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<mods:title id="4C974CAE0397D75EB93399C52F2D1591">A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation.</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="2DBC3883B51595A150B020C572216143">A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4006227C1115AB6276DF71DF414D8C24">Evans, Ben J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4D01B1B4DAB45C72227CB235372C3E65">Evans, Ben J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A5647C17775CA1B2D14D83BBF7886C13">Carter, Timothy F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DE29A76C8AA07EBE66B5664F692BA709">Carter, Timothy F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="99DDC25616298321968BAE5AED662B9C">Tobias, Martha L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="83127E4755A32C7407AF676DF1408074">Tobias, Martha L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EC59E8001250F1F28ED931C4B25E5BF6">Kelley, Darcy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CA87C8A6D7DFA8CF8F753003E01F3713">Kelley, Darcy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="10DC676478DA27B397BF8C568088A1CC">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E78791DE67790EFF58253988CDFAB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6228252" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119367954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6228252" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F0AEF218-76FC-4AB7-8FB9-02D8115B10D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E78791DE67790EFF58253988CDFAB3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<subSubSection id="C354650CDE677903FF5825398AD3FC10" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF13687DE677903FF5825398807FC65" blockId="4.[151,571,893,994]" box="[151,571,893,919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<heading id="D0B981EBDE677903FF5825398807FC65" bold="true" box="[151,571,893,919]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF5825398807FC65" bold="true" box="[151,571,893,919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF5825398BA0FC65" box="[151,412,893,919]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF5825398BA0FC65" ID-CoL="5CBC6" box="[151,412,893,919]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF5825398BA0FC65" bold="true" box="[151,412,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Xenopus itombwensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ Three adult males:
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<paragraph id="8BF13687DE677903FF09234C8975F940" blockId="4.[151,1437,1048,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF09234C8870FAD3" box="[198,588,1288,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF09234C8B74FAD0" bold="true" box="[198,328,1288,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FE80234C8870FAD3" box="[335,588,1288,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">Xenopus itombwensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FE80234C8870FAD3" box="[335,588,1288,1313]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">Xenopus itombwensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is a member of the
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FCFD234C89E9FAD3" box="[818,981,1288,1313]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">vestitus-wittei</emphasis>
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@ -128,11 +129,11 @@ subgroup of clawed frogs (Kobel et al. 1996) and can be distinguished from other
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), and by (3) divergent mitochondrial and autosomal genes (
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<figureCitation id="13752A02DE677903FB3923C48F7CFA68" box="[1270,1344,1408,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,186,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[200,1372,186,1707]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Evolutionary relationships of (A) combined data from two tightly linked nuclear loci (RAG 1 and RAG 2) and (B) mitochondrial DNA illustrate a divergent but sister relationship of X. itombwensis and X. wittei. Nuclear loci but not mitochondrial loci illustrate a close relationship between (X. itombwensis + X. wittei) to half of the allopolyploid genome of X. vestitus. For clarity most posterior probabilities are omitted because they are similar or identical to those found elsewhere (Evans 2007; Evans et al. 2004). However, with reference to X. itombwensis, in (A and B) the red clades have over 95 % posterior probability and the blue clade has over 80 % posterior probability. (C) A species phylogeny illustrating bifurcating and reticulating evolutionary relationships in clawed frogs. The most recent common ancestor of X. wittei and X. itombwensis evolved through allopolyploidization of two tetraploid species. The number of chromosomes in each species is indicated in parentheses after each species name. (A) and (C) are modified from (Evans 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182326/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FA9923C48B34FA33" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FA9923C48B34FA33" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FA9923C48B34FA33" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Xenopus wittei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FE8D23EC8B87FA33" box="[322,443,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FE8D23EC8B87FA33" box="[322,443,1448,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FE8D23EC8B87FA33" box="[322,443,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. vestitus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are both medium sized clawed frogs, with female snout-vent length (SVL) typically 46 and
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@ -142,21 +143,21 @@ are both medium sized clawed frogs, with female snout-vent length (SVL) typicall
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, respectively (Kobel et al. 1996;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B76DE677903FA8A23948B2BF9E0" author="Tinsley" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Tinsley, R. C., Kobel, H. - R. & Fischberg, M. (1979) The biology and systematics of a new species of Xenopus (Anura: Pipidae) from the highlands of Central Africa. Journal Zoology, London, 188, 69 - 102." type="journal article" year="1979">Tinsley et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
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||||
). Based on a small sample size of two females,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FC8823BC89C5F9E3" box="[839,1017,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FC8823BC89C5F9E3" box="[839,1017,1528,1553]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
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||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FC8823BC89C5F9E3" box="[839,1017,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appears smaller, averaging approximately
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<quantity id="4CB69B62DE677903FF3720648B70F9C8" box="[248,332,1568,1594]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
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(Table 1). Dorsal coloration of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FD0520648912F9CB" box="[714,814,1568,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FD0520648912F9CB" box="[714,814,1568,1593]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FD0520648912F9CB" box="[714,814,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. wittei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a uniform dark brown to chocolate with no spots and of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF23200C8B5BF993" box="[236,359,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF23200C8B5BF993" box="[236,359,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
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<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF23200C8B5BF993" box="[236,359,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. vestitus</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
is a marbeling of light silver-golden to bronze chromatophores over a brown background (Kobel et al. 1996). In contrast, some
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FD922034892CF97B" box="[605,784,1648,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FD922034892CF97B" box="[605,784,1648,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FD922034892CF97B" box="[605,784,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
individuals have a mottled pattern of brown spots that are slightly darker than the brown background (
|
||||
|
|
@ -165,15 +166,15 @@ B,C).
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF13687DE677902FF092084891CFCC4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1048,2034]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,756,2022]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
The male advertisement call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FDF2208488CCF92B" box="[573,752,1728,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FDF2208488CCF92B" box="[573,752,1728,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FDF2208488CCF92B" box="[573,752,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from the male advertisement calls of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FAC920848F55F92B" box="[1286,1385,1728,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FAC920848F55F92B" box="[1286,1385,1728,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FAC920848F55F92B" box="[1286,1385,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF5820AC8B2CF8F3" box="[151,272,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF5820AC8B2CF8F3" box="[151,272,1768,1793]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF5820AC8B2CF8F3" box="[151,272,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in that the call of the new species is much shorter (~600 milliseconds), and consists of two distinct components including a “fast trill” and a “slow trill” (Table 2,
|
||||
|
|
@ -181,19 +182,19 @@ in that the call of the new species is much shorter (~600 milliseconds), and con
|
|||
; Kobel et al. 1996;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B76DE677903FB0821548F64F8D8" author="Vigny" box="[1223,1368,1808,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Vigny, C. (1979) The mating calls of 12 species and sub-species of the genus Xenopus (Amphibia: Anura). Journal Zoology, London, 188, 103 - 122." type="journal article" year="1979">Vigny 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency of the fast trill component is similar to that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FC60217C8E2EF8A3" box="[943,1042,1848,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FC60217C8E2EF8A3" box="[943,1042,1848,1873]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FC60217C8E2EF8A3" box="[943,1042,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
but other acoustic characteristics of this part of the vocalization are different, and all parameters we measured from the slow trill component are distinct (Table 2). The most obvious difference between these vocalizations is the slow trill that follows vocalizations of the new species but not
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FDFE21F488AEF83B" box="[561,658,1968,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FDFE21F488AEF83B" box="[561,658,1968,1993]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FDFE21F488AEF83B" box="[561,658,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Other aspects of the slow trill are distinct from call parameters of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF58219C8AC4F803" box="[151,248,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE677903FF58219C8AC4F803" box="[151,248,2008,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE677903FF58219C8AC4F803" box="[151,248,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
including the lower dominant frequencies, longer interclick interval, and lower number of clicks (Table 2). The fast portion of the call of the new species is also unique in that the interclick interval is shorter than that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FEEB25598BB9FCC4" box="[292,389,797,822]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FEEB25598BB9FCC4" box="[292,389,797,822]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FEEB25598BB9FCC4" box="[292,389,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and there are fewer clicks per call.
|
||||
|
|
@ -203,11 +204,11 @@ and there are fewer clicks per call.
|
|||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF5824208B25FD8E" bold="true" box="[151,281,612,636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
Type specimen and variation of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FDBA24218922FD8E" box="[629,798,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDBA24218926FD8E" box="[629,794,613,636]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDBA24218926FD8E" box="[629,794,613,636]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(A) Holotype specimen MCZ A-138192 (field number BJE 0275), (B) Paratype MCZ A-138193 (field no. BJE 0276), and (C) a live unvouchered male individual. Arrows indicate dorsal spots that are not found in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE3424EE8868FD33" box="[507,596,682,705]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE3424EE8868FD33" box="[507,596,682,705]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FE3424EE8868FD33" box="[507,596,682,705]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Scale bars are 5 mm. Photo credit for B: Jon Woodward.
|
||||
|
|
@ -216,31 +217,31 @@ Type specimen and variation of
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BF13687DE667902FF0925008985FA44" blockId="5.[151,1437,756,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF0925008EB3FCAC" box="[198,1167,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF09250089EAFCAC" bold="true" box="[198,982,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Evolutionary relationships to other clawed frogs; DNA barcodes.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FC1225018EB3FCAC" box="[989,1167,837,862]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FC1225018EB3FCAC" box="[989,1167,837,862]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB0725018F16FCAC" box="[1224,1322,837,862]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB0725018F16FCAC" box="[1224,1322,837,862]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FB0725018F16FCAC" box="[1224,1322,837,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are probably sister species derived from the same allo-octoploid ancestor. The paternal ancestor of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB0D25298F07FC74" box="[1218,1339,877,902]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB0D25298F07FC74" box="[1218,1339,877,902]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FB0D25298F07FC74" box="[1218,1339,877,902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, in contrast, shares recent common ancestry with the maternal ancestor of (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FC2D25D18F16FC5C" box="[994,1322,917,942]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FC2D25D18EA4FC5C" box="[994,1176,917,942]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FC2D25D18EA4FC5C" box="[994,1176,917,942]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
+
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB0B25D18F16FC5C" box="[1220,1322,917,942]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">X. wittei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB0B25D18F16FC5C" box="[1220,1322,917,942]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">X. wittei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
), but the maternal ancestor of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE5F25F98836FC24" box="[400,522,957,982]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE5F25F98836FC24" box="[400,522,957,982]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FE5F25F98836FC24" box="[400,522,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not as closely related to the paternal ancestor of (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FBB925F98A88FC0C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FBB925F98F14FC24" box="[1142,1320,957,982]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FBB925F98F14FC24" box="[1142,1320,957,982]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">X. itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
+
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FA8325F98A88FC0C" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">X. wittei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FA8325F98A88FC0C" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">X. wittei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3597617DE667902FF0225A08AD2FC0C" box="[205,238,996,1022]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">As</collectingCountry>
|
||||
|
|
@ -249,33 +250,33 @@ a result, mitochondrial DNA of the
|
|||
group is not a clade (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13752A02DE667902FBF125A08EB4FC0C" box="[1086,1160,996,1022]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,186,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[200,1372,186,1707]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Evolutionary relationships of (A) combined data from two tightly linked nuclear loci (RAG 1 and RAG 2) and (B) mitochondrial DNA illustrate a divergent but sister relationship of X. itombwensis and X. wittei. Nuclear loci but not mitochondrial loci illustrate a close relationship between (X. itombwensis + X. wittei) to half of the allopolyploid genome of X. vestitus. For clarity most posterior probabilities are omitted because they are similar or identical to those found elsewhere (Evans 2007; Evans et al. 2004). However, with reference to X. itombwensis, in (A and B) the red clades have over 95 % posterior probability and the blue clade has over 80 % posterior probability. (C) A species phylogeny illustrating bifurcating and reticulating evolutionary relationships in clawed frogs. The most recent common ancestor of X. wittei and X. itombwensis evolved through allopolyploidization of two tetraploid species. The number of chromosomes in each species is indicated in parentheses after each species name. (A) and (C) are modified from (Evans 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). On a molecular level,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FF5822498B70FBD4" box="[151,332,1037,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FF5822498B70FBD4" box="[151,332,1037,1062]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF5822498B70FBD4" box="[151,332,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is diverged from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDE5224988B3FBD4" box="[554,655,1037,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDE5224988B3FBD4" box="[554,655,1037,1062]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FDE5224988B3FBD4" box="[554,655,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FCDC224989B3FBD4" box="[787,911,1037,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FCDC224989B3FBD4" box="[787,911,1037,1062]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FCDC224989B3FBD4" box="[787,911,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Because of the polyphyletic origin of this group, molecular divergence of mitochondrial DNA data (~3000bp) between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FBEF22718EEDFBBC" box="[1056,1233,1077,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FBEF22718EEDFBBC" box="[1056,1233,1077,1102]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FBEF22718EEDFBBC" box="[1056,1233,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FAC622718FBEFBBC" box="[1289,1410,1077,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FAC622718FBEFBBC" box="[1289,1410,1077,1102]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FAC622718FBEFBBC" box="[1289,1410,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is large – on the order of about 9% (uncorrected pairwise distance; hereafter
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FBDC22198E1EFB84" box="[1043,1058,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">p</emphasis>
|
||||
-distance). Mitochondrial divergence between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE8022C1883EFB6C" box="[335,514,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE8022C1883EFB6C" box="[335,514,1157,1182]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FE8022C1883EFB6C" box="[335,514,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDF122C1889DFB6C" box="[574,673,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDF122C1889DFB6C" box="[574,673,1157,1182]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FDF122C1889DFB6C" box="[574,673,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is about 4%
|
||||
|
|
@ -283,19 +284,19 @@ is about 4%
|
|||
-distance. When only the “barcode” region of the mitochondria (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FE8B22E98B46FB34" box="[324,378,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">CO1</emphasis>
|
||||
) is considered, interspecific divergence between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FC7522E98E57FB34" box="[954,1131,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FC7522E98E57FB34" box="[954,1131,1197,1222]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FC7522E98E57FB34" box="[954,1131,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB6C22E98F27FB34" box="[1187,1307,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB6C22E98F27FB34" box="[1187,1307,1197,1222]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FB6C22E98F27FB34" box="[1187,1307,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FA9C22E98B35FB1C" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FA9C22E98B35FB1C" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FA9C22E98B35FB1C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE8A22918B95FB1C" box="[325,425,1237,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE8A22918B95FB1C" box="[325,425,1237,1262]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FE8A22918B95FB1C" box="[325,425,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is even higher – 17.2% and 8.3%
|
||||
|
|
@ -305,21 +306,21 @@ is even higher – 17.2% and 8.3%
|
|||
and of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF5822B98AE2FAE4" box="[151,222,1277,1302]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">RAG2</emphasis>
|
||||
are also diverged among these species. Over both genes, the average divergence between the most closely related orthologous paralogs of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDA8236188E3FACC" box="[615,735,1317,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDA8236188E3FACC" box="[615,735,1317,1342]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FDA8236188E3FACC" box="[615,735,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FCD6236189F6FACC" box="[793,970,1317,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FCD6236189F6FACC" box="[793,970,1317,1342]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FCD6236189F6FACC" box="[793,970,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is 1.6%
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FBFE23618E7CFACC" box="[1073,1088,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">p</emphasis>
|
||||
-distance and between orthologous paralogs of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FEA023098BEDFA94" box="[367,465,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FEA023098BEDFA94" box="[367,465,1357,1382]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FEA023098BEDFA94" box="[367,465,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDC523098880FA94" box="[522,700,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FDC523098880FA94" box="[522,700,1357,1382]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FDC523098880FA94" box="[522,700,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is also 1.6%
|
||||
|
|
@ -348,19 +349,19 @@ Description of the
|
|||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54F58825DE667902FDE7238088A9FA2C" box="[552,661,1476,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
an adult male, small subocular tentacle present, comprising less than one third of the length of the eye. Claws present on toes I-III, prehallux prominent but without a claw. Size of new species slightly smaller than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FD4C205188D9F9DC" box="[643,741,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FD4C205188D9F9DC" box="[643,741,1557,1582]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FD4C205188D9F9DC" box="[643,741,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FCEF205189A6F9DC" box="[800,922,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FCEF205189A6F9DC" box="[800,922,1557,1582]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FCEF205189A6F9DC" box="[800,922,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Table 1; Kobel et al. 1996). Like
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FAF620518FA0F9DC" box="[1337,1436,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FAF620518FA0F9DC" box="[1337,1436,1557,1582]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FAF620518FA0F9DC" box="[1337,1436,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FF0620798B7FF9A4" box="[201,323,1597,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FF0620798B7FF9A4" box="[201,323,1597,1622]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF0620798B7FF9A4" box="[201,323,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ color in life unrecorded.
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BF13687DE66790EFF0921688BE5FBF3" blockId="5.[151,1437,756,2022]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,719,1345]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FF0921688832F8B4" bold="true" box="[198,526,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Variation and color in life:</emphasis>
|
||||
There are two dorsal color patterns evident in our sample of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB2621698FA0F8B4" box="[1257,1436,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FB2621698FA0F8B4" box="[1257,1436,1837,1862]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FB2621698FA0F8B4" box="[1257,1436,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ locality; the difference between these patterns is more subtle in preserved than
|
|||
, is a uniform brown to dark brown coloration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13752A02DE667902FAA221388A9AF84C" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,612,636]" captionTargetBox="[186,1402,197,611]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,162,618]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type specimen and variation of X. itombwensis. (A) Holotype specimen MCZ A- 138192 (field number BJE 0275), (B) Paratype MCZ A- 138193 (field no. BJE 0276), and (C) a live unvouchered male individual. Arrows indicate dorsal spots that are not found in X. wittei. Scale bars are 5 mm. Photo credit for B: Jon Woodward." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
A) that is similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE5821E18BC6F84C" box="[407,506,1957,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE667902FE5821E18BC6F84C" box="[407,506,1957,1982]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE667902FE5821E18BC6F84C" box="[407,506,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The second pattern is a brown dorsal pattern with darker brown spots, sometimes with a dark dorsal band that is perpendicular to the body axis and situated caudal to the eyes but rostral with respect to the forearms (
|
||||
|
|
@ -415,19 +416,19 @@ C). Coloration at the margins of the lower jaw tends to be slightly darker than
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BF13687DE647900FF5821D78AE1F802" blockId="7.[151,1436,1939,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE647900FF5821D78B24F859" bold="true" box="[151,280,1939,1963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
Male advertisement vocalization of (A)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FD0521D7891EF858" box="[714,802,1939,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FD0521D7891EF858" box="[714,802,1939,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE647900FD0521D7891EF858" box="[714,802,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, (B)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FC9521D789FBF858" box="[858,967,1939,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FC9521D789FBF858" box="[858,967,1939,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE647900FC9521D789FBF858" box="[858,967,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and (C)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FBE421D78EF0F858" box="[1067,1228,1939,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FBE421D78EF0F858" box="[1067,1228,1939,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE647900FBE421D78EF0F858" box="[1067,1228,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The slow trill portion of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FEDD21F28B8BF83F" box="[274,439,1974,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE647900FEDD21F28B8BF83F" box="[274,439,1974,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE647900FEDD21F28B8BF83F" box="[274,439,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
call (beginning at about 400 milliseconds) is a unique feature within the “vestitus-wittei” group.
|
||||
|
|
@ -441,35 +442,35 @@ Evolutionary relationships of (A) combined data from two tightly linked nuclear
|
|||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFAEA20FE8F5AF923" box="[1317,1382,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">RAG2</emphasis>
|
||||
) and (B) mitochondrial DNA illustrate a divergent but sister relationship of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFC4520998E10F906" box="[906,1068,1757,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFC4520998E10F906" box="[906,1068,1757,1780]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFC4520998E10F906" box="[906,1068,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFBAF20998E85F906" box="[1120,1209,1757,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFBAF20998E85F906" box="[1120,1209,1757,1780]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFBAF20998E85F906" box="[1120,1209,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Nuclear loci but not mitochondrial loci illustrate a close relationship between (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFCCF2144899DF8E5" box="[768,929,1792,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFCCF2144899DF8E5" box="[768,929,1792,1815]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFCCF2144899DF8E5" box="[768,929,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
+
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFC7221448E29F8E5" box="[957,1045,1792,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFC7221448E29F8E5" box="[957,1045,1792,1815]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFC7221448E29F8E5" box="[957,1045,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) to half of the allopolyploid genome of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFF7C21668B1CF8CB" box="[179,288,1826,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFF7C21668B1CF8CB" box="[179,288,1826,1849]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFF7C21668B1CF8CB" box="[179,288,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. vestitus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. For clarity most posterior probabilities are omitted because they are similar or identical to those found elsewhere (Evans 2007; Evans et al. 2004). However, with reference to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFCAB21018E39F8AE" box="[868,1029,1861,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFCAB21018E39F8AE" box="[868,1029,1861,1884]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFCAB21018E39F8AE" box="[868,1029,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, in (A and B) the red clades have over 95% posterior probability and the blue clade has over 80% posterior probability. (C) A species phylogeny illustrating bifurcating and reticulating evolutionary relationships in clawed frogs. The most recent common ancestor of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFAD821CE8F53F853" box="[1303,1391,1930,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFAD821CE8F53F853" box="[1303,1391,1930,1953]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFAD821CE8F53F853" box="[1303,1391,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. wittei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFF5821E98B04F836" box="[151,312,1965,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6B790FFF5821E98B04F836" box="[151,312,1965,1988]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6B790FFF5821E98B04F836" box="[151,312,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
evolved through allopolyploidization of two tetraploid species. The number of chromosomes in each species is indicated in parentheses after each species name. (A) and (C) are modified from (Evans 2007).
|
||||
|
|
@ -479,7 +480,7 @@ evolved through allopolyploidization of two tetraploid species. The number of ch
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BF13687DE6A790EFF58241889A3FD81" blockId="9.[151,927,604,628]" box="[151,927,604,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6A790EFF5824188B26FD86" bold="true" box="[151,282,604,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Karyotype of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6A790EFE7B24188869FD81" box="[436,597,604,627]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6A790EFE7B24188869FD81" box="[436,597,604,627]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6A790EFE7B24188869FD81" box="[436,597,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">X. itombwensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
illustrating octoploidy, 8x=72.
|
||||
|
|
@ -492,7 +493,7 @@ Females are larger than males; we suspect that the females we measured are not f
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BF13687DE6A790EFF09221B8B24FB03" blockId="9.[151,1437,719,1345]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6A790EFF09221B893FFB8A" box="[198,771,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93AEA95DE6A790EFF09221B8BC0FB8B" bold="true" box="[198,508,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Ecology and distribution:</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6A790EFDCB221B893FFB8A" box="[516,771,1119,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itombwensis">Xenopus itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D04DE6A790EFDCB221B893FFB8A" box="[516,771,1119,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Xenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itombwensis">Xenopus itombwensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
was collected only at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54F58825DE6A790EFBF6221B8E50FB8B" box="[1081,1132,1119,1145]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue