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<mods:title>Exotic ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Ohio</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="2BEE00B3F70155FBFBAD1711302A60D8">Exotic ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Ohio</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Ivanov, Kaloyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Recent Invertebrates, Virginia Museum of Natural History, 21 Starling Ave., Martinsville, VA 24112, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="046F847FF36FAEC4F9650F249BE5F192" type="email">kal.ivanov@vmnh.virginia.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:number>51</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127902180" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:210ACBF33EEC50CDFBAB42D649725E08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/210ACBF33EEC50CDFBAB42D649725E08" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
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<taxonomicName LSID="210ACBF3-3EEC-50CD-FBAB-42D649725E08" authority="Mayr, 1870" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki Mayr, 1870</taxonomicName>
|
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<treatment id="210ACBF33EEC50CDFBAB42D649725E08" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127902180" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:210ACBF33EEC50CDFBAB42D649725E08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/210ACBF33EEC50CDFBAB42D649725E08" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Myrmicinae">
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<subSubSection id="AEC4AC3CED2388AFD238D1C49A9B1A78" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E4EF8A90B87737CD688655DAB79C10EB" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
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<taxonomicName id="FF3A1F041118946414A1E30FDCDD6CD9" ID-CoL="4FY8B" LSID="210ACBF3-3EEC-50CD-FBAB-42D649725E08" authority="Mayr, 1870" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki Mayr, 1870</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Distribution in Ohio.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6EE9AD0585A5AE90CFC673B13FA8DF5B" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="55DCC9AF44F389E0D8329AF3DE9F8386" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Distribution in Ohio.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6BB47BB5EED18F5D5FEA7DAB8BA45C26" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
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||||
Single record from south-central Ohio. Counties:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Franklin</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="499F1732AC6968972DDE2312D9E0474C" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Franklin</emphasis>
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(
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||||
<bibRefCitation author="Coovert, GA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey" pageId="19" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 202" refId="B13" refString="Coovert, GA, 2005. The ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 15: 1 - 202" title="The ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="15" year="2005">Coovert 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B8C602BA5D90AAB6A2A893B1D3E641D7" author="Coovert, GA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey" pageId="19" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 202" refId="B13" refString="Coovert, GA, 2005. The ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 15: 1 - 202" title="The ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="15" year="2005">Coovert 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||||
), (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Cardiocondyla obscurior (5), Monomorium pharaonis (6), Pheidole bilimeki (7), Tetramorium atratulum (8), and Hypoponera ragusai (9) in Ohio." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9135.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100885" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">3</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E74D74FB364AF2D8E31FE4EC43765D42" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Cardiocondyla obscurior (5), Monomorium pharaonis (6), Pheidole bilimeki (7), Tetramorium atratulum (8), and Hypoponera ragusai (9) in Ohio." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9135.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100885" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">3</figureCitation>
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||||
).
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="habitat">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Where found/Habitat.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Indoors. The single Ohio record was discovered in a greenhouse in Franklin Co.</paragraph>
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||||
<subSubSection id="42B148CE3B46101692F9811EA31DBF27" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="habitat">
|
||||
<paragraph id="AF547D02489007CC149FEF5CEE60485C" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Where found/Habitat.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="D9DEC03522B23B6BD78C0AE7F4C62F28" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Indoors. The single Ohio record was discovered in a greenhouse in Franklin Co.</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="origin">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Origin.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Neotropics.</paragraph>
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||||
<subSubSection id="06F1D90D0602C96120683ACA32E0375E" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="origin">
|
||||
<paragraph id="A4D3242F49AAA3F80BB8E6C96606F18E" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Origin.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="C4C035A291C300D6188F61413C76409C" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Neotropics.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="natural history">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Natural history.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">This is a synanthropic species with pronounced tolerance to disturbed habitats.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
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<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="BA3DE06CF4BCDDEC07D249BF8F4CAF48" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" type="natural history">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8D94995C911CE0D65D1AFD42434A7AAE" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2E556A10509115B70E1FE9402D7176B5" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">This is a synanthropic species with pronounced tolerance to disturbed habitats.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="92EEE92AD55952802DBED64E98773176" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="325DECBBCEFE43B19F937F8C4809FA91" author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
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||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="84EFEBE03364678F211E0BB716E5B383" author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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provide the most relevant and up to date treatment of this species and its close relatives. This species can be easily confused with members of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole punctatissima</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7918449719297CC7358C3CF88CC68DDD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
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||||
<emphasis id="590EAF6429AE67F0C9247B0EA1401BDA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole punctatissima</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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clade (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole anastasii</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="378AFF03034045E7CB8C7B9E04409CA3" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">
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<emphasis id="58B7784CF35314D47EAB94751D2EFE95" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole anastasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Emery, 1896;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole punctatissima</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="39BD2BB9BEFBB271A693655626959CB2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
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<emphasis id="BBE4BAC87AC64F268CC5A36E0B59BA7A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole punctatissima</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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Mayr, 1870) as well as with members of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole flavens</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="05BBD00F7DBB669C4FF9C3C31AD1452F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0A6BA7538949FA3F6DCBD779F8CD7601" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole flavens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
complex (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B" pageId="19" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B18" refString="Economo, EP, Klimov, P, Sarnat, EM, Guenard, B, Weiser, MD, Lecroq, B, Knowles, LL, 2015. Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals repeated evolution of macroecological patterns. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 282: 1 - 10" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E0F3F492FAD81DDF010DCD0EEFD060B7" author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B" pageId="19" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B18" refString="Economo, EP, Klimov, P, Sarnat, EM, Guenard, B, Weiser, MD, Lecroq, B, Knowles, LL, 2015. Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals repeated evolution of macroecological patterns. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 282: 1 - 10" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7149692450B3B1B905FF8D23E2605B5C" author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In the southeastern United States, where outdoor colonies of this species can be found, it has often been misidentified as
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole floridana</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F8A5341BFAF7D03D1FA3482370FFC704" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B1E9523B9F573A5B5940E73BEDCA99F6" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole floridana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Emery, 1895. According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="AEC72D86C2DFB6E25D3B1A39223A5751" author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, the latter often results from the misapplication of the name
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole floridana</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5992D9BDEA4A64884E626340F608DD18" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EE44B69D7D3CE0E8A000ED0FC5591663" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole floridana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to collections of North American
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole bilimeki</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CFD2B6E9EB536DE9AEAB0CBB3DADBF81" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
||||
<emphasis id="559768372BC9A8FB5833D2D2FD7A91CB" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole bilimeki</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Identification of this species is difficult but the following characteristics may be useful in separating it from other closely related species: antennal scapes relatively short, head margin somewhat flattened posteriorly, anterior half of first gastral tergite foveolate and opaque, body color brown and only occasionally yellow-brown. In addition, it can be separated from the closely related
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole anastasii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ED5A6A230B6BF4CA5FCDC63220B50363" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EDE27A7AC5377F8903AFCCD773DB8995" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole anastasii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by its preference for open, disturbed habitats (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="16A9ABEEE5D079100DCB07EA0E060FA6" author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="80B898C344B9DC069E2AFDF156A0D711" author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for additional information).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
|
||||
<paragraph id="592A2A13296C2FED444700AFE527872E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">
|
||||
According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="9ABCC6856195DD40CFEA728CFDA6D8A1" author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, this is an abundant species of open areas regularly found in recently, or frequently, disturbed habitats in its native range. Although it is often associated with anthropogenically altered areas and can be common along roadsides, it is also an abundant house pest. This ant is highly adaptable in its nest site preferences with nests located in dead rotten wood (including fence posts) and under stones. In Costa Rica
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D2F8E4D4F05533EA717DA7DBF39576CC" author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="34 - 42" refId="B38" refString="Longino, JT, Cox, DJ, 2009. Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1985: 34 - 42" title="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1985" year="2009">Longino and Cox (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
have observed this species in a variety of forested lowland and montane habitats. According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="22" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 794" refId="B75" refString="Wilson, EO, 2003. Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 1 - 794" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus" year="2003">Wilson (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E9842827E3219865C84C3D228A44CC99" author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="22" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 794" refId="B75" refString="Wilson, EO, 2003. Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 1 - 794" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus" year="2003">Wilson (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; as
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole floridana</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A893759164FE89604059D91F8A19C427" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="501EA73C2D973489D1D41F8C2D1BF251" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole floridana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) this species nests in soil, leaf-litter, and rotten wood in both xeric and mesic woodland habitats with colonies being monogynous and sometimes polydomous. In his account of the biology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole bilimeki</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7A823F0E70F39292143D79D7A6CCF72" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CACE21872376EA119FC90A4A428BD104" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole bilimeki</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(as
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole anastasii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="625E4E89FE4EAC971E5D9D1F3BF50DCF" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E5F848201A5CB5F560C83DF51ADD027F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="213">Pheidole anastasii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) in Florida
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, AA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="53 - 90" refId="B42" refString="Naves, AA, 1985. A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 1: 53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B15E1341CBBBB1BF79E0D0930ACCD732" author="Naves, AA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="53 - 90" refId="B42" refString="Naves, AA, 1985. A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 1: 53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reports that this ant most often nests under the bark at the base, or along the roots, of pines, and only rarely in the soil. The observed colonies
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="214" start="start">were</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="DB460EABF746BC01AA2AF6560BCFCA10" pageId="11" pageNumber="214" start="start">were</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
monogynous and contained 600 workers.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, AA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="53 - 90" refId="B42" refString="Naves, AA, 1985. A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 1: 53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="01B0DB2F261B0C612209251060F42A33" author="Naves, AA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="20" pageNumber="223" pagination="53 - 90" refId="B42" refString="Naves, AA, 1985. A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 1: 53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also reports that
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="214">Pheidole bilimeki</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="96EE32F960FF3F03B400B710C7F03D8F" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
||||
<emphasis id="00CBF315EF0B06082C241892C20D5036" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="214">Pheidole bilimeki</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
feeds on seeds, fruits, dead insects, and also preys on small live arthropods.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="214">
|
||||
<paragraph id="79380DA200C694977BD102B9BC28A010" pageId="11" pageNumber="214">
|
||||
This species has a history of human-mediated dispersal, which is not surprising given its abundance and synanthropic habitat preferences. In northern regions, both in North America and in Europe, this species occasionally is found in greenhouses, and other heated buildings (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="866D75B74089BBBC931495034A36DE76" author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="21" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 109" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" refId="B47" refString="Sarnat, EM, Fischer, G, Guenard, B, Economo, EP, 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1 - 109, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" title="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution." url="10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" volume="543" year="2015">Sarnat et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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