scapula vs. length of the humerus, it is 1.25, and the length of the humerus vs. length of the ulna is 1.10. The length of the scapula vs. length of the sternum is
|
||||
<quantity id="4CF39B426B045561F079F883FE96F8C0" box="[304,378,1856,1880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0894" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="in" value="1.61">1.61 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F0CAF883FD2BF8C0" box="[387,711,1856,1880]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F0CAF883FD2BF8C0" box="[387,711,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F1FCF8A3FF01F8EF" box="[181,237,1888,1911]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 974. The length of the ulna vs. length of the radius is from
|
||||
<quantity id="4CF39B426B045561F1CCF8BCFF27F80F" box="[133,203,1919,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7752" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="in" value="1.88">1.88 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F199F8BCFE83F80F" box="[208,367,1919,1943]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F199F8BCFE83F80F" box="[208,367,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F092F8BCFDFFF80E" box="[475,531,1919,1942]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
||||
V. 974 (measurements:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B045561F1F9F85DFEFDF82E" author="Sun" box="[176,273,1950,1974]" firstAuthor="Sun" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref36324" refString="Sun AL. Ne Chinese kannemeyerids. Palaeontologia Sinica, Nes Serieo C 1963; 147: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1963">Sun 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F263FA6AFA5FF8E0" blockId="33.[810,1459,1449,1912]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F263FA6AFBD4FA59" box="[810,1080,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pelvic girdle and forelimb:</emphasis>
|
||||
The position of the humerus and scapulocoracoid in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F2B0FA0AFB70FA78" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1017,1180,1480,1504]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F2B0FA0AFB70FA78" box="[1017,1180,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is similar to that in large mammals, such as rhinoceroses and hippopotami, as well as quadrupedal dinosaurs, such as the ceratopsians (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019). In most Triassic dicynodonts the scapula was s
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F216F985FC64F9C6" box="[863,904,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
most vertical and humerus almost horizontal. Such articulation would be difficult to maintain by an animal of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F415F9A5FA5EF9E5" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1372,1458,1637,1661]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F415F9A5FA5EF9E5" box="[1372,1458,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
size. Also, the trackway of some dicynodont shows the manus and pes in the same line (Hunt
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F523F967FB7FF924" box="[1130,1171,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1993) and thus contradicts the traditional reconstruction of their forelimb. The disposition proposed for
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F2F0F920FB93F962" box="[953,1151,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Triceratopo horriduo</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B045561F5CCF921FAEEF962" author="Marsh" box="[1157,1282,1762,1786]" firstAuthor="Marsh" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="173 - 6" refId="ref34411" refString="Marsh OC. Notice of Gigantic Horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. American Journal of Science 1889; s 3 - 38: 173 - 6. hups: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 38.224.173" type="book chapter" year="1889">Marsh 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
(Fujiwara 2009) with a more horizontal scapula and vertical humerus (very similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F2DDF8E1FC02F8A1" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[916,1006,1825,1849]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F2DDF8E1FC02F8A1" box="[916,1006,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) seems more realistic. The size of the joint for the scapula on the posterior side of the humerus corresponds to the position of this bone. Large
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F5D0F8A3FAB9F8EF" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" box="[1177,1365,1888,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F5D0F8A3FAB9F8EF" box="[1177,1365,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that had
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F263F8BCFA5FF82E" blockId="33.[810,1459,1919,1975]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B045561F263F8BCFA5FF82E" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">area of the articulation with the scapula small probably represents an intermediate stage between the horizontal humerus of</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF74662F6B075562F1C9FD79FD4DFD76" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[128,161,698,722]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,668]" targetPageId="34" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1C9FD79FD4DFD76" blockId="34.[128,1443,698,750]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1C9FD79FF25FD4A" bold="true" box="[128,201,698,722]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 38.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F187FD78FD92FD4A" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,698,722]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F187FD78FE8DFD4A" box="[206,353,698,722]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Last digits ZPAL V. 33/749 (A, C), ZPAL V. 33/744 (B, D), respectively, in dorsal (A, B), and lateral (C, D) views.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1C8FCDDFDB0FC4B" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
small dicynodonts with a small joint for the scapula (for instance
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F1C9FCFEFDFEFCCE" authority="Kammerer et al., 2011" authorityName="Kammerer" authorityYear="2011" box="[128,530,829,854]" class="Reptilia" family="Cryptodontidae" genus="Oudenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bainii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1C9FCFEFEC3FCCD" box="[128,303,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Oudenodon bainii</emphasis>
|
||||
Kammerer
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0EFFCFDFE22FCCD" box="[422,462,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
., 2011
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(earlier
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F32AFCFEFD11FCCD" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[611,765,829,853]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicynodontidae" genus="Dicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="halli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F32AFCFEFD11FCCD" box="[611,765,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Dicynodon halli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1E7FC9EFEE9FCED" box="[174,261,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F045FC9EFEADFCEC" box="[268,321,861,885]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F058FC9EFEADFCEC" box="[273,321,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ that had an already large posterior joint for the scapula. An advanced stage with the vertical position of the humerus is represented by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F0D4FC5FFE1AFC2B" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[413,502,923,947]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0D4FC5FFE1AFC2B" box="[413,502,923,947]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which has a non-rotating humerus with a very large joint for the scapula.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1D5FC19FDE4FA94" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
The shift of the humerus to a vertical position should be related to some changes in its articulation with the ulna and radius. The published illustrations of the dicynodont radii are too superficial to enable comparison with that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F32BFBFAFCE8FBC8" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[610,772,1080,1104]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F32BFBFAFCE8FBC8" box="[610,772,1080,1104]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This makes the well-preserved proximal part of the quite well-preserved radius from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B075562F031FBB4FDEDFB17" box="[376,513,1143,1167]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F345FBB4FD9BFB16" box="[524,631,1143,1166]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">NMMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
P-13002 important. This bone and associated femur, part of scapula and axis were described as
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F023FB76FDD9FB55" box="[362,565,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
? by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B075562F32CFB75FF20FB75" author="Lucas and Hunt" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="321 - 5" refId="ref34001" refString="Lucas SG, Hunt AP. A dicynodont from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and its biochronological significance. Nes Mexico Muoeum of Natural Hiotory and Science Bulletin 1993; 3: 321 - 5." type="journal article" year="1993">Lucas and Hunt (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
but Kammerer
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F021FB15FE7AFB75" box="[360,406,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2013) assigned it to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F327FB16FCE6FB75" box="[622,778,1237,1261]" family="Stahleckeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Stahleckeriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
indet. based on the shape of the femur.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1D5FAD7FECAF899" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
The scapula
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F056FAD7FE60FAB3" box="[287,396,1300,1323]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">NMMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
P-13003 is a distal part of the bone showing the scapular spine and acromion process (nomenclature from: Vickaryous and Hall 2006). It seems that the scapula was very similar to that of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0BBFAB2FDA0FA11" box="[498,588,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F31DFAB1FD67FA11" box="[596,651,1394,1418]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F313FAB1FD67FA11" box="[602,651,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’. The radius has a well-visible head bent outward, which is distinct also in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1CBFA73FEB4FA50" box="[130,344,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F022FA73FD89FA50" box="[363,613,1456,1480]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F022FA73FD89FA50" box="[363,613,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F3E5FA72FF53FA7F" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F3E5FA72FF53FA7F" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(all with not preserved clavicles and a small acromion process) and not known in other dicynodonts [illustration of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1CBF9CDFEBEF9BE" box="[130,338,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Prioterodon mackayi</emphasis>
|
||||
Huxley, 1868 earlier
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F375F9CDFCE5F9BE" baseAuthorityName="Broom" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[572,777,1550,1574]" genus="Diaelurodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shaitoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F375F9CDFCE5F9BE" box="[572,777,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diaelurodon shaitoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Watson (1917: fig. 13) suggests that it was present in this species]. But the bending has a different position in the radius from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B075562F1F7F9AEFEABF91C" box="[190,327,1644,1668]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
then in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0E1F9AEFDE8F91C" box="[424,516,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">I. jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F35AF9AEFD58F91C" box="[531,692,1644,1668]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F35AF9AEFD58F91C" box="[531,692,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F3BCF9AEFF53F93B" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F3BCF9AEFF53F93B" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In these dicynodonts it is situated in the posterior part of the head, whereas in the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B075562F0D1F968FDF0F95B" box="[408,540,1707,1731]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
specimen it is in an anterior position, like
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F006F908FE5FF97A" baseAuthorityName="Broom" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[335,435,1738,1762]" genus="Diaelurodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shaitoi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F006F908FE5FF97A" box="[335,435,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">D. shaitoi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which had a horizontal position of the humerus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1D5F8CAFCE6F825" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" lastBlockId="34.[129,778,1926,1981]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
Thearticulationofthecoracoidandanteriorpartofthesternum occurs in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F04CF8EBFDA5F8D8" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[261,585,1832,1856]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cameluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F04CF8EBFE49F8D8" box="[261,421,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Struthio cameluo</emphasis>
|
||||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F319F8EBFD51F8D8" box="[592,701,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diplodocuo</emphasis>
|
||||
Marsh, 1878 (Hohn
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F047F88BFEAEF8C7" box="[270,322,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2011),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F0D1F884FD6DF8F8" authority="Cuvier, 1807" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1807" box="[408,641,1863,1888]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0D1F884FE01F8C7" box="[408,493,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alligator</emphasis>
|
||||
Cuvier, 1807
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F3C7F884FCE5F8C7" box="[654,777,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tachyglooouo</emphasis>
|
||||
Illiger, 1811, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F072F8A4FE39F8E7" box="[315,469,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ornithorynchuo</emphasis>
|
||||
Blumenbach, 1800 (Gregory
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B075562F1C8F845FCE6F825" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
and Camp 1918). In
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F02BF844FDEFF806" box="[354,515,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
, the coracoid has a large joint with the anterior part of the sternum. In the coracoid of
|
||||
</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F270FCDDFBD6FCCD" blockId="34.[825,1474,798,853]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F270FCDDFC7CFCAE" box="[825,912,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F2DEFCDDFC21FCAE" authority="UCMP" authorityName="UCMP" box="[919,973,798,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F2D4FCDCFC21FCAE" box="[925,973,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F290FCDDFBC9FCAE" box="[985,1061,798,822]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||||
32449, the area for attachment with the sternum is clearly visible.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F270FCB4FB85FB7F" blockId="34.[825,1476,887,1506]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F270FCB4FC78FC16" box="[825,916,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sternum:</emphasis>
|
||||
The latest Triassic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F517FCB4FB11FC17" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1118,1277,887,911]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F517FCB4FB11FC17" box="[1118,1277,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has an articulation area on the sternum in its posterior part. The sternum of the Anisian (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B075562F2D1FC76FBC6FC56" author="Liu" box="[920,1066,949,974]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liu" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33581" refString="Liu J, Ramezani J, Li L et al. High-precision temporal calibration of Middle Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints for the Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio Fauna and Yongheouchuo. Vertebrata PalAoiatica 2017; 55: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Liu
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F288FC75FC06FC55" box="[961,1002,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F572FC76FA97FC55" box="[1083,1403,949,973]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F572FC76FA97FC55" box="[1083,1403,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has an articulation for the coracoid and first dorsal rib in the middle of its length. Cox (1965), based on the specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F469FC37FAB6FB94" box="[1312,1370,1012,1036]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||||
3120, depicted the sternum of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F568FBD0FB02FBB3" box="[1057,1262,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
|
||||
with an articulation area in its posterior part. It is the only specimen in the Harvard collection with all bones of the pectoral girdle articulated, although not all are in anatomical positions. The problem with the sternum is that it is strongly compressed, and no articulation surface is visible. The Cox (1965) interpretation was based only on the general shape of the bone.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B075565F21CFB2CFE6CF827" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F21CFB2CFBFCFA7A" blockId="34.[825,1476,887,1506]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B075562F21CFB2CFC16FA9F" author="Romer" box="[853,1018,1263,1287]" firstAuthor="Romer" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref35466" refString="Romer AS. Ooteology of Reptileo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956, 772." type="journal volume" year="1956">Romer (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
showed the sternum of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F47CFB2CFC55FABE" authorityName="Weithofer" authorityYear="1888" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F47CFB2CFC55FABE" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
posterior to the scapulocoracoid. In the skeleton reconstruction of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F2B0FAEEFAF9FADD" box="[1017,1301,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
Dinodontooauruo
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F5E3FAEEFAF9FADD" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[1194,1301,1325,1349]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">brevirootrio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
at Harvard, the interclavicle is at the level of the procoracoid, and the sternum is more posterior than in the specimen
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F596FAAFFAF5FA1C" box="[1247,1305,1388,1412]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||||
3120. In such a probably correct position, the articulation area on the sternum can contact the posterior process of the coracoid (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F270F9CCFA2EF8E7" blockId="34.[825,1475,1551,1920]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F270F9CCFC63F9BF" box="[825,911,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Clavicle:</emphasis>
|
||||
An intriguing problem is the presence of the clavicle and interclavicle in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F573F9ECFB33F9DE" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1082,1247,1582,1606]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F573F9ECFB33F9DE" box="[1082,1247,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. It was hypothesized by Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019: fig. 1), but the very small acromion process on the scapula, which in other dicynodonts was much larger and designed for articulation with the clavicle, contradicts its presence (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13302A226B075562F538F968FB54F95C" box="[1137,1208,1707,1732]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="44.[129,162,1097,1121]" captionTargetBox="[130,1463,146,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-513@44.[128,1475,144,1070]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Fig. 48. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. A, reconstruction of skeleton in lateral view. Ŋe proportions from Parakannemeyeria chengi, and the shape of the manus and foot are based on Camp and Welles (1956). B, reconstruction of vertebral column in lateral view." pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||||
). On the other hand, the anterior lower part of the scapula in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F58FF90FFACDF97B" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1222,1313,1739,1763]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F58FF90FFACDF97B" box="[1222,1313,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is much larger and the sternum is much higher than in most dicynodonts. This difference suggests different functioning of the whole girdle. Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019) showed that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F42FF8E9FA2EF8D9" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1382,1474,1833,1857]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F42FF8E9FA2EF8D9" box="[1382,1474,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
had erect forelimbs, unlike all other dicynodonts. Instead of them,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F232F8ABFC07F8E7" box="[891,1003,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Triceratopo</emphasis>
|
||||
or the rhinoceros may serve as the analogues
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F273F844FA28F826" blockId="34.[826,1476,1927,1982]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B075562F273F844FA28F826" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">for the construction of the shoulder girdle. They do not have clavicles because of the erect position of the forelimb. Probably</pageTitle>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF74662F6B065563F138F8F1FC7AF8FE" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" startId="35.[113,146,1842,1866]" targetBox="[152,1415,149,1810]" targetPageId="35" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B065563F138F8F1FC7AF8FE" blockId="35.[113,1445,1842,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B065563F138F8F1FF57F8D2" bold="true" box="[113,187,1842,1866]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 39.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B065563F1F6F8F0FD83F8D2" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1842,1866]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B065563F1F6F8F0FEBEF8D2" box="[191,338,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Pelvis ZPAL V. 33/720 and reconstruction of pelvis based on ZPAL V. 33/720, in medial (A, F), lateral (B, D), dorsal (C) and (E) ventral views.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF74662F6B015564F1C8F8EDFAD3F8FB" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[129,162,1838,1862]" targetBox="[154,1448,144,1808]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B015564F1C8F8EDFAD3F8FB" blockId="36.[129,1416,1838,1891]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B015564F1C8F8EDFF26F8DF" bold="true" box="[129,202,1838,1863]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 40.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B015564F187F8ECFD92F8DF" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,1839,1863]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B015564F187F8ECFE8DF8DF" box="[206,353,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Femur ZPAL V. 33/75 (A, D, E, G, I, L) and ZPAL V. 33/763 (B, C, F, H, J, K) in anterior (A, B), lateral (C, D), proximal (E, H), distal (F, G), posterior (I, J), and medial (K, L) views.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF74662F6B005565F138FB1DFC69FAB6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[113,146,1246,1270]" targetBox="[122,1456,146,1209]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F138FB1DFC69FAB6" blockId="37.[113,1456,1246,1326]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F138FB1DFF57FB6E" bold="true" box="[113,187,1246,1270]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 41.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F1F6FB1CFD83FB6E" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1246,1270]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F1F6FB1CFEBEFB6E" box="[191,338,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Reconstruction of femur based on ZPAL V. 33/75 (A–G) and ZPAL V. 33/763 (H) the largest in the same scale as (G), in anterior (A, H), posterior (B), medial (C), lateral (D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views. Note identical shape of curve of the small and large specimen (G and H).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F138FAB7FD17F819" blockId="37.[113,764,1395,1921]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
a similar situation was in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F03CFAB7FE21FA13" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[373,461,1395,1419]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F03CFAB7FE21FA13" box="[373,461,1395,1419]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">L. bojani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The loose connection of the olecranon process with the main body of the ulna in its skeleton is probably related with the position of the forelimb. In most large dicynodonts the olecranon is fused with the ulna (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F134FA32FF13F991" box="[125,255,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wadiaoauruo</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F045FA32FE69F991" box="[268,389,1521,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F045FA32FE69F991" box="[268,389,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F0DAFA32FE1AF991" box="[403,502,1521,1545]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F0DAFA32FE1AF991" box="[403,502,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Jachaleria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F37CFA32FD05F991" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1937" box="[565,745,1521,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F37CFA32FD05F991" box="[565,745,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sinokannemeyeria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and that was related to a sprawling posture. The m. triceps attached to the olecranon process, the humerus, and the scapula was among the muscles responsible for keeping the animal in that position. When the humerus was rotated posteriorly to support the erect posture, other muscles became responsible for it. Among them were m. pectoralis, m. supracoracoideus (with a much larger area for articulation on the scapula than in other dicynodonts) and m. coracobrachialis (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019). The loose olecranon process is known also in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F188F8E9FEF7F8DA" box="[193,283,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F06DF8E9FEB7F8DA" authority="(Camp and Welles 1956)" baseAuthorityName="Camp and Welles" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[292,347,1834,1858]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F063F8E8FEB7F8DA" box="[298,347,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">gigao</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’ (Camp and Welles 1956), but in this species the acromion was of the standard shape and it remains unknown how the rotation of the humerus took place.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F138F84BFE6CF827" blockId="37.[113,761,1928,1983]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
Presumably
|
||||
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F1BBF84BFEA0F838" box="[242,332,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Placeriao</emphasis>
|
||||
represents an early stage of the evolution towards the erect posture.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue