From f8d7cfcc2871db6d454640e9331e3bc27d1a2caa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 23:59:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-11-29 23:53:07 --- .../63/011563176425E937A9078C108EE0C33D.xml | 168 +++--- .../D2/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B.xml | 430 +++++++------- .../CC/384ACC7AD3DD9A3FB7A2247C50EF7CDD.xml | 104 ++-- .../5D/44D15D5D3ADEC4AEB5ABA490F9940953.xml | 186 +++--- .../0D/46220DCD48A1EFF23F10645F79B7170F.xml | 534 +++++++++--------- .../F9/463AF94DD913F5640006F8A4D88B479A.xml | 330 +++++------ .../70/553F70DBEB2541FB3255BE85B120B582.xml | 94 +-- .../44/65424420FFBCFFE5FF248EA9A68225EC.xml | 61 +- .../44/65424420FFBFFFE9FF248E65A687235D.xml | 71 +-- .../32/6E5B321FFFB3FFEE74ECF90CC4B7FE7E.xml | 110 ++-- .../C5/72DAC521A258DBB10F5FF32D12D53EA4.xml | 378 ++++++------- .../58/7D0958D971D8614B00DA843E606B4BB2.xml | 144 ++--- .../56/863956AE0CBDF8E75EF778B6CC8DA09D.xml | 146 ++--- .../28/96212870EDF6FBB2610E03D0575677D9.xml | 212 +++---- .../BB/99D6BB1A328CB7C47D24C361C63E8F55.xml | 98 ++-- .../33/B92533A35A118CB32A0876F4216FC530.xml | 314 +++++----- .../0E/BBE80E25610098F550C238637BF0BD16.xml | 480 ++++++++-------- .../85/C43D854AD094E2BB4B617F2468CE0D52.xml | 96 ++-- .../BC/C7CBBC8AE2E4C622AC6261BA62E626BC.xml | 312 +++++----- .../2C/CF062C004A19684B50793FC3CE7BEA48.xml | 122 ++-- .../5A/E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79.xml | 376 ++++++------ .../2B/EC892B1476B6F7C89F2CB5826CE265DE.xml | 286 +++++----- .../8B/F3838B6628792A0691A146E604F195CC.xml | 248 ++++---- 23 files changed, 2651 insertions(+), 2649 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/01/15/63/011563176425E937A9078C108EE0C33D.xml b/data/01/15/63/011563176425E937A9078C108EE0C33D.xml index 5b00629f620..4daa1acfbfe 100644 --- a/data/01/15/63/011563176425E937A9078C108EE0C33D.xml +++ b/data/01/15/63/011563176425E937A9078C108EE0C33D.xml @@ -1,148 +1,148 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster leptostylus (Fisher, 1938) -new rank + + + +Stylaster leptostylus (Fisher, 1938) +new rank Figs 17E19 -A-I +A-I - - -Allopora moseleyana + + +Allopora moseleyana forma leptostyla Fisher, 1938: 514, pl. 52, figs, 1-3. - -Allopora moseleyana + +Allopora moseleyana Fisher, 1938: in part (pl. 50). - -Stylaster moseleyanus + +Stylaster moseleyanus forma leptostylus.- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 429. - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype: Alb-3480, 1 dry male colony 8.5 cm in height, and SEM stub 1544, USNM 43270 (Fig. 17E). Paratypes: Alb-3480, 4 female, 2 male colonies, dry, and SEM stub 1536-38, USNM 76817. Type locality.Alb-3480: -52°06'00"N +52°06'00"N , -171°45'00"W +171°45'00"W (off Seguam Island, Amukta Pass), 518 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Types. Alb-3480, 2 female, 1 male colonies, dry, USNM 76555 (paratype of -Allopora moseleyana +Allopora moseleyana ). - -Description. - + +Description. + Corallum uniplanar, branching equal and dichotomous; no anastomosis of branches. Largest colony (the holotype, Fig. 17E) 8.5 cm in height and 7.0 cm in width, with a basal branch diameter of 8.4 mm. All branches circular in cross section. Commensal spionid polychaetes absent. Coenosteum reticulate-granular i -n +n texture, the coenosteal strips 45-55 -µm +µm in width, the slits about 15 -µm +µm in width; strips; strips not linear near cyclosystems. Coenosteum white. - + Cyclosystems occur on branch edges and anterior face, but rarely on posterior face, those on edges not aligned in rows. Cyclosystems circular, 1.0-1.1 mm in diameter, and raised only slightly above branch coenosteum. Gastropores about 0.35 mm in diameter, leading to a slightly curved, funnel-shaped upper tube that narrows to a cylindrical lower part that houses the gastrostyle (Fig. 19 -G-H +G-H ); ring palisade absent. Gastrostyles elongate-lanceolate, up to 0.6 mm in length, occupying lower half of gastropore tube, its pointed tip easily seen in an intact cyclosystem; H:D about 3.5. - -Dactylotomes + +Dactylotomes 0.10-0.13 mm wide; dactylostyles moderate in size, elements up to 50 -µm +µm in length. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 7-12 (n = 50, average = 9.76 (σ = 1.92), mode = 9). Supernumerary dactylopores absent. Pseudosepta slender and fairly uniform in width (0.10-0.11 mm), an adcauline diastema of twice that width sometimes present. - + Female ampullae (Fig. 19D) large, smooth, superficial hemispheres 0.9-1.1 mm in diameter, occasionally having a lateral efferent pore about 0.20 mm in diameter. Male ampullae (Fig. 19A) superficial swellings 0.45-0.55 mm in diameter, often clustered on anterior and posterior branch faces; apical efferent pores about 25 -µm +µm in diameter. - -Remarks. - -Fisher (1938) + +Remarks. + +Fisher (1938) originally differentiated forma leptostyla from typical -Allopora moseleyana +Allopora moseleyana (= -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus ) based on its more slender gastrostyle and smaller male ampullae. We cannot find a difference in ampulla size between forma leptostyla and typical -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus , but the gastrostyle of leptostyla is longer and more slender than that of -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus , occupying more of the gastropore tube (and thus having a higher H:D ratio) and being more visible from external view. In addition to this difference, forma leptostyla differs from -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus in having equal, non-anastomosing branching; branches circular in cross section; less exsert cyclosystems; non-linearly arranged cyclosystems; fewer dactylopores per cyclosystem; and consistently reticulate coenosteal strips (see Table 2). For these reasons this form is elevated to species rank but is considered to be closely related to -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus . - -Distribution. -Known only from type locality. - - + +Distribution. +Known only from type locality. + + Figure 19. -Stylaster leptostylus +Stylaster leptostylus , -A-B +A-B , -D-I +D-I paratypes from USNM 76817, C holotype, USNM 43270: A stereo view of a male branch B a cyclosystem C gastrostyle D stereo view of a gastrostyle and female ampullae -E-F +E-F coenosteal texture -G-H +G-H gastrostyle I two dactylostyles. diff --git a/data/2F/68/D2/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B.xml b/data/2F/68/D2/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B.xml index ccc28a5ff1a..f48225049ae 100644 --- a/data/2F/68/D2/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B.xml +++ b/data/2F/68/D2/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B.xml @@ -1,399 +1,399 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - + + + Genus -Errinopora Fisher, 1931 +Errinopora Fisher, 1931 - - -Errinopora + + +Errinopora Fisher, 1931: 397; -1938 +1938 : 536.- -Boschma 1956 +Boschma 1956 : F102; -1957 +1957 : 57.- -Cairns 1983a +Cairns 1983a : 123; -1983b +1983b : 462. - -Lindner 2005 +Lindner 2005 : 79-88. - -Protoerrina + +Protoerrina Broch, 1935: 59; -1936 +1936 : 99-100. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + (emended from -Lindner 2005 +Lindner 2005 ): Colonies uniplanar to slightly bushy; branches round, elliptical, or lamellar in cross section, often robust with blunt tips. Coenosteal texture reticulate-spinose (with wide slits resulting in a spongy texture) or reticulate-granular; exterior surface of dactylopore spines usually inconspicuously longitudinally ridged; coenosteum orange, pink, and white. One species, -Errinopora cestoporina +Errinopora cestoporina , bears numerous perforated mounds on surface. Dactylopores dimorphic, the most common, termed the primary dactylopore spine, is U-shaped and usually robust (thick-walled), occurring randomly, in pseudocyclosystems, or often laterally fusing to form rows or taller terraces that flank rows of gastropores. When dactylopore spines flank both sides of a gastropore row and their dactylotomes are directed toward the gastropores it is termed bilateral or distichoporine; if only one row of spines flank a row of gastropores, then unilateral. If isolated, dactylotomes usually abcauline in orientation. Much smaller flush dactylopores, termed secondary dactylopores, which lack dactylostyles, commonly scattered over coenosteum of many species. Dactylostyles usually well developed, easily seen from external view. Secondary dactylopores much smaller, flush with coenosteum, and lack styles. Gastropores also dimorphic, the primary gastropores being circular in outline, flush with coenosteum (having no lip), and arranged in irregular vertical rows, short horizontal rows, or randomly. Tabulae and ring palisades absent. Gastrostyles lanceolate, covered with longitudinal or oblique, spiny ridges. Smaller secondary gastropores much smaller, having only a small gastrostyle or none at all. Female ampullae superficial hemispheres, often without an obvious efferent pore. Male ampullae usually smaller hemispheres and spongy. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The ten species in this genus are differentiated and compared in both a dichotomous key (see below) and tabular key (Table 1); six of them occur exclusively in the Aleutian Islands. Another species was tentatively assigned to this genus by -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) , -Errinopora lobata +Errinopora lobata (Nielsen, 1919), a Paleocene fossil from Denmark. This species was re-examined by -Bernecker and Weidlich (1990 +Bernecker and Weidlich (1990 , -2005 +2005 ), based on subsequently collected non-type material from the Faske Formation in Denmark. They noted that whereas the dactylopore spines were typical of -Errina +Errina or -Errinopora +Errinopora , the spines did not contain dactylostyles, and thus resembled -Errina +Errina more than -Errinopora +Errinopora . We have examined the holotype of -Labiopora lobata +Labiopora lobata Nielsen, 1919 (GM1782), which is a uniplanar colony 10.2 cm tall and 8.0 cm wide, with branches about 0.5 cm in diameter embedded within a -Dendrophyllia +Dendrophyllia matrix. The colony has pores, or broken bulges, of three sizes: small and elongate (75-110 -µm +µm in width), medium and round to somewhat quadratic (0.3-0.53 mm wide), and large, round or somewhat triangular -( +( up to 1.7 mm). The former are quite shallow and probably the result of a reticulate coenosteal surface, whereas the medium-sized pores are deep and possibly represent the gastropores, one of which has a cyclosystem-like structure 1.9 mm in diameter. The largest pores appear to be ruptured ampullae. None of them, however, resemble dactylopore spines like those reported by Nielsen (1919) or -Bernecker and Weidlich (1990 +Bernecker and Weidlich (1990 , -2005 +2005 ), suggesting that the species reported by the latter authors is neither -Errina +Errina nor -Errinopora +Errinopora . Likewise, the lack of dactylopore spines in the type of -Labiopora lobata +Labiopora lobata precludes it from being -Errinopora +Errinopora , and thus we currently suggest an incertae sedis placement of this species until further analysis. - + Species within -Errinopora +Errinopora are unique with the -Stylasteridae +Stylasteridae in having both dimorphic gastro- and dactylopores, a condition first noted by -Fisher (1938) +Fisher (1938) for three Alaskan species but interpreted exclusively as secondary dactylopores. Careful examination of longitudinal sections of several of these pores reveal that they contain not dactylostyles, but rather small gastrostyles. This implies that most species of -Errinopora +Errinopora (all but -Errinopora fisheri +Errinopora fisheri and -Errinopora cestoporina +Errinopora cestoporina Cairns, 1983, see Table 1) have two types of gastrozooids (feeding polyps), a unique case for stylasterids but previously reported for the hydractiniids -Stylactaria conchicola +Stylactaria conchicola (see -Namikawa et al. 1992 +Namikawa et al. 1992 ). Secondary gastropores differ from primary gastropores in being narrower and deeper, and in having only a minute or no gastrostyle. All but one species ( -Errinopora fisheri +Errinopora fisheri , see Table 1) also have dimorphic dactylopores: a large type surrounded by a prominent horseshoe-shaped spine, and smaller, flush pores only 40-110 -µm +µm in diameter, which do not have dactylostyles and are termed secondary dactylopores. - + In comparison to other stylasterid genera, -Errinopora +Errinopora is most similar to -Gyropora +Gyropora Boschma, 1960, whose only species, -Gyropora africana +Gyropora africana Boschma, 1960, has dactylopore spines and gastropores coordinated in pore rows, as in some species of -Errinopora +Errinopora . -Errinopora +Errinopora is also similar to -Errina +Errina Gray, 1835 and -Errinopsis +Errinopsis Broch, 1935, whose species may also have thick-walled dactylopore spines. None of these genera, however, include species with dactylostyles, as in -Errinopora +Errinopora . Among genera with species having dactylostyles, only species of -Errinopora +Errinopora , -Inferiolabiata +Inferiolabiata Broch, 1951, and -Paraerrina +Paraerrina Broch, 1942 lack a coordination of gastropores and dactylopores in well-developed cyclosystems (whereas species of -Stenohelia +Stenohelia Kent, 1870, -Stylantheca +Stylantheca Fisher, 1931, -Stylaster +Stylaster Gray, 1831 and -Calyptopora +Calyptopora Boschma, 1968 do have both dactylostyles and well-developed cyclosystems). -Inferiolabiata +Inferiolabiata differs from -Errinopora +Errinopora in many characters, in particular by having thin-walled dactylopore spines (instead of thick-walled) that are markedly truncated at the tip (instead of rounded), whereas -Paraerrina +Paraerrina Broch, 1942 differs in having delicate dactylostyles (instead of robust) and either flush or only slightly raised dactylopore spines-instead of tall and robust (Cairns 1984, -1991 +1991 ). -Errinopora +Errinopora is also one of the few stylasterid genera with species having calcitic, rather than aragonitic, colonies ( -Thompson and Chow 1955 +Thompson and Chow 1955 , -Lowenstam 1964 +Lowenstam 1964 , -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 ). The only other stylasterid genera with species known to have mostly calcitic colonies are -Errinopsis +Errinopsis , -Errina +Errina , and one species of -Stylaster +Stylaster - -Stylaster verrillii +Stylaster verrillii (Dall, 1884) (see -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 ). Within -Errinopora +Errinopora , only -Errinopora cestoporina +Errinopora cestoporina , known solely from the -Subantarctic +Subantarctic Region, is known to have coralla formed by precipitation of aragonite. This result confirms the more general observation of the prevalence of calcitic stylasterids in the North Pacific ( -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 ), possibly related to the shallower depth of the Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) in the Region (Guinotte et al. 2006). - + In an attempt to investigate phylogenetic relationships, 37 partial mitochondrial rDNA 16S sequences were obtained for the six species of -Errinopora +Errinopora from the Aleutian Islands, including the holotypes of -Errinopora dichotoma +Errinopora dichotoma , -Errinopora disticha +Errinopora disticha , -Errinopora fisheri +Errinopora fisheri and -Errinopora undulata +Errinopora undulata . Based on -Lindner et al. (2008) +Lindner et al. (2008) included -Errinopora nanneca +Errinopora nanneca (specimen USNM1027820) and -Errinopora zarhyncha +Errinopora zarhyncha Fisher, 1938 (specimen USNM1071915), and shows that these species diverged only about 4 million years ago. Moreover, the same study shows that -Cyclohelia lamellata +Cyclohelia lamellata Cairns, 1991 and -Distichopora borealis +Distichopora borealis Fisher, 1938, two sympatric Alaskan stylasterids that are also clearly distinguishable with marked morphological differences (see above), may have diverged as recently as 1 million years ago. These results indicate that part of stylasterid species diversity in Alaska may have diverged only within the past 1-4 million years and, at least for -Errinopora +Errinopora , the results presented herein show that despite the marked morphological differences, some species are not recovered as reciprocally monophyletic lineages ( -Baum and Shaw 1995 +Baum and Shaw 1995 , -Avise 2000 +Avise 2000 ) using mitochondrial rDNA 16S. - -Type species. - -Errina pourtalesii + +Type species. + +Errina pourtalesii Dall, 1884, by original designation. - -Distribution. -North Pacific: Aleutian Islands, Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, off California. Subantarctic: off Tierra del Fuego, 40-658 m. - - + +Distribution. +North Pacific: Aleutian Islands, Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, off California. Subantarctic: off Tierra del Fuego, 40-658 m. + + Table 1. Tabular Key of the Ten Species of -Errinopora +Errinopora (pscs = pseudocyclsosystems) - - - -
+ + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + + - - + +
i -Errinopora fisher +Errinopora fisher + a -Errinopora cestoporin +Errinopora cestoporin + a -Errinopora porifer +Errinopora porifer + a -Errinopora undulat +Errinopora undulat + a -Errinopora distich +Errinopora distich + i -Errinopora pourtalesi +Errinopora pourtalesi + a -Errinopora stylifer +Errinopora stylifer + a -Errinopora zarhynch +Errinopora zarhynch + a -Errinopora nannec +Errinopora nannec + a -Errinopora dichotom +Errinopora dichotom
Dactylopore Spines
Dactylopore Spines
Corallum
Corallum
Other Characters
Other Characters
- -Key to the Recent species of Errinopora (bold face = occurs off Alaska) - - - - diff --git a/data/38/4A/CC/384ACC7AD3DD9A3FB7A2247C50EF7CDD.xml b/data/38/4A/CC/384ACC7AD3DD9A3FB7A2247C50EF7CDD.xml index 57166ca4bfe..9ba871c9a56 100644 --- a/data/38/4A/CC/384ACC7AD3DD9A3FB7A2247C50EF7CDD.xml +++ b/data/38/4A/CC/384ACC7AD3DD9A3FB7A2247C50EF7CDD.xml @@ -1,84 +1,84 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - + + + Genus -Stylaster Gray, 1831 +Stylaster Gray, 1831 - -Diagnosis. -Colonies branching in a flabellum or a bush shape (in only one case lamellate). Coenosteum usually reticulate-granular but may be linear-imbricate; coenosteum of many colors and hardness. Gastro- and dactylopores arranged in conventional cyclosystem arrangement, with only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem; pores of the peripheral type; supernumerary dactylopores often present. Cyclosystems arranged on branch edges and/or on corallum faces, or uniformly on all branch surfaces, but not unifacially. Gastropore tube single-chambered, but may be constricted by a ring palisade. Dactylostyles present. Ampullae usually superficial. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies branching in a flabellum or a bush shape (in only one case lamellate). Coenosteum usually reticulate-granular but may be linear-imbricate; coenosteum of many colors and hardness. Gastro- and dactylopores arranged in conventional cyclosystem arrangement, with only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem; pores of the peripheral type; supernumerary dactylopores often present. Cyclosystems arranged on branch edges and/or on corallum faces, or uniformly on all branch surfaces, but not unifacially. Gastropore tube single-chambered, but may be constricted by a ring palisade. Dactylostyles present. Ampullae usually superficial. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The genus and its various grouping are discussed by -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) and a key to all stylasterid genera, including the groups of -Stylaster +Stylaster , is provided by -Cairns (1992) +Cairns (1992) . Currently there are 80 recognized Recent species and 7 fossil species ( -Appeltans et al. 2011 +Appeltans et al. 2011 : WoRMS data base: www.marinespecies.org). It is by far the most species-rich and diverse genus of the stylasterids. - -Type species. - -Madrepora roseus + +Type species. + +Madrepora roseus Pallas, 1766, by subsequent designation ( -Milne Edwards and Haime 1850 +Milne Edwards and Haime 1850 : xxii), a member of Group B. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Oligocene to Recent: cosmopolitan from depths of 0-2010 m ( -Cairns 1992 +Cairns 1992 ; -Appeltans et al. 2011 +Appeltans et al. 2011 ). diff --git a/data/44/D1/5D/44D15D5D3ADEC4AEB5ABA490F9940953.xml b/data/44/D1/5D/44D15D5D3ADEC4AEB5ABA490F9940953.xml index 137503dfd7a..0024b41c25f 100644 --- a/data/44/D1/5D/44D15D5D3ADEC4AEB5ABA490F9940953.xml +++ b/data/44/D1/5D/44D15D5D3ADEC4AEB5ABA490F9940953.xml @@ -1,166 +1,166 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster trachystomus (Fisher, 1938) -new rank + + + +Stylaster trachystomus (Fisher, 1938) +new rank Figs 17H20 -A-M +A-M - - -Allopora campyleca trachystoma + + +Allopora campyleca trachystoma Fisher, 1938: 510-511, pl. 45, fig. 2, pl. 46, pl. 54, figs 1-1b.-? -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 579.- -Lowenstam 1964 +Lowenstam 1964 : 382 (mineralogy). - -Stylaster campylecus trachystomus + +Stylaster campylecus trachystomus .- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430.- -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 : 100-101 (mineralogy).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 27.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 134 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed). - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype: Alb-4784, 1 dry female colony 9 cm in height, and SEM stubs 1516, 1541, USNM 43265 (Fig. 17H). Paratypes: Alb-4784, 2 female, 2 male, 1 indet. colonies, and SEM stub 1517-18, dry, USNM 76811. Type locality.Alb-4784: -52°55'40"N +52°55'40"N , -173°26'E +173°26'E (off East Cape, Attu Island, Aleutians), 247 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Types; Delta 5999-8E-3, -51°21.042'N +51°21.042'N , -179°30.483'W +179°30.483'W , 115 m, 4 Jul 2003, 1 male, AB10-0001; Delta 6230 --20- +-20- 18, -52°28.142'N +52°28.142'N , -173°35.882'W +173°35.882'W , 190 m, 8 Jul 2004, 5 male branch fragments in alcohol, AB10-0004; Shishaldin, -54°54.09'N +54°54.09'N , -178°37.27'E +178°37.27'E , 366 m, 11 Feb 2000, 1 female, 2 male, AB00-45. - - -Description + + +Description . - + Corallum uniplanar, occasionally with short side branches oriented perpendicular to flabellum; branch anastomosis occurs only in large-diameter basal branches. Largest colony (paratype) 12 cm tall and 8 cm wide, with a basal branch diameter of 3 -x +x 1.5 cm. Distal branches circular to slightly flattened in cross section. Commensal spionid worm tubes common. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, the coenosteal strips 70-80 -µm +µm wide, the slits discontinuous and about 10-15 -µm +µm wide, the small granules producing a rough texture. On exsert cyclosystems, coenosteal strips are parallel and straight. Most coralla bear some short coenosteal ridges, called "spinous outgrowths" by -Fisher (1938 +Fisher (1938 : 511), these thin ridges aligned with the branch (up to 1 mm long, 1 mm tall, and only 0.1 mm in width) or aligned with some of the pseudosepta on exterior wall of a cyclosystem (Fig. 20 -G-H +G-H ). Coenosteum pale pink-orange. - + Cyclosystems arranged uniformly on branches, not linearly, but fewer in number on posterior face. Cyclosystems rarely circular in shape, rather elliptical or asymmetrical, the longer axis of the ellipse up to 1.8 mm. Gastropore tubes cylindrical, slightly curved, and quite deep (up to 3 mm); a well-developed ring palisade present near gastrostyle tip, composed of squat elements about 50 -µm +µm in height and width. Gastrostyles lanceolate, up to 0.67 mm, having a H:D of about 3.1, and occupying lower quarter of gastropore tube. Because of curvature of the long gastropore tube, the short gastrostyle, and the wide pseudosepta, the gastrostyle tip is rarely seen when viewed from above. -Dactylotomes 0.085-0.10 mm in width, supernumerary dactylopores being quite rare, usually associated with pseudosepta. Dactylostyle inconspicuous (Fig. 20J). Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 8-18 (n = 50, average = 11.82 (σ = 2.15), and mode = 11). Pseudosepta slender (0.07-0.21 mm wide), adcauline diastemas twice that width sometimes present; surface of pseudosepta quite porous (Fig. 20F). - +Dactylotomes 0.085-0.10 mm in width, supernumerary dactylopores being quite rare, usually associated with pseudosepta. Dactylostyle inconspicuous (Fig. 20J). Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 8-18 (n = 50, average = 11.82 (σ = 2.15), and mode = 11). Pseudosepta slender (0.07-0.21 mm wide), adcauline diastemas twice that width sometimes present; surface of pseudosepta quite porous (Fig. 20F). + Female ampullae (Fig. 20D, G, -K-L +K-L ) superficial hemispheres 1.0-1.3 mm in diameter, having a knobby or papillose surface; efferent pores not evident in material at hand. Male ampullae (Fig. 20M) also superficial swellings 0.50-0.55 mm in diameter. Both types of ampullae clustered on anterior and posterior branch faces. - -Remarks. - -Fisher (1938) + +Remarks. + +Fisher (1938) described this taxon as a subspecies of -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus , distinguishing it from the nominate subspecies by having spongy pseudosepta (Fig. 20F), decurrent pseudoseptal ridges on the inside of the gastropore tube (Fig. 20C), and spiny coenosteal outgrowths (Fig. 20 -G-H +G-H ). -Stylaster trachystomus +Stylaster trachystomus is otherwise similar to typical -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus in gastropore tube and gastrostyle shape and number of dactylopores per cyclosystem, but is also similar to -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi in arrangement of cyclosystems and in hosting commensal spionid polychaetes; it also has unique characteristics as mentioned above (see also Table 2). Although few colonies are known of this species, because it does present a unique set of characteristics, it is considered valid and herein elevated to species rank. The corallum was found to be 100% aragonitic according to -Cairns and Macintrye (1992) +Cairns and Macintrye (1992) . - -Distribution. -Aleutian Islands: from off Attu Island and north of Amalia Island (Andreanof Islands), including Bowers Bank; 115-366 m. - diff --git a/data/46/22/0D/46220DCD48A1EFF23F10645F79B7170F.xml b/data/46/22/0D/46220DCD48A1EFF23F10645F79B7170F.xml index be3bbd47146..09ed1d162c0 100644 --- a/data/46/22/0D/46220DCD48A1EFF23F10645F79B7170F.xml +++ b/data/46/22/0D/46220DCD48A1EFF23F10645F79B7170F.xml @@ -1,511 +1,511 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster campylecus (Fisher, 1938) + + + +Stylaster campylecus (Fisher, 1938) Figs 17 -A-D18A-M +A-D18A-M - - -Allopora campyleca + + +Allopora campyleca Fisher, 1938: 505-506, pls. 34, 36.- -Broch 1942 +Broch 1942 : 101.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 19-20.-Not -Lowenstam 1964 +Lowenstam 1964 : 382 (probably -Stylaster parageus parageus +Stylaster parageus parageus ). - -Allopora polyorchis + +Allopora polyorchis Fisher, 1938: 503-505, pl. 35, fig. 1, pl. 37, 38.- -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 581.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 27. - -Allopora campyleca tylota + +Allopora campyleca tylota Fisher, 1938: 509-510, pl. 41, figs 2-2e.- -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 580. - -Allopora moseleyana + +Allopora moseleyana Fisher, 1938: 512-514, pl. 49, fig. 2, pl. 51 (not pl. 50), pl. 53, fig. 1 (not forma leptostyla).- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 23.-? -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 577. - -Allopora campyleca campyleca + +Allopora campyleca campyleca .- -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 578. - -Stylaster campylecus + +Stylaster campylecus .- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430.-Not -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 : 100 (probably -Stylaster parageus parageus +Stylaster parageus parageus ).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 523, 524, fig. 2C.-Not -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, Table S1 (= -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi ). - -Stylaster moseleyanus + +Stylaster moseleyanus .- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 429.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 28, fig. 30.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 124137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed). - - -Stylaster + + +Stylaster polyorchis .- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430.- -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 : 100-101 (mineralogy).- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 28.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 134, 137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed).-Not -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, Table S1 (= -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi ). - -Stylaster campylecus tylotus + +Stylaster campylecus tylotus .- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 27 (listed).- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 134 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed)-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed). - -Stylaster campylecus campylecus + +Stylaster campylecus campylecus .- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 27, fig. 32.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 134 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed)- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed). - -Type material. - -Allopora campyleca + +Type material. + +Allopora campyleca : Holotype: Alb-3480, 1 dry male colony, now in two pieces, length 16 cm, and SEM stub 1524-25, 1545, USNM 42870 (Fig. 17A). Paratypes: Alb-3480, 7 dry colonies and 7 in alcohol, and SEM stub 1526, USNM 43767, 52262, 52265, 58099, and CAS 28297; Alb-2852 (missing in 2011); Alb-2858, 3 dry colonies (not considered conspecific with Stylaster campyleca); Alb-3599, 2 dry colonies (1 male is Stylaster campylecus, 1 female is Stylaster brochi), USNM 76814; Alb-4230, 1 dry male colony (not considered to be conspecific with campyleca); Alb-4302, 2 female dry colonies, USNM 76816. Type locality.Alb-3480: -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W (Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands), 518 m. - -Allopora polyorchis + +Allopora polyorchis : Holotype: Alb-3480, 1 large dry colony now in two pieces, and SEM stubs 1527-28, USNM 43266 (Fig. 17B). Paratypes: Alb-3480: about 15 dry branch fragments, USNM 76540-76542, CAS 28293. Type locality.Alb-3480: -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W (Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands), 518 m. - + Allopora campyleca tylota: Syntypes: Alb-4781, 4 dry female colonies, the largest 15 cm in height, and SEM stub 1539, USNM 43263, and 12 dry male branches, and SEM stub 1540, USNM 86000 (Fig. 17C). Type locality.Alb-4781: -52°14'30"N +52°14'30"N , -174°13'E +174°13'E (off Agattu I., Near Islands, Aleutians), 882 m. - -Allopora moseleyana + +Allopora moseleyana : Holotype: Alb-4781: 1 dry male colony now in two pieces, largest 13 cm in length, USNM 42869 (Fig. 17D). Paratypes: Alb-4781, 1 dry male colony, USNM 86003; Alb-3480, 3 female and 1 male dry colonies, and SEM stub 1519, USNM 76556, 76557; Alb-3480, 2 dry female and 1 male colonies (considered as -Stylaster leptostylus +Stylaster leptostylus ), USNM 76555. Type locality.Alb-4781: -52°14'30"N +52°14'30"N , -174°13'E +174°13'E (off Agattu I., Near Islands, Aleutians), 882 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Types of -Allopora campyleca +Allopora campyleca , -Allopora polyorchis +Allopora polyorchis , -Allopora campyleca tylota +Allopora campyleca tylota , and -Allopora moseleyana +Allopora moseleyana ; Alb-3480, numerous branch fragments (topotypic), USNM 76565; Alaskan Leader-35, -53°01'42"N +53°01'42"N , -170°05'59"W +170°05'59"W , 200-400 m, 4 Jun 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122510; Alaskan Leader 64, -53°07'N +53°07'N , -166°53'42"W +166°53'42"W , 324-766 m, 21 Jun 2002, 1 female, USNM 1122484; Alb-4781, type locality, 1 female, USNM 76700; Ballyhoo, -54°47'20"N +54°47'20"N , -178°46'53"E +178°46'53"E , 254 m, 5 Jun 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122535; Ballyhoo, -54°42.44'N +54°42.44'N , -178°46.83'E +178°46.83'E , 250 m, 5 Jun 2000, 1 female, AB00-0013; Delta, -51°50'55"N +51°50'55"N , -179°49'26"W +179°49'26"W , 125 m, 17 Jul 2002, 1 indet., USNM 1123463; Delta -Alfa +Alfa , western Aleutian Islands, depth unknown, 1961, 1 female, USNM 52447; Dominator 971-181, -51°27'43"N +51°27'43"N , -176°38'20"E +176°38'20"E , 384 m, 27 Jul 1997, 2 female, 2 male, USNM 1123363; Jason 2095-7-7, -51°48.693'N +51°48.693'N , -173°49.965'W +173°49.965'W , 843 m, 25 Jul 2004, 1 male, AB09-0013; Jason 2102-7-8, -51°30.56'N +51°30.56'N , -177°55.36'W +177°55.36'W , 824 m, 2 Aug 2004, 6 male, AB09-0012; Jason 2101-9-1, -51°31.43'N +51°31.43'N , -177°57.5'W +177°57.5'W , 494 m, 2 Aug 2004, 1 male, AB09-0015; Jason 2103 --15- +-15- 1, -51°50.968'N +51°50.968'N , -179°51.007'E +179°51.007'E , 678 m, 1 male, AB08-0037; Jason 2104-1-5, -51°43.83'N +51°43.83'N , -179°36.0'W +179°36.0'W , 1011 m, 5 Aug 2004, 1 female, 1 male, AB08-0038 and AB09-0016; MF 833-38, -51°42'54"N +51°42'54"N , -178°51'30"W +178°51'30"W , 582 m, 3 Aug 1983, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 77055; MF 833-47, -51°55'36"N +51°55'36"N , -176°52'48"W +176°52'48"W , depth unknown, 5 Aug 1983, 1 female, USNM 96529; North Pacific, -52°04'22"N +52°04'22"N , -176°58'01"E +176°58'01"E , 384 m, 20 Oct 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122539; Ocean Olympic, -52°09'06"N +52°09'06"N , -176°09'48"E +176°09'48"E , 384 m, 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122536; Pacific Knight 941-49, -52°46'N +52°46'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W , 0-340 m, 14 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96528; Pacific Knight 941-75, -52°31'N +52°31'N , -173°30'W +173°30'W , 0-213 m, 20 Jun 1994, 1 male, USNM 96527; Pacific Knight 941-204, -53°06'N +53°06'N , -171°42'E +171°42'E , 0-455 m, 31 Jul 1994, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 96249 and 1123534; Patricia Lee, -52°21'09"N +52°21'09"N , -179°32'52"E +179°32'52"E , 375 m, 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122500; Sea Storm 90, -51°36'30"N +51°36'30"N , -177°10'48"W +177°10'48"W , 202-217 m, 4 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123012; Sea Storm 91, -51°40'51"N +51°40'51"N , -177°10'49"W +177°10'49"W , 82 m, 4 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123284; Sea Storm 92, -51°33'34"N +51°33'34"N , -177°36'59"W +177°36'59"W , 367 m, 4 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, 1 male, USNM 1123028-29; Sea Storm 107, -52°10'28"N +52°10'28"N , -175°14'14"E +175°14'14"E , 214 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 female, 2 male in alcohol, USNM 1123001, -05, -31; Sea Storm 108, -52°11'32"N +52°11'32"N , -175°17'E +175°17'E , 208 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 female, 1 male, both in alcohol, USNM 1122998 and 1123041; Sea Storm 109, -52°17'16"N +52°17'16"N , -175°20'56"E +175°20'56"E , 238 m, 8 Jul 2002, 2 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1122997 and 1123536; Sea Storm 111, -52°16'20"N +52°16'20"N , -175°59'13"E +175°59'13"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 male, 1123034; Sea Storm 112, -52°15'12"N +52°15'12"N , -176°00'42"E +176°00'42"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 indet., USNM 1122999; Sea Storm 134, -52°14'38"N +52°14'38"N , -176°01'25"E +176°01'25"E , 138 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123033; Sea Storm 138, -52°13'50"N +52°13'50"N , -175°14'31"E +175°14'31"E , 146 m, 16 Jul 2002, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1122769 and 1122965; Sea Storm 148, -52°28'16"N +52°28'16"N , -173°19'10"W +173°19'10"W , 194 m, 21 Jul 2002, 2 male, USNM 1122748 and 1122752; Sea Storm 150, -52°30'47"N +52°30'47"N , -173°29'W +173°29'W , 213 m, 21 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1122758; Sea Storm 151, -52°33'40"N +52°33'40"N , -173°19'10"W +173°19'10"W , 203 m, 21 Jul 2002, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1122755-6; Sea Storm 155, -52°38'43"N +52°38'43"N , -172°16'23"W +172°16'23"W , 393-401 m, 22 Jul 2002, 2 indet., USNM 1122761, -64; Shishaldin, -54°07'N +54°07'N , -179°45'E +179°45'E , 366 m, 20 Feb 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122529; Shishaldin, -54°24'03"N +54°24'03"N , -179°36'11"E +179°36'11"E , 313 m, 25 Feb 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122532; Shishaldin, -53°56'54"N +53°56'54"N , -179°49'31"E +179°49'31"E , 318 m, 14 mar 2000, 1 indet., USNM 1122568; Chew, coll., -51°32'N +51°32'N , -179°15'E +179°15'E , 218-289 m, 1 Sep 1968, 3 female, USNM 76573 and 96532; Haaga, coll. 53, 51°24;12:N, -177°37'20"W +177°37'20"W , 12 Jun 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122515; Haaga, coll., 54, 51°45;48"N, -178°09'47"W +178°09'47"W , 441-791 m, 10 Jun 2000, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1122496 and AB02-30; McCloskey, coll., -52°03'26"N +52°03'26"N , -179°12'20"E +179°12'20"E , 475 m, 27 Apr 2000, 2 indet., USNM 1122449 and 1122461; McCloskey, coll., -52°17'45"N +52°17'45"N , -179°28'57"E +179°28'57"E , 28 May 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122964 -; +; McCloskey, coll., -51°16'46"N +51°16'46"N , -178°56'01"E +178°56'01"E , 373 m 21 May 2000, 2 indet., USNM 1122463; Miller, coll., -51°31'09"N +51°31'09"N , -176°53'14"W +176°53'14"W , 375 m, 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122498; Myer, coll., -52°15'N +52°15'N , -173°30'W +173°30'W , 208-274 m, 20 Nov 1973, 4 female, USNM 76567; Slear, coll., -52°07'54"N +52°07'54"N , -177°14'46"E +177°14'46"E , 238 m, 8 Dec 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122453; Slear, coll., -51°54'04"N +51°54'04"N , -179°17'28"E +179°17'28"E , 567 m, 9 Dec 2000, 2 female, USNM 1122450, -51; Stone, coll., -51°51.133'N +51°51.133'N , -179°50.9'E +179°50.9'E , 630 m, 8 Aug 2005, 1 female, AB05-0055; Tierny, coll., Cross Sound, Alexander Archipelago, 334 m, 30 Jul 1953, 1 indet., USNM 76569; - -Description. - + +Description. + Corallum essentially uniplanar or multiplanar, with occasional short side branches oriented perpendicular to flabellum. Branches anastomose only in larger colonies, the largest colony being the holotype of -Stylaster polyorchis +Stylaster polyorchis , which is 28 cm tall and 35 cm broad, having a massive, dense basal branch diameter of 3.9 cm (Fig. 17B). Distal branches circular to slightly flattened in cross section; larger-diameter branches often rectangular in cross section, the longer axis of the rectangle oriented perpendicular to plane of flabellum. Commensal spionid worm tubes not present. Coenosteum reticular-granular in texture, the coenosteal strips 50-55 -µm +µm in width, the slits being a discontinuous series of elongate pores about 15 -µm +µm in width; strips covered by small granules. Although generally reticulate in texture, coenosteal strips parallel and straight on exsert abaxial side of each cyclosystem (Fig. 18A). In some specimens the coenosteum is porcellaneous (polyorchis form, Fig. 18I), whereas in others (typical form, Fig. 18 -G-H +G-H ) it appears to be more porous. Coenosteum white, pale orange, and pale pink. -Cyclosystems linearly arranged on both edges of branches, as well as on anterior face, and occasionally on posterior face. Those on branch edges often closely spaced, sometimes directly adjacent to one another (Fig. 18C) or even coalescent. Cyclosystems circular, elliptical, or irregular in shape, 1.0-1.3 mm in diameter, slightly flared, and standing slightly exsert from branch; gastropores circular, 0.40-0.45 mm in diameter. Gastropore tubes cylindrical and usually slightly curved (Fig. 18M) on distal branches, such that gastrostyle tip is difficult to see; ring palisade often absent or only poorly developed. Gastrostyles lanceolate, about 0.5 mm in height, and occupying only lower quarter of gastropore tube; H:D about 2.3-2.5. Gastrostyle bears spines up to 0.4 mm in length. -Dactylotomes 0.10-0.11 mm in width; dactylostyles inconspicuous. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem is 7-17 (n = 50, average = 11.94 (σ = 2.4), mode = 10). Supernumerary dactylopores absent. Pseudosepta slender and fairly uniform in width, 0. 11-0.13 mm in width, an adcauline diastema of about twice pseudoseptal width sometimes present. - +Cyclosystems linearly arranged on both edges of branches, as well as on anterior face, and occasionally on posterior face. Those on branch edges often closely spaced, sometimes directly adjacent to one another (Fig. 18C) or even coalescent. Cyclosystems circular, elliptical, or irregular in shape, 1.0-1.3 mm in diameter, slightly flared, and standing slightly exsert from branch; gastropores circular, 0.40-0.45 mm in diameter. Gastropore tubes cylindrical and usually slightly curved (Fig. 18M) on distal branches, such that gastrostyle tip is difficult to see; ring palisade often absent or only poorly developed. Gastrostyles lanceolate, about 0.5 mm in height, and occupying only lower quarter of gastropore tube; H:D about 2.3-2.5. Gastrostyle bears spines up to 0.4 mm in length. +Dactylotomes 0.10-0.11 mm in width; dactylostyles inconspicuous. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem is 7-17 (n = 50, average = 11.94 (σ = 2.4), mode = 10). Supernumerary dactylopores absent. Pseudosepta slender and fairly uniform in width, 0. 11-0.13 mm in width, an adcauline diastema of about twice pseudoseptal width sometimes present. + Female ampullae (Fig. 18L) large, smooth, superficial hemispheres 1.0-1.1 mm in diameter, often having a lateral efferent pore about 0.25 mm in diameter. Male ampullae (Fig. 18 -A-B +A-B ) superficial swellings 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter, often clustered on anterior face. - -Remarks. - -Fisher (1938 + +Remarks. + +Fisher (1938 : 505) discussed the similarities of -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus and -Stylaster polyorchis +Stylaster polyorchis , but concluded they were different species based on six minor differences: -Stylaster polyorchis +Stylaster polyorchis had smaller cyclosystems, straighter gastropore tubes, no ridges on the inside -of +of the gastropore tube, often linked cyclosystems, a ring palisade, and wrinkled female ampullae. Based on more detailed SEM observations on many more specimens, these differences are considered to be intraspecific variation, the holotype of -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus itself having some linked cyclosystems and wrinkled female ampullae. The ring palisade is absent in most coralla, but in some specimens is weakly developed. -Stylaster campylecus tylotus +Stylaster campylecus tylotus was also compared to but differentiated from typical -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus by -Fisher (1938) +Fisher (1938) in having a more delicate corallum, a larger ring palisade, a stouter gastrostyle, larger male ampullae, and more dactylopores per cyclosystem, but closer examinations also shows all these character to be within the range of variation of typical -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus (see Table 2). Likewise, no significant differences could be found between -Stylaster moseleyanus +Stylaster moseleyanus and -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus , and thus these four taxa are considered to be the same. Interestingly, types of three of the four taxa were collected at Albatross station 3480, prompting -Fisher (1938 +Fisher (1938 : 514) to remark about "the extraordinary number of species and subspecies dredged at station 3480," considering the possibility that hybridism might be taking place. -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus and -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi are the two most commonly collected stylasterids in the Aleutian Islands. -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus can be distinguished from other Alaskan species in -Stylaster +Stylaster (Group B) by its slightly flared cyclosystems and the linearity of the coenosteal strips near the cyclosystems (Table 2). The corallum was found to be 100% aragonitic according to -Cairns and Macintrye (1992) +Cairns and Macintrye (1992) . Of 94 colonies examined, 44 are female, 39 male, and 11 indeterminate, resulting in a fairly equal sex ratio. - -Distribution. -Known from throughout the Aleutian Islands from Agattu Island to Unalaska, including Petrel and Bowers Banks, two disjunct records in Alexander Archipelago; 82-1011 m, but most records from 150-500 m. - - diff --git a/data/46/3A/F9/463AF94DD913F5640006F8A4D88B479A.xml b/data/46/3A/F9/463AF94DD913F5640006F8A4D88B479A.xml index f8e7701dbbb..d74646a68d9 100644 --- a/data/46/3A/F9/463AF94DD913F5640006F8A4D88B479A.xml +++ b/data/46/3A/F9/463AF94DD913F5640006F8A4D88B479A.xml @@ -1,308 +1,308 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Distichopora borealis Fisher, 1938 + + + +Distichopora borealis Fisher, 1938 Figs 1 -A-C2A-K +A-C2A-K - - -Distichopora borealis + + +Distichopora borealis Fisher, 1938: 543-545, pl. 70, fig. 3, pl. 71-73.- -Broch 1942 +Broch 1942 : 20.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 41 (listed).- -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 562, text-fig. 407.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 10, 27, fig. 26.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133, 137 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 529, fig. 2I.- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 107 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, and supplemental Table S1: 3 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Distichopora + +Distichopora sp. Heifetz, 2002: 22 (listed).- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133 (listed). - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype, Alb-3480, a female colony (dry) of 9 cm length (USNM 43274, Fig. 1B). Paratypes, Alb-3480, include 3 male, 4 female, 1 indeterminate dry colonies, and SEM stubs 1489-1494 (USNM 76810) and 2 dry female colonies from -Alb- +Alb- 4781 (USNM 76375). - -Type locality. - + +Type locality. + Alb-3480: -52°06'00"N +52°06'00"N , -171°45'00"W +171°45'00"W (Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands), 518 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Alaskan Leader 40, -52°09'18"N +52°09'18"N , -175°40'42"W +175°40'42"W , 174 m, 8 Jun 2002, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 1122542; Alaskan Leader 54-14, -51°44.4'N +51°44.4'N , -178°16.7'W +178°16.7'W , 567-680 m, 11 Jun 2002, 6 indet., AB02-29; Alaska Trojan, -51°24'47"N +51°24'47"N , -178°50'02"W +178°50'02"W , 640 m, 2 Feb 2000, 1 female, USNM1122447; Ballyhoo, -54°49'52"N +54°49'52"N , -178°43'14"E +178°43'14"E , 236, 7 June 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122565; Delta 5600, -52°33'47"N +52°33'47"N , -179°26'45"W +179°26'45"W , 225 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1122543; Dominator 971-181, -51°27'43"N +51°27'43"N , -178°35'20"E +178°35'20"E , 384 m, 27 Jul 1997, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 1123357; Dominator 971-219, -53°00'03"N +53°00'03"N , -172°18.86'E +172°18.86'E , 223 m, 4 Aug 1997, 1 female, 2 male, USNM 1123358; Jason2 --2103- +-2103- 7-4, -51°47.898'N +51°47.898'N , -179°57.169'E +179°57.169'E , 1267 m, 1 female, AB08-0036; MF 70, -52°03'24"N +52°03'24"N , -179°25'06"E +179°25'06"E , 174 m, 1 male, USNM 77047; Ocean Olympic, -52°04.78'N +52°04.78'N , -177°13.39'E +177°13.39'E , 256 m, 1 male, AB00-57; Ocean Olympic, -52°08.67'N +52°08.67'N , -176°35.46'E +176°35.46'E , 292 m, 1 female, AB00-21; Ommaney 8, -56°11'42"N +56°11'42"N , -135°06'31"W +135°06'31"W , 53 m, 17 Aug 2006, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1086324; Patricia Lee, -51°53.44'N +51°53.44'N , -179°47.7'E +179°47.7'E , 298 m, 1 indet., AB00-41; Sea Storm 36, -53°05'45"N +53°05'45"N , -171°41'56"E +171°41'56"E , 458 m, 19 Jun 2002, 1 female and 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1076507 and 1122770; Sea Strom 92, -51°33'34"N +51°33'34"N , -177°36'59"W +177°36'59"W , 367 m, 4 Jul 2002, 7 males, USNM 1137601, 1123541, 1122874-76; Sea Storm 93, -51°50'59"N +51°50'59"N , -178°26'02"E +178°26'02"E , 390 m, 5 Jul 2002, 2 male, USNM 1122877 and 1123287; Sea Storm 105, -52°08'59"N +52°08'59"N , -176°02'17"E +176°02'17"E , 201 m, 8 Jul 2002, 2 female in alcohol, USNM 1122884; Sea Storm 106, -52°10'46"N +52°10'46"N , -175°10'34"E +175°10'34"E , 165 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 female and 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1122885 and 1123288; Sea Storm 107, -52°10'28"N +52°10'28"N , -175°14'14"E +175°14'14"E , 214 m, 8 Jul 2002,4 female and 2 males in alcohol, USNM 1122866-70; Sea Storm 108, -52°11'32"N +52°11'32"N , -175°17'E +175°17'E , 208 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 female and 3 males, USNM 1122862-65; Sea Storm 109, -52°17'16"N +52°17'16"N , -175°20'56"E +175°20'56"E , 238 m, 8 Jul 2002, 6 female, 8 male, 3 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1122886 and 1123289; Sea Storm 122, -52°02'49"N +52°02'49"N , -175°16'54"E +175°16'54"E , 143 m, 13 Jul 2002, 2 female and 7 males, USNM 1122858-61; Sea Storm 132, -52°12'02"N +52°12'02"N , -176°05'56"E +176°05'56"E , 150 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1122854; Sea Storm 133, -52°13'40"N +52°13'40"N , -176°02'13"E +176°02'13"E , 148 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 male, 2 females in alcohol, USNM 1122855-57; Sea Storm 149, -52°30'15"N +52°30'15"N , -173°33'03"W +173°33'03"W , 239 m, 21 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1122883; Sea Storm 151, -52°33'40"N +52°33'40"N , -173°33'03"W +173°33'03"W , 203 m, 21 Jul 2002, 1 female and 2 male, USNM 1122878-80; Sea Storm 155, 52°38'43'N, -173°34'31"W +173°34'31"W , 393-401 m, 22 Jul 2002, 1 male and 1 indet., USNM 1122881-82; Shishaldin, -53°56'24"N +53°56'24"N , -179°49'31"E +179°49'31"E , 318 m, 14 Mar 2000, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 1122549; Shishaldin, -54°07'N +54°07'N , -179°45'E +179°45'E , 366 m, 20 Feb 2000, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 1122544-455; Shishaldin, -54°23'29"N +54°23'29"N , -179°19'46"E +179°19'46"E , 413 m, 12 Feb 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122548; Vesteraalen 941-165, -51°34'N +51°34'N , -178°19'E +178°19'E , 470 m, 18 Jul 1994, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 96247; Slear, coll., -51°59'52"N +51°59'52"N , -176°47'05"E +176°47'05"E , 241 m, 13 Nov 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122458; University of Washington, -51°32'N +51°32'N , -179°15'W +179°15'W , 278-289 m, 1 Sep 1968, 1 female, USNM 76377; -54°20'15"N +54°20'15"N , -133°03'19"W +133°03'19"W , 457-466 m, 1 Sep 2002, -1 +1 female, USNM 1123535; -51°13'43"N +51°13'43"N , -179°49'31"E +179°49'31"E , 465-529 m, 13 Jun 2000, 1 male, USNM 1137421. - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies usually uniplanar (Fig. 1B), but occasionally multiplanar or arborescent (Fig. 1A, C). Largest specimen examined (USNM 1122542, Fig. 1C) 11 cm tall and 20 cm broad, having a basal diameter of 3 cm, colonies broader than tall not uncommon. Base of colony broadly encrusting. Branching irregularly dichotomous, occasionally anastomotic. Large basal branches circular to elliptical in cross section, but terminal branches have flattened faces, thus rectangular in cross section. Branch tips blunt and rounded. Coenosteum white to light orange, the latter usually having branches with a white core. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, the strips being 0.10-0.14 mm in width, each strip covered with tall (22 -µm +µm tall, 9 -µm +µm in diameter), slender granules arranged 8-10 across the width of a strip. Faces of distal branches often bear longitudinal ridges (Fig. 2A, D, K), some ridges up to 4 mm in length, sometimes ending distally in what appears to be a dactylopore opening (Fig. 2D). - + Pore rows well defined (Fig. 2B), 1.0-1.3 mm in width, and restricted to lateral branch edges, although isolated rows and some irregularities may occur proximally on large colonies. Gastropores linearly arranged in a shallow sulcus, closely spaced (approximately 12-16 per cm), and circular in shape, measuring 0.33-0.41 mm in diameter. Gastropore tubes long and slightly curved, a diffuse ring palisade present near gastrostyle tip, the elements globular and about 30 -µm +µm in diameter; tabulae absent. Gastrostyles long, slender, and fragile, up to 1 mm in length and 0.09 mm in diameter, having high H:W ratios up to 8-10. Gastrostyles longitudinally ridged and bear numerous long slender spines up to 0.07 mm in length and 10-12 -µm +µm in diameter. U-shaped dactylopore spines arranged on both sides of gastropore row, but often more common on one side than the other, e.g., 18-20 dactylopore spines on one side opposite 28-40 spines on other side. Dactylopore spines up to 0.4 mm tall and 0.25-0.30 mm in width, with a dactylotome width of 0.07-0.08 mm, always directed toward or slightly obliquely to the adjacent gastropore. Dactylostyles absent. -Female ampullae (Fig. 2J) prominent, superficial, hemispherical mounds clustered on branch faces, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter. Ampullae usually covered by low ridges, either radiating from the central apex or arranged in parallel, longitudinal rows aligned with branch axis. Lateral efferent pores 0.25-0.30 mm in diameter. Male ampullae (Fig. 2K) also superficial mounds, but mostly embedded in coenosteum (internal), also occurring in clusters on branch faces. Male ampullae irregular in shape, often with an apical tip, and smaller than female ampullae (0.35-0.45 mm in diameter). +Female ampullae (Fig. 2J) prominent, superficial, hemispherical mounds clustered on branch faces, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter. Ampullae usually covered by low ridges, either radiating from the central apex or arranged in parallel, longitudinal rows aligned with branch axis. Lateral efferent pores 0.25-0.30 mm in diameter. Male ampullae (Fig. 2K) also superficial mounds, but mostly embedded in coenosteum (internal), also occurring in clusters on branch faces. Male ampullae irregular in shape, often with an apical tip, and smaller than female ampullae (0.35-0.45 mm in diameter). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Among the 26 Recent species of -Distichopora +Distichopora (see -Cairns et al. 1999 +Cairns et al. 1999 ; -Cairns 2005 +Cairns 2005 ; and -Appeltans et al. 2011 +Appeltans et al. 2011 : WoRMS database - www.marinespecies.org), the most similar is -Distichopora borealis japonica +Distichopora borealis japonica Broch, 1942, described from Sagami Bay, Japan (110 m). Although similar in gross morphology, subspecies japonica differs in coenosteal texture (porcellaneous), and in ampulla shape, each female ampulla having more than one efferent pore and the male ampullae clustered densely in a continuous mat. Also, the dactylotomes of the dactylopore spines are oriented upward to outward (away from the gastropores), not inward toward the gastropores. These differences would argue for an elevation to the specie -s +s level of this putative subspecies. The observations are based on examination of a fragment of a syntype of -Distichopora borealis japonica +Distichopora borealis japonica (USNM 76868) and additional Japanese material deposited at the NMNH (USNM 44198, 44199, 44202, and 44217). Of the 111 specimens examined, 45 are female, 53 male, and 13 indeterminate in gender. - -Distribution. -Common in the Aleutian Islands from the Near Islands to Amukta Pass, including Bowers Bank; off Cape Ommaney, Alexander Archipelago, and Dixon Entrance, Queen Charlotte Islands; 53-1267 m, the shallowest record being from Cape Ommaney. - - diff --git a/data/55/3F/70/553F70DBEB2541FB3255BE85B120B582.xml b/data/55/3F/70/553F70DBEB2541FB3255BE85B120B582.xml index b12ee587d52..8b336df0d2e 100644 --- a/data/55/3F/70/553F70DBEB2541FB3255BE85B120B582.xml +++ b/data/55/3F/70/553F70DBEB2541FB3255BE85B120B582.xml @@ -1,73 +1,73 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - + + + Genus -Crypthelia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 +Crypthelia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 - -Diagnosis. -Colonies usually uniplanar and quite delicate. Coenosteum linear-imbricate and white; nematopores common. Gastro- and dactylopores arranged in cyclosystems that are arranged unifacially on colony, only rarely on both faces; cyclosystems covered all or in part by a fixed lid. Gastropore tube double-chambered, lacking gastro- and dactylostyles. Ampullae usually superficial with a variety of locations of efferent pores. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies usually uniplanar and quite delicate. Coenosteum linear-imbricate and white; nematopores common. Gastro- and dactylopores arranged in cyclosystems that are arranged unifacially on colony, only rarely on both faces; cyclosystems covered all or in part by a fixed lid. Gastropore tube double-chambered, lacking gastro- and dactylostyles. Ampullae usually superficial with a variety of locations of efferent pores. - -Discussion. - -Crypthelia + +Discussion. + +Crypthelia is the second-most species-rich genus in the family, currently boasting 31 Recent and one fossil species ( -Appeltans et al. 2011 +Appeltans et al. 2011 : www.marinespecies.org). They are easily recognized by the prominent fixed lid that covers each cyclosystem. They are more characteristic of deep water environment and hold the record for the deepest stylasterid species. - -Type species. - -Crypthelia pudica + +Type species. + +Crypthelia pudica Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849, by monotypy. - -Distribution. -Eocene to Recent: cosmopolitan, but not off continental Antarctica, 183-2789 m. + +Distribution. +Eocene to Recent: cosmopolitan, but not off continental Antarctica, 183-2789 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBCFFE5FF248EA9A68225EC.xml b/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBCFFE5FF248EA9A68225EC.xml index f24fead78bc..b147b4a91d5 100644 --- a/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBCFFE5FF248EA9A68225EC.xml +++ b/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBCFFE5FF248EA9A68225EC.xml @@ -1,41 +1,42 @@ - - - -Checklist of digenean parasites of amphibians and reptiles from Argentina + + + +Checklist of digenean parasites of amphibians and reptiles from Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Lunaschi, Lía I. +Lunaschi, Lía I. - - -Author + + +Author -Drago, Fabiana B. +Drago, Fabiana B. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2007 - -1476 + +2007 + +1476 - -51 -68 + +51 +68 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.176772 -acf6680f-894e-469e-87e0-27aaef0d5a28 -1175-5326 -176772 +journal article +49669 +10.5281/zenodo.176772 +acf6680f-894e-469e-87e0-27aaef0d5a28 +1175-5326 +176772 @@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ Ruiz, 1943 Hosts and records: - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ Cope 1862 ( ) , - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) diff --git a/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBFFFE9FF248E65A687235D.xml b/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBFFFE9FF248E65A687235D.xml index a4e735524a5..523f96f4f4f 100644 --- a/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBFFFE9FF248E65A687235D.xml +++ b/data/65/42/44/65424420FFBFFFE9FF248E65A687235D.xml @@ -1,41 +1,42 @@ - - - -Checklist of digenean parasites of amphibians and reptiles from Argentina + + + +Checklist of digenean parasites of amphibians and reptiles from Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Lunaschi, Lía I. +Lunaschi, Lía I. - - -Author + + +Author -Drago, Fabiana B. +Drago, Fabiana B. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2007 - -1476 + +2007 + +1476 - -51 -68 + +51 +68 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.176772 -acf6680f-894e-469e-87e0-27aaef0d5a28 -1175-5326 -176772 +journal article +49669 +10.5281/zenodo.176772 +acf6680f-894e-469e-87e0-27aaef0d5a28 +1175-5326 +176772 @@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ Hosts and records: (Cope, 1862) (BA), - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ Boero Host and record: - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ Peracca 1897 ( ) , - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -403,7 +404,7 @@ Hosts and records: (Günther, 1858) (BA), - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -428,7 +429,7 @@ References: Host and record: - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -468,7 +469,7 @@ Hosts and records: Cope, 1862 (F), - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) @@ -627,7 +628,7 @@ Pereira, 1928 Hosts and records: - + Waglerophis merremi (Wagler 1824) diff --git a/data/6E/5B/32/6E5B321FFFB3FFEE74ECF90CC4B7FE7E.xml b/data/6E/5B/32/6E5B321FFFB3FFEE74ECF90CC4B7FE7E.xml index c42e105d6f2..226ecf1c799 100644 --- a/data/6E/5B/32/6E5B321FFFB3FFEE74ECF90CC4B7FE7E.xml +++ b/data/6E/5B/32/6E5B321FFFB3FFEE74ECF90CC4B7FE7E.xml @@ -1,76 +1,76 @@ - - - -Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: Taxa excluded from Astiotrema (sensu stricto) with special reference to plagiorchioid genera closely related to the restricted concept of Astiotrema + + + +Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: Taxa excluded from Astiotrema (sensu stricto) with special reference to plagiorchioid genera closely related to the restricted concept of Astiotrema - - -Author + + +Author -Karar, Yasser F. M. -Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, New Valley University, Kharga, New Valley, Egypt. & Research Associate, Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A. +Karar, Yasser F. M. +Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, New Valley University, Kharga, New Valley, Egypt. & Research Associate, Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Blend, Charles K. -Corpus Christi Museum of Science & History, 1900 N. Chaparral St., Corpus Christi, Texas 78401, U. S. A. & Laboratory of Parasitology, Biodiversity Research & Teaching Collection, Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A. +Blend, Charles K. +Corpus Christi Museum of Science & History, 1900 N. Chaparral St., Corpus Christi, Texas 78401, U. S. A. & Laboratory of Parasitology, Biodiversity Research & Teaching Collection, Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Dronen, Norman O. -Laboratory of Parasitology, Biodiversity Research & Teaching Collection, Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A. & The Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A +Dronen, Norman O. +Laboratory of Parasitology, Biodiversity Research & Teaching Collection, Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A. & The Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -Adel, Asmaa -Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt. +Adel, Asmaa +Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2023 - -2023-05-12 + +2023 + +2023-05-12 - -5284 + +5284 - -3 + +3 - -445 -495 + +445 +495 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.2 -journal article -57315 -10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.2 -ef345052-79d9-488e-8753-677b445f3d5f -1175-5326 -7929507 -DA6684D9-508D-47A3-ACD9-D36A201086C3 +journal article +57315 +10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.2 +ef345052-79d9-488e-8753-677b445f3d5f +1175-5326 +7929507 +DA6684D9-508D-47A3-ACD9-D36A201086C3 - + Genus - + Longigula Qiu, Zhang & Li, 1983 @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Qiu . (1983) established - + Longigula within the @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ within the to include two species: the type species, - + Longigula auris Qiu, Zhang & Li, 1983 @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ species, [Gray]), from Suixian County, China , as well as - + Longigula papillus Qiu, Zhang & Li, 1983 @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ from the intestine of the snake-eating, yellow-margined box or golden-headed tur ( sensu stricto ), - + Longigula exhibits the same morphology, in particular, possessing a unipartite sacciform seminal vesicle within the cirrus-pouch (see @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ Karar ). Based on the nature of the seminal vesicle within the Plagiorchiidae (bipartite, tubular or coiled) either at the expanded or restricted levels, we find - + Longigula does not resemble plagiorchiids; it appears most closely related to diff --git a/data/72/DA/C5/72DAC521A258DBB10F5FF32D12D53EA4.xml b/data/72/DA/C5/72DAC521A258DBB10F5FF32D12D53EA4.xml index f4b24d65872..43e2985a63e 100644 --- a/data/72/DA/C5/72DAC521A258DBB10F5FF32D12D53EA4.xml +++ b/data/72/DA/C5/72DAC521A258DBB10F5FF32D12D53EA4.xml @@ -1,359 +1,359 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Errinopora nanneca Fisher, 1938 + + + +Errinopora nanneca Fisher, 1938 Figs 5B, -G-I10A-K +G-I10A-K - - -Errinopora nanneca + + +Errinopora nanneca Fisher, 1938: 538-539, pl. 66, fig. 1, pl. 67, pl. 69, figs 2, 2a.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 57.- -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 559, fig. 404.- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 462.- -Cairns et al. 1999 +Cairns et al. 1999 : 43 (listed).- -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 : 100-101 (mineralogy).- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Lindner 2005 +Lindner 2005 : 87 (redescription, key), 103-106, figs 4.2E, 4.8, 4.15.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133, 137 (listed).-Wing and Barnard 2005: 27 (listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 528, figs 2G, 3C.- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 107 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, and supplemental Table S1: 3 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Errinopora nannacea + +Errinopora nannacea : -Cairns 1983a +Cairns 1983a : 127 (incorrect spelling). - -Errinopora nummeca + +Errinopora nummeca : -Lowe 1967 +Lowe 1967 : 83 (incorrect spelling). - -Errinopora pourtalesi + +Errinopora pourtalesi : -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 58, fig. 28 (USNM 1123450). - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype: Alb-3599, a dry female colony 13 cm in height, USNM 42875 (Fig. 5B). Paratypes: Alb-3599, 6 colonies, including that figured by -Fisher (1938 +Fisher (1938 : plate 67), 4 female, 1 male, 1 indet., all dry, USNM 52263. All other specimens mentioned by Fisher from Alb-3599 and 4777 are expressed excluded from type status -according +according to -ICZN (1999) +ICZN (1999) article 72.4.6. Type locality.Alb-3599: -52°05'N +52°05'N , -177°40'E +177°40'E (off Kiska Island, Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands), 101 m, 9 Jun 1894. - + Material examined.Alb-3480, -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W , 517 m, 8 Jul 1891, 1 indet., part of type series of Errinopora zarhyncha, ex. USNM 52247; Alb-3599, type locality, 8 female, 8 male, USNM 52248; Alb-4777, -52°11'N +52°11'N , -179°49'E +179°49'E , 95 m, 5 Jun 1906, 11 female, 7 male, USNM 44070, 52249, 60299, and 62715; Alaskan Leader 35, -53°01'48"N +53°01'48"N , -170°06'12"W +170°06'12"W , 172-178 m, 4 Jun 2002, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1123451 and 1123532; Alaskan Leader 54, -51°45'48"N +51°45'48"N , -179°06'08"E +179°06'08"E , 90-467 m, 11 Jun 2002, -1 +1 female, USNM 1123378; Delta, -51°13'30"N +51°13'30"N , -179°53'17" E +179°53'17" E , 40 m, 16 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123377; Delta 5599, -52°33.47'N +52°33.47'N , -179°26.44'E +179°26.44'E , 225 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123452; Delta 5605, -51°50'55"N +51°50'55"N , -179°48'13"W +179°48'13"W , 125 m, 17 Jul 2002, 1 male, 4 indet., USNM 1123450 and 1123462; Delta 5607, -51°23'57"N +51°23'57"N , -179°48'35"W +179°48'35"W , 182 m, 16 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1123459; Delta 5620, -51°57'40"N +51°57'40"N , -176°00'42"E +176°00'42"E , 150 m, 24 Jul 2002, 2 female with fragments in alcohol, USNM 1027820 and 1123510; Delta 5622, -51°57.5'N +51°57.5'N , -176°50.1'W +176°50.1'W , 140 m, 24 Jul 2002, 2 female, 1 male, and fragments in alcohol, USNM 1123468, 1123472, and 1123472; Delta 5625, -51°57.7'N +51°57.7'N , -176°50.2'W +176°50.2'W , 130 m, 25 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1123473; MF 833-47, -51°55'36"N +51°55'36"N , -176°52'48"W +176°52'48"W , 201 m, 5 Aug 1983, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 77049; MF 833-49, -52°00.2'N +52°00.2'N , -176°21.4'W +176°21.4'W , 115 m, 5 Aug 1983, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 77031; MF 833-56, -52°02'06"N +52°02'06"N , -176°22'36"W +176°22'36"W , 249 m, 6 Aug 1983, 1 female, USNM 77044; MF 833-69, -52°02.8'N +52°02.8'N , -179°27.2'E +179°27.2'E , 63 m, 25 Aug 1983, 1 indet., in alcohol, USNM 77030; Pacific Knight 941-61, -52°17'N +52°17'N , -173°06'W +173°06'W , 0-143 m, 17 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96254; Sea Storm 86, -51°36'21"N +51°36'21"N , -176°17'39"W +176°17'39"W , 345 m, 3 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1123475; Sea Storm 92, -51°33'34"N +51°33'34"N , -177°40'W +177°40'W , 367 m, 4 Jul 2002, 3 female, 3 male, USNM 1123529, 1123469-70, and 1123376; Sea Storm 100, -51°42'59"N +51°42'59"N , -175°47'07"E +175°47'07"E , 86 m, 7 Jul 2002, 1 indet., in alcohol, USNM 1123520; Sea Storm 105, -52°08'59"N +52°08'59"N , -175°06'47"E +175°06'47"E , 201 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123519; Sea Storm 108, -52°11'32"N +52°11'32"N , -175°17'E +175°17'E , 208 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123517; Sea Storm 111, -52°16'20"N +52°16'20"N , -175°59'13"E +175°59'13"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123518; Sea Storm 112, -52°15'12"N +52°15'12"N , -176°00'42"E +176°00'42"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123512; Sea Storm 114, -52°02'29"N +52°02'29"N , -177°39'E +177°39'E , 130 m, 10 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123515; Sea Storm 115, -52°04'16"N +52°04'16"N , -177°19'04"E +177°19'04"E , 165 m, 10 Jul 2002, 2 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123474 and 1123513; Sea Storm 116, -52°04'10"N +52°04'10"N , -177°14.4'E +177°14.4'E , 87-94 m, 11 Jul 2002, 5 male, 1 indet., USNM 1123516; Sea Storm 118, -52°00'14"N +52°00'14"N , -177°19'04"E +177°19'04"E , 104-111 m, 11 Jul 2002, 2 female, 2 male, USNM 1123375 and 1123471; Sea Storm 122, -52°02'49"N +52°02'49"N , -179°25'18"E +179°25'18"E , 143 m, 13 Jul 2002, 1 indet., USNM 1123511; Sea Storm 126, -52°13'22"N +52°13'22"N , -179°49'26"W +179°49'26"W , 115 m, 13 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1123466; Sea Storm 128, -52°03'22"N +52°03'22"N , -179°48.13'W +179°48.13'W , 242 m, 14 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1123374; Sea Storm 157, -52°12'35"N +52°12'35"N , -172°12'20"W +172°12'20"W , 348 m, 23 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1123467; Vesteraalen 941-50, -52°34'N +52°34'N , -170°40'W +170°40'W , 0-88 m, 13 Jun 1994, 3 female, 3 male, USNM 96252 and 1138188; Vesteraalen 941-59, -52°12'N +52°12'N , -172°12'W +172°12'W , 0-360 m, 14 Jun 1994, 3 male, USNM 96251 and 1123514; Vesteraalen 941-61, -52°05'N +52°05'N , -172°26'W +172°26'W , 0-156 m, 15 Jun 1994, 5 female, USNM 96253; Vesteraalen 941-151, -52°11'N +52°11'N , -179°44'E +179°44'E , 0-151 m, 10 Jul 1994, 1 indet., USNM 96257; Vesteraalen 941-153, -52°10'N +52°10'N , -179°43'E +179°43'E , 0-94 m, 10 Jul 1994, 1 female, 4 indet., USNM 96531; Vesteraalen 941-154, -52°04'N +52°04'N , -179°47'E +179°47'E , 0-254 m, 11 Jul 1994, 1 male, USNM 96258; Vesteraalen 941-163, -51°37'N +51°37'N , -178°25'E +178°25'E , 0-155 m, 18 Jul 1994, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 96256; Vesteraalen 941-185, -52°04'N +52°04'N , -176°30'E +176°30'E , 0-91 m, 24 Jul 1994, 1 male, USNM 96255;Vesteraalen 3, -52°37'48"N +52°37'48"N , -169°47'16"W +169°47'16"W , 80 m, 21 May -2001 +2001 , 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1123368; Gulf of Alaska, 219 m, 1 indet., USNM 77414; Renfro, coll., -52°02'17"N +52°02'17"N , -179°25'21"E +179°25'21"E , 236 m, 5 Apr 2000, 1 female, USNM 1123455; -52°18'N +52°18'N , -179°48'35"W +179°48'35"W , 490 m, 28 May 2000, 1 indet., USNM 1123457. - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies quite variable in shape. Most colonies examined uniplanar, consisting of irregularly dichotomous, non-anastomotic branching (e.g., the holotype, Fig. 5B). The opposite extreme is multilobate and multiplanar colonies (Fig. 5H), composed of thin blades of corallum set in a three dimensional arrangement. Virtually all intergrades in colony shape were observed, including some having both large flattened lobes and slender branches (Fig. 5G). Tallest colony examined (USNM 96252) 21 cm in height with a basal branch diameter of 3.5 cm, but a broken colony having a basal diameter of 4 cm (USNM 1123516) implies an even larger size. Although distal branches often circular in cross section, more often they are somewhat compressed in branching plane. Parasitic spionid polychaete worms often form tubes along axis of branches, Fig. 8 in cross section. Coenosteum reticulate-spinose, the narrow strips only about 60 -µm +µm wide and bordered by slits of equal width, each strip bearing irregularly unilinearly arranged spines, altogether producing a porous or rough coenosteal texture. Coenosteum light orange to light pink. - + Dactylopore spines isolated or arranged in transverse to oblique rows on distal branches, their dactylotomes facing upward (abcauline), their edges often fusing with edges of adjacent dactylopore spines. On more proximal branches and the basal branch, dactylopore spines fewer in number, and arranged in pseudocyclosystems, short rows, isolated, or as circles around small islands of 2-5 gastropores. Dactylopore spines strongly favor one face of corallum, and are much less common on opposite face. Dactylopore spines relatively small, only about 0.4 mm in maximum height and 0.30-0.35 mm in width, the dactylotome occupying middle third. Small (40-115 -µm +µm in diameter) secondary dactylopores flush with coenosteum common. Outer surface of dactylopore spines prominently ridged; inner surface bears a moderately robust dactylostyle (40-50 -µm +µm in width, Fig. 10 -J-K +J-K ) composed of elements up to 18 -µm +µm tall and 7 -µm +µm in diameter. - + Gastropores circular and flush with coenosteum, 0.15-0.44 mm in diameter, the average about 0.20 mm. Gastropore tube cylindrical, without a ring palisade. Gastrostyles lanceolate, up to 0.55 mm in height, bearing spinose longitudinal, sometimes anastomosing, ridges that themselves bear small spines up to 32 -µm +µm long and 8 -µm +µm in diameter. Smaller secondary gastropores, lacking gastrostyles, also present, these 0.11-0.19 mm in diameter. -Female ampullae (Fig. 10C) large hemispheres 1.1-1.8 mm in diameter, occurring fairly densely and equally on both corallum faces. Dactylopore spines often occur on female ampullae. Efferent pores rarely observed, but are lateral and up to 0.5 mm in diameter. Male ampullae smaller mounds 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter, clustered, and somewhat irregular in shape. Both types of ampullae porous, like the coenosteum. +Female ampullae (Fig. 10C) large hemispheres 1.1-1.8 mm in diameter, occurring fairly densely and equally on both corallum faces. Dactylopore spines often occur on female ampullae. Efferent pores rarely observed, but are lateral and up to 0.5 mm in diameter. Male ampullae smaller mounds 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter, clustered, and somewhat irregular in shape. Both types of ampullae porous, like the coenosteum. - -Remarks. - -Errinopora nanneca + +Remarks. + +Errinopora nanneca is one of three species in the genus having a predominantly unilateral arrangement of dactylopore spines in which only one row of laterally fused spines (usually proximal to gastropores) have their dactylotomes facing -a +a gastropore or gastropore row, the other species being -Errinopora zarhyncha +Errinopora zarhyncha and -Errinopora dichotoma +Errinopora dichotoma (see Dichotomous Key and Table 1). -Errinopora nanneca +Errinopora nanneca is distinguished from -Errinopora zarhyncha +Errinopora zarhyncha in the account of the latter species, but differs from -Errinopora dichotoma +Errinopora dichotoma in having shorter dactylopore spines and smaller gastropores, uniplanar colonies, and prominently ridged dactylopore spines. Of the 126 specimens examined, 58 are female, 42 male, and 26 indeterminate in gender. The corallum was found to be 100% calcitic according to -Cairns and Macintrye (1992) +Cairns and Macintrye (1992) . - -Distribution. -Aleutian Islands from eastern Rat Islands to Islands of Four Mountains, including Petrel Bank; 40-517 m. - diff --git a/data/7D/09/58/7D0958D971D8614B00DA843E606B4BB2.xml b/data/7D/09/58/7D0958D971D8614B00DA843E606B4BB2.xml index edb0d5463c1..547331fb0ae 100644 --- a/data/7D/09/58/7D0958D971D8614B00DA843E606B4BB2.xml +++ b/data/7D/09/58/7D0958D971D8614B00DA843E606B4BB2.xml @@ -1,125 +1,125 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster elassotomus Fisher, 1938 + + + +Stylaster elassotomus Fisher, 1938 Figs 21C25 -A-G +A-G - - -Stylaster elassotomus + + +Stylaster elassotomus Fisher, 1938: 499-500, pl. 41, fig. 3, pl. 42, figs 1-1c, pl. 49, fig. 1.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 7.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11 (key), 28.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 134, 137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed). - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype: 1 dry male colony, and SEM stub 1507, USNM 43268 (Fig. 21C). The pale pink paratype 5 cm in length (USNM 86007) mentioned by Fisher is an unidentified -Stylaster +Stylaster having little in common with the holotype. Type locality.Albatross 4781, -52°14'30"N +52°14'30"N , -174°13'E +174°13'E (off Agattu Island), 882 m. - -Material examined. -Types. - + +Material examined. +Types. + Description. Holotype (Fig. 21C) colony bushy, 5.5 cm tall and 4.5 cm wide, attached by a basal branch 6 mm in diameter. Branches do not anastomose and are circular in cross section. Coenosteum reticular-granular in texture, the strips 55-60 -µm +µm in width, separated by slits 10-14 -µm +µm wide; strips covered with small angular granules. Spionid worm tubes absent. Coenosteum white. - + Cyclosystems circular to slightly elliptical, 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter, arranged exclusively on branch edges in an alternating fashion, most projecting perpendicular to branch. Gastropores circular and quite large (0.5-0.6 mm in diameter), occupying up to 55% of cyclosystem diameter (Fig. 25F). Gastropore tube cylindrical, curved, and long, such that gastrostyle tip is rarely seen when viewed from above (Fig. 25A). A delicate ring palisade (Fig. 25 -C-D +C-D ) occurs near gastrostyle tip, composed of slender cylindrical elements up to 60 -µm +µm long and 25 -µm +µm in diameter. Gastrostyle slender (H:D -= += 4.4), the illustrated style 0.53 mm in height, occupying lower quarter of gastropore tube (Fig. 25A). - + Dactylotomes 60-80 -µm +µm wide but very short as well as having short internal slits, thus contributing to the large size of the gastropore tube (Fig. 25F); dactylostyles inconspicuous. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 11-17 (n = 21, average = 14.40 (σ = 1.36), and mode = 15). Supernumerary dactylopores common (Fig. 25B), 70-100 -µm +µm in diameter. Pseudosepta same width as dactylotomes; diastemas rare. -Female ampullae unknown. Male ampullae (Fig. 25G) hemispherical, 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter. +Female ampullae unknown. Male ampullae (Fig. 25G) hemispherical, 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter. - - -Remarks + + +Remarks . - + Despite access to a diverse stylasterid collection from the Aleutian Islands, no unequivocal additional specimens could be identified as -Stylaster elassotomus +Stylaster elassotomus , even the paratype of the species not considered to be conspecific. Its distinctive characteristics of having a highly curved gastropore tube, slender ring palisade elements, and a very large gastropore surrounded by very short dactylotomes and pseudosepta distinguish it from all other Alaskan species (see Table 2). - -Distribution. -Known only from type locality. - diff --git a/data/86/39/56/863956AE0CBDF8E75EF778B6CC8DA09D.xml b/data/86/39/56/863956AE0CBDF8E75EF778B6CC8DA09D.xml index 564ecc932ea..2f2f2b6a67a 100644 --- a/data/86/39/56/863956AE0CBDF8E75EF778B6CC8DA09D.xml +++ b/data/86/39/56/863956AE0CBDF8E75EF778B6CC8DA09D.xml @@ -1,125 +1,125 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster stejnegeri (Fisher, 1938) + + + +Stylaster stejnegeri (Fisher, 1938) Figs 11C14 -A-J +A-J - - -Allopora stejnegeri + + +Allopora stejnegeri Fisher, 1938: 518-519, pl. 42, figs 2-2b, pl. 56.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 28. - -Stylaster stejnegeri + +Stylaster stejnegeri : -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 429.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 28.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 " 134, 137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed). - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype, 1 female colony, and SEM stub 1500, dry, USNM 43271 (Fig. 11C). Type locality.Albatross 4777: -52°11'N +52°11'N , -179°49'E +179°49'E (Petrel Bank, Aleutian Islands), 79-95 m. - -Material examined. -Holotype. + +Material examined. +Holotype. - -Description.. - + +Description.. + The holotype (Fig. 11C) is a small, arborescent colony 6 cm in height and 7 cm in width, with a basal branch diameter of 9.3 mm. Branches cylindrical and blunt tipped, the tips measuring 3-5 mm in diameter. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, coenosteal strips 50-55 -µm +µm wide, separated by slits 13-15 -µm +µm wide. Coenosteum also covered with small papillae (nematopores). Binary spionid worm tubes present along branch axes. Coenosteum light orange to pink. - + Cyclosystems on all sides of branches, circular, 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter. Gastropores circular, 0.35-0.45 mm in diameter. Gastropore tube cylindrical and usually -slightly +slightly curved such that gastrostyle tip is not visible from apical view; ring palisade absent. Gastrostyle lanceolate. -Cyclosystems flush to only slightly raised above coenosteum; surface of pseudosepta porous. Dactylotome width 0.08-0.11 m. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystems 5-11 (n = 50, average = 6.46 (σ = 1.03), and mode = 6). Small (0.11-0.14 mm diameter), circular supernumerary dactylopores fairly common (Fig. 14A-C). Dactylostyles rudimentary (Fig. 14H). - +Cyclosystems flush to only slightly raised above coenosteum; surface of pseudosepta porous. Dactylotome width 0.08-0.11 m. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystems 5-11 (n = 50, average = 6.46 (σ = 1.03), and mode = 6). Small (0.11-0.14 mm diameter), circular supernumerary dactylopores fairly common (Fig. 14A-C). Dactylostyles rudimentary (Fig. 14H). + Female ampullae (Fig. 14A, -I-J +I-J ) superficial hemispheres up to 1.1 mm in diameter, often bearing low ridges radiating from their apex. Male ampullae unknown. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Although only one specimen is known of this species, it does appear to be distinctive. Perhaps most similar to -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi , it differs from that species in having flush cyclosystems, fewer dactylopores per cyclosystem, and ridged female ampullae (Table 2). - -Distribution. -Known only from one specimen from the type locality. - diff --git a/data/96/21/28/96212870EDF6FBB2610E03D0575677D9.xml b/data/96/21/28/96212870EDF6FBB2610E03D0575677D9.xml index 5fddbeb7959..a0659b79b7c 100644 --- a/data/96/21/28/96212870EDF6FBB2610E03D0575677D9.xml +++ b/data/96/21/28/96212870EDF6FBB2610E03D0575677D9.xml @@ -1,193 +1,193 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Errinopora zarhyncha Fisher, 1938 + + + +Errinopora zarhyncha Fisher, 1938 Figs 5E9 -A-L +A-L - - -Errinopora zarhyncha + + +Errinopora zarhyncha Fisher, 1938: 539-541, pl. 68, pl. 69, fig. 1.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 58.-Thomson and Chow 1955: 23, 30 (mineralogy).-Not -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 559.- -Lowenstam 1964 +Lowenstam 1964 : 377 (mineralogy).- -Lowe 1967 +Lowe 1967 : 82.- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 462.- -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 : 100-101 (mineralogy).- -Cairns et al. 1999 +Cairns et al. 1999 : 43 (listed).- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 :27, 57, fig. 27.- -Lindner 2005 +Lindner 2005 : 123-127, fig. 4.2D, 4.10, 4.20 (redescription, key). -- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +- +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133, 137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, and supplemental Table S1: 3 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Errinopora zarhincha + +Errinopora zarhincha : -Lowenstam 1964 +Lowenstam 1964 : 382-383 (misspelling). - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype, Alb-3480, a dry male colony 14 cm in height, USNM 42874 (Fig. 5E). Paratypes: Alb-3480, 3 dry female branches, USNM 52247; Alb-3480, 1 branch, CAS 28186. Type locality.Alb-3480: -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W (Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands), 518 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Shishaldin, 53°56'24'N, -179°49'31"E +179°49'31"E , 318 m, 14 May 2000, 1 male, USNM 1123447; Shishaldin, -54°54'05"N +54°54'05"N , -178°37.27'E +178°37.27'E , 410 m, 11 Feb 2000, 3 female branches, and SEM stubs 1542-43, USNM 1123448; Vesteraalen 941-59, -52°02'00"N +52°02'00"N , -172°12'W +172°12'W , 658 m, 14 Jun 1994, 3 branches of a female colony, both dry and in alcohol, USNM 96234; Vesteraalen 941-62, -51°58'N +51°58'N , -172°40'W +172°40'W , 207 m, 15 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96233; Vesteraalen, -51°13'17"N +51°13'17"N , -179°05'57"E +179°05'57"E , 488 m, 4 Jun 2000, 1 male, USNM 1071915; -51°13'43"N +51°13'43"N , -179°49'31"E +179°49'31"E , 465-529 m, 13 Jun 2000, large male colony, USNM 1123446; Types. - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies uniplanar or multiplanar, robust, with fairly close dichotomous branching, leaving little space between branches; branch anastomosis occurs but uncommon. Largest colony 26 cm in height and 27 cm in width, with a massive basal branch 4.3 cm in diameter (USNM 1123446). Branches circular to slightly flattened in cross section, attenuating to thick (7-15 mm in diameter), blunt tips. Parasitic spionid polychaete worms form tubes along branch axes in two colonies (USNM 96233, 96234), the tubes Fig. 8 in cross section. Coenosteum quite porous in texture (Fig. 9 -E-H +E-H ), consisting of a reticulum of thin (25 -µm +µm ), spinose ridges, separated by wide slits or series of pores. This texture also present on ampullae and dactylopore spines, in the latter the coenosteal strips forming longitudinal ridges. Coenosteum orange. - + Dactylopore spines occur on all branch surfaces and are quite variable in orientation, sometimes forming rows of 10-13 spines laterally fused into a short tier on one side of a pore row (unilaterally), the dactylotomes usually facing upward (abcauline), but dactylopore spines also oriented with their dactylotomes facing downward (adcauline) or laterally, and occasionally are isolated; compound dactylopore spines common. Dactylopore spines quite large and thick-walled, up to 3 mm in height and 1.5 mm in width, the dactylotome occupying one-fourth to one-third width of spine; exterior surface longitudinally ridged. Small, circular, flush secondary dactylopores, measuring only 0.08-0.11 mm in diameter, occur on walls of dactylopore spines, often several on each spine. Whereas dactylopore spines are quite large, dactylostyles are small and thin, only about 30-35 um in width, bearing short spines up to 23 -µm +µm in length and 14 -µm +µm in diameter. - + Gastropores circular and quite variable in size, up to 1.1 mm in diameter, often arranged linearly in valleys created by adjacent rows of dactylopores. Large gastropores often sit directly adjacent to much smaller ones; secondary gastropores about 0.38 mm in diameter. Gastropore fairly shallow, lacking a ring palisade, affording an easy view of base of pore, as the gastrostyle occupies only a small part of gastropore cavity. Ga -strostyles +strostyles lanceolate and slender, up to 0.9 mm in height, and bear longitudinal anastomosing ridges, the gastrostyle size commensurate with diameter of gastropore tube. - + Female ampullae inconspicuous (Fig. 9J) and not common, rarely seen in cross section branch fracture. Female ampullae hemispherical, often overshadowed by tall -dactylopore +dactylopore spines or becoming incorporated into dactylopore spines. Efferent pores elusive; when detectable they are lateral in position, and about 0.7 mm in diameter, but more often a spent female ampulla lacks its upper half or is simply a crater in the coenosteum, a function of its thin, porous coenosteal cover. Male ampullae equally inconspicuous (Fig. 9C), roughly hemispherical, highly porous, and only about 0.6-0.7 mm in diameter. - -Remarks. - -Errinopora zarhyncha + +Remarks. + +Errinopora zarhyncha is one of three species in the genus having a predominantly unilateral arrangement of dactylopore spines in which only one row of laterally fused spines (usually the proximal row) have their dactylotomes facing a gastropore or gastropore row, the other species being -Errinopora nanneca +Errinopora nanneca and -Errinopora dichotoma +Errinopora dichotoma (see Dichotomous Key and Table 1). -Errinopora zarhyncha +Errinopora zarhyncha differs from the other two species in having very tall dactylopore spines, relatively small dactylostyles, large robust colonies, and gastropore tubes that are much larger than their gastrostyles (see Dichotomous Key and Table 1). -Naumov (1960) +Naumov (1960) reported this species from the Kurile Islands, but based on his description in which he reports gastropore diameters of only 0.20-0.25 mm and dactylopore spines only 0.6 mm in height, we conclude that he is referring to a different, and as yet unknown species. Of the 8 lots of specimens examined, 4 are female, and 4 male. Coralla were determined to be calcitic by -Thompson and Chow (1955) +Thompson and Chow (1955) and -Cairns and Macintrye (1992) +Cairns and Macintrye (1992) . - -Distribution. -Endemic to Aleutian Islands in a somewhat disjunct distribution: Amchitka Pass, Bowers Bank, and off Seguam Island; 207-658 m. - diff --git a/data/99/D6/BB/99D6BB1A328CB7C47D24C361C63E8F55.xml b/data/99/D6/BB/99D6BB1A328CB7C47D24C361C63E8F55.xml index 912b2761662..310ec7776be 100644 --- a/data/99/D6/BB/99D6BB1A328CB7C47D24C361C63E8F55.xml +++ b/data/99/D6/BB/99D6BB1A328CB7C47D24C361C63E8F55.xml @@ -1,78 +1,78 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - + + + Genus -Distichopora Lamarck, 1816 +Distichopora Lamarck, 1816 - -Diagnosis. -Colonies usually flabellate, with blunt branch tips. Coenosteum reticulate-granular and of many colors. Gastropores aligned along branch edge or, more rarely, meandering in lines on colony faces, the gastropore rows flanked (usually on both sides) by rows of horseshoe-shaped dactylopore spines. Gastro- and dactylopore tubes axial, extending along branch axis. Dactylostyles absent. Gastrostyles elongate (needle-shaped), often stabilized by transverse tabulae; a diffuse ring palisade sometimes present. Ampullae usually superficial and clustered. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies usually flabellate, with blunt branch tips. Coenosteum reticulate-granular and of many colors. Gastropores aligned along branch edge or, more rarely, meandering in lines on colony faces, the gastropore rows flanked (usually on both sides) by rows of horseshoe-shaped dactylopore spines. Gastro- and dactylopore tubes axial, extending along branch axis. Dactylostyles absent. Gastrostyles elongate (needle-shaped), often stabilized by transverse tabulae; a diffuse ring palisade sometimes present. Ampullae usually superficial and clustered. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + Equally diverse in tropical and temperate waters as well as in shallow and deep environments, -Distichopora +Distichopora is known from 26 Recent species and two fossil species (see -Appeltans et al. 2001 +Appeltans et al. 2001 : WoRMS data base: www.marinespecies.org). The genus was revised by -Boschma (1959) +Boschma (1959) and -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) . - -Type species. - -Millepora violacea + +Type species. + +Millepora violacea Pallas, 1766, by monotypy. - -Distribution. -Eocene to Recent: cosmopolitan except for off Antarctica, 1-806 m. + +Distribution. +Eocene to Recent: cosmopolitan except for off Antarctica, 1-806 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/B9/25/33/B92533A35A118CB32A0876F4216FC530.xml b/data/B9/25/33/B92533A35A118CB32A0876F4216FC530.xml index 7dca24f69eb..0d66a4fead9 100644 --- a/data/B9/25/33/B92533A35A118CB32A0876F4216FC530.xml +++ b/data/B9/25/33/B92533A35A118CB32A0876F4216FC530.xml @@ -1,297 +1,297 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - - -Stylaster + + + + +Stylaster alaskanus Fisher, 1938 Figs 21 -E-G24A-M +E-G24A-M - - -Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus + + +Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus Fisher, 1938: 500-502, pl. 47-48, pl. 54, fig. 2.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 11. - -Stylaster cancellatus + +Stylaster cancellatus Fisher, 1938: 502-503, pl. 35, figs 2-2c, pl. 39-40.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 4.- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430 (listed).- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 27, fig. 33.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 22, 134, 137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 525-530, fig. 2D, 3B.-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, supplemental Table S1: 2 (phylogeny and DNA sequence). - -Stylaster alaskanus + +Stylaster alaskanus : -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430 (elevation to species rank).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 27.- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed). - -Stylaster alaskana + +Stylaster alaskana : -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133 (listed).-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed but misspelled). - -Type material. - -Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus + +Type material. + +Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus : Holotype, Alb-3480, 1 dry male branch fragment 4.5 cm in length, USNM 43269 (Fig. 21E); 5 (perhaps one broken from the four mentioned by Fisher) dry paratype branches (2 female, 2 male, 1 indet.), and SEM stubs 1511-12, Alb-3480, USNM 86006. Type locality.Alb-3480: -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W (Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands), 518 m. - -Stylaster cancellatus + +Stylaster cancellatus : Holotype, Alb-3480, 1 dry female branch fragment 9 cm in height, and SEM stub 1509, USNM 43267 (Fig. 21F); 7 dry paratype branches (2 female, 5 male), and SEM stub 1510, Alb-3480, USNM 86005. Type locality.Alb-3480: -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W (Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands), 518 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Types of -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus and -Stylaster cancellatus +Stylaster cancellatus ; Alaskan Leader 35, -51°50.9'N +51°50.9'N , -175°08'W +175°08'W , 178-365 m, 14 Jun 2002, 1 male, AB02-31;MF 833-38, -51°42'54"N +51°42'54"N , -178°51'30"W +178°51'30"W , 582 m, 3 Aug 1983, 2 female, USNM 96526; MF 833-56, off Great Sitkin I., 249 m, 6 Aug 1983, 2 male, USNM 77045; Alaska Sea, -52°09'24"N +52°09'24"N , -173°44'19"E +173°44'19"E , 318 m, 5 Feb 2000, 1 indet., USNM 1122566; Alb-3480, see above, 8 female and 1 male (non-type), USNM 76722; Dominator 971-135, -51°37'22"N +51°37'22"N , -178°26'28"W +178°26'28"W , 163 m, 14 Jul 1997, 2 female, USNM 1123365; Dominator 971-201, -51°54'28"N +51°54'28"N , -175°49'00"E +175°49'00"E , 378 m, 1 Aug 1997, 1 indet., USNM 1123361; Ocean Olympic, -52°04.78'N +52°04.78'N , -177°13.39'E +177°13.39'E , 256 m, 1 female, AB00-57; Pacific Knight 941-204, -53°06'N +53°06'N , -171°42'E +171°42'E , 455 m, 31 Jul 1994, 4 female some in alcohol, USNM 96246 and 1123533; Sea Storm 36, -53°05'45"N +53°05'45"N , -171°41'56"E +171°41'56"E , 453-458 m, 19 Jun 2002, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1123277-78; Sea Storm 108, -52°11'32"N +52°11'32"N , -175°16'54"W +175°16'54"W , 208-215 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1027822; Sea Storm 138, -52°13'50"N +52°13'50"N , -175°24.2'E +175°24.2'E , 146 m, 16 Jul 2002, 2 female, 2 male, USNM 1122766-68, 1122898; Sea Storm 148, -52°28'16"N +52°28'16"N , -173°29'35"W +173°29'35"W , 194 m, 21 Jul 2002, 2 female, USNM 1122757; Shishaldin, -54°24'04"N +54°24'04"N , -177°37'43"E +177°37'43"E , 154 m, 9 -Feb +Feb 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122533; Shishaldin, -54°24'03"N +54°24'03"N , -179°36'11"E +179°36'11"E , 313 m, 25 Feb 2000, 4 indet., USNM 1122532; McClusky, coll., -52°01'47"N +52°01'47"N , -179°56'14"W +179°56'14"W , 362 m, 5 May 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122454; McClusky, coll., -51°17'58"N +51°17'58"N , -179°00'48"E +179°00'48"E , 265 m, 25 May 2000, 3 male, USNM 1122455 and AB01-92; University of Washington, -51°32'N +51°32'N , -179°15'W +179°15'W , 278-289 m, 1 Sep 1968, 4 male, USNM 76632 and 96530; A. Vatter, coll., -52°04'25"N +52°04'25"N , -177°11'00"E +177°11'00"E , depth unknown, 1 male, USNM 1122466. - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies uniplanar or multiplanar, additional flabella usually oriented perpendicular to original flabellum. Branches highly anastomotic, smooth large-diameter branches forming a framework for infilling by smaller-diameter branches, resulting is a sieve-like reticulum (Fig. 21G). Largest colony (USNM 1122768) 28 cm in height, having a massive, dense basal branch diameter of 5 cm. Distal branches circular to rectangular in cross section. Spionid worm tubes do not occur in this species. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, the coenosteal strips 50-60 -µm +µm wide, bordered by short slits 6-8 -µm +µm wide; strips covered with small granules 6-7 -µm +µm in width; strips arranged linearly adjacent to cyclosystems. In some colonies, such as the type of -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus , linearly arranged, apically perforate processes up to 0.2 mm tall (Figs 24 -D-E +D-E , J) occur on coenosteum, these structures of unknown function. Coenosteum light orange, pink, or white. - + Cyclosystems circular, elliptical or irregular in shape, 0.9-1.3 mm in greater diameter, occurring exclusively on branch edges; gastropores circular, 0.40-0.45 mm in diameter. Gastropore tubes straight and funnel-shaped, having a well-developed ring palisade (Fig. 24G) composed of rounded elements about 40 -µm +µm in diameter. Gastrostyles slender and pointed, up to 0.5 mm in height, the gastrostyle tip easily seen when viewed from above. Very rarely two gastrostyles may be present in one gastropore tube. - + Dactylotomes 80-85 -µm +µm in width; dactylostyles inconspicuous. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 7-14 (n = 50, average = 11.30 (σ = 1.57), and mode = 13). Supernumerary dactylopores absent. Pseudosepta of cyclosystems usually only slightly exsert, but if two cyclosystems are in close proximity, pseudosepta may become quite exsert. Pseudosepta of uniform thickness; diastemas, if present at all, are narrow. - + Female ampullae (Fig. 24 -D-E +D-E , -K-L +K-L ) prominent hemispheres up to 0.9 mm in diameter, often bearing several low ridges or short spines; lateral efferent pore about 0.25 mm in diameter. Male ampullae (Fig. 24 -A-B +A-B , J, M) superficial, densely clustered, and also irregular in shape, up to 0.60 mm in diameter, each with a small efferent pore 40-60 -µm +µm in diameter. Efferent pores sometimes at the apex of a small curved spine. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Originally described as a subspecies of -Stylaster gemmascens +Stylaster gemmascens by -Fisher (1938) +Fisher (1938) , -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) later raised alaskanus to species status. Herein it is synonymized with -Stylaster cancellatus +Stylaster cancellatus , but since it has page priority in -Fisher (1938) +Fisher (1938) , -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus is considered to be the senior synonym (see synonymy above). The types of -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus differ from most other specimens assigned to this species in having numerous coenosteal papillae, called "thorny outgrowths" by -Fisher (1938 +Fisher (1938 : 501), which are often aligned in short ridges. Also, the coenosteum is white and the branches of the type series do not anastomose. However, all these differences are considered to be intraspecific variation, as some other specimen -s +s assigned to this species have a white corallum, and small colonies, like the types of -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus , usually do not have anastomosing branches. Furthermore, rarely some coralla of -"cancellatus" +"cancellatus" have coenosteal papillae, which may be a reaction to an unfavorable environmental habitat. Thus, the type series of -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus , which was collected at the same station as the type of -Stylaster cancellatus +Stylaster cancellatus , is considered to be a somewhat aberrant specimen of what was more widely known as -Stylaster cancellatus +Stylaster cancellatus . A similarly shaped, sieve-like, reticulate colony is known for -Errinopsis reticulum +Errinopsis reticulum Broch, 1951, however, in that species the reticulum is composed of equally-sized branches, whereas in -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus the reticulum is composed of thick and thin branches. -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus is distinguished from all other species in its group by having a corallum shaped as a sieve-like reticulum. It is further distinguished from those Alaskan species of group C by having ridged female ampullae (Table 2). Among the 59 specimens examined, 25 are female, 22 male, and 12 indeterminate, a fairly even sex ratio. - -Distribution. -Known from throughout Aleutian Islands from west of Attu Island to Amukta Pass, including Bowers Bank; 146-582 m. - diff --git a/data/BB/E8/0E/BBE80E25610098F550C238637BF0BD16.xml b/data/BB/E8/0E/BBE80E25610098F550C238637BF0BD16.xml index c6473ea3441..17b99dc635d 100644 --- a/data/BB/E8/0E/BBE80E25610098F550C238637BF0BD16.xml +++ b/data/BB/E8/0E/BBE80E25610098F550C238637BF0BD16.xml @@ -1,449 +1,449 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster brochi (Fisher, 1938) + + + +Stylaster brochi (Fisher, 1938) Figs 11A, E, G13 -A-L +A-L - - -Allopora brochi + + +Allopora brochi Fisher, 1938: 517-518, pl. 42, figs 3-3d, pl. 44, pl. 45, fig 1.-? -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 569-570, text-fig. 413.- -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 : 19. - -Allopora abei + +Allopora abei Eguchi 1968: 34, pl. 34, figs 1-3.- -Mori 1980 +Mori 1980 : 17 (listed). - -Stylaster brochi + +Stylaster brochi : -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 429.- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 27.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133, 137 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 521, figs 2A, 3A.-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed). - -Stylaster abei + +Stylaster abei .- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430. - -Stylaster polyorchis + +Stylaster polyorchis .- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, supplemental Table S1: 2. - -Stylaster campylecus + +Stylaster campylecus .- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 , 3, supplemental Table S1: 2. - -Type material. - -Allopora brochi + +Type material. + +Allopora brochi : Alb-4777: The dried holotype is deposited at the USNM (43264, also SEM stub 1497), measuring 9 cm in height (Fig. 11A); a paratype is also deposited at the CAS (28183). Type locality.Albatross 4777: -52°11'N +52°11'N , -179°49'E +179°49'E (Petrel Bank, Aleutian Islands), 79-95 m. -Allopora abei: Holotype, dry, Dept. of Mineral Sciences, Tohoku University (1001). Type locality. Off the Aleutian Islands, exact locality and depth unknown. +Allopora abei: Holotype, dry, Dept. of Mineral Sciences, Tohoku University (1001). Type locality. Off the Aleutian Islands, exact locality and depth unknown. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Holotype, USNM 43264; Alb-3599, -52°05'N +52°05'N , -177°40'E +177°40'E , 101 m, 9 Jun 1894, 1 female, USNM 76814 (part of type lot of Stylaster campylecus); Alb-4779, -52°11'N +52°11'N , -179°57'W +179°57'W , 99-102 m, 5 Jun 1905, 1 female, USNM 44069; Alaskan Leader 35, -53°01'42"N +53°01'42"N , -170°05'59"W +170°05'59"W , 200-400 m, 4 Jun 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122516; Delta 5607, -51°23'02"N +51°23'02"N , -179°01'38"W +179°01'38"W , 126 m, 18 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1122486; Delta 5620, -51°57'40"N +51°57'40"N , -176°50'01"W +176°50'01"W , 150 m, 24 Jul 2002, 5 female, 5 males, 5 indet., some in alcohol, USNM 1112304, 1123302, 1123304, 1123345-1123350; Delta 5622, -51°57'37"N +51°57'37"N , -176°49'58"W +176°49'58"W , 140 m, 24 Jun 2002, 2 indet., USNM 1123303; Delta 5624, -51°47'40"N +51°47'40"N , -176°49'58"W +176°49'58"W , 140 m, 25 Jun 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123300; Delta 5625, -51°57'42"N +51°57'42"N , -176°50'01"W +176°50'01"W , 156 m, 25 Jun 2002, 1 female, 1 indet., USNM 1027821; Delta 6000-10D-12, -51°50.828'N +51°50.828'N , -179°49.674'E +179°49.674'E , 112 m, 5 Jul 2003, 1 female, AB10-0002; Dominator 971-73, -52°33'10"N +52°33'10"N , -172°20'58"W +172°20'58"W , 217 m, 6 Jun 1997, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123366; Dominator 971-135, -51°37'22"N +51°37'22"N , -178°35'E +178°35'E , 163 m, 14 Jul 1997, 1 female, USNM 1123364; Let's Go, -51°57'N +51°57'N , -178°11'E +178°11'E , 0-247 m, 30 Aug 1986, 3 males, USNM 96259; MF 801-70, -52°03'24"N +52°03'24"N , -179°25'06"E +179°25'06"E , 174 m, 29 Jul 1980, 1 female, USNM; MF 833-47, -51°55'36"N +51°55'36"N , -176°52'48"W +176°52'48"W , 201 m, 5 Aug -1983 +1983 , 1 male, USNM 77048; Ocean Olympic, -52°04'31"N +52°04'31"N , -177°12'28"E +177°12'28"E , 293 m, 4 Mar 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122540; Pacific Knight 941-36, -53°02'N +53°02'N , -170°13'W +170°13'W , 0-178 m, 11 Jun 1994, 8 male, USNM 96265, 96525, and 96542; Pacific Knight 941-37, -52°17'N +52°17'N , -170°40'W +170°40'W , 0-155 m, 12 Jun 1994, 1 male, USNM 96269; Pacific Knight 941-40, -52°41'N +52°41'N , -170°49'W +170°49'W , 0-126 m, 12 Jun 1994, 1 male, 1 indet., USNM 96270 and 96534; Pacific Knight 941-42, -52°55'N +52°55'N , -170°24'W +170°24'W , 0-225 m, 13 Jun 1994, 1 male, USNM 96522; Pacific Knight 941-49, -52°46'N +52°46'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W , 0-340 m, 14 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96521; Pacific Knight 941-121, -51°38'N +51°38'N , -178°19'W +178°19'W , 0-375 m, 5 Jul 1994, 3 female, USNM 96262; Pacific Knight 941-204, 5306'N, -171°42'E +171°42'E , 9-455 m, 31 Jul 1994, 1 female, USNM 96523; Sea Storm 90, -51°36'30"N +51°36'30"N , -177°10'48"W +177°10'48"W , 217 m, 4 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123009; Sea Storm 91, 51640'51"N, -177°10'49"W +177°10'49"W , 82 m, 4 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123021; Sea Storm 100, -51°42'59"N +51°42'59"N , -175°47'07"E +175°47'07"E , 86-94 m, 7 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1076928; Sea Storm 101, -51°45'27"N +51°45'27"N , -175°40'06"E +175°40'06"E , 83 m, 7 Jul 2002, 1 female, 2males, USNM 1123024, -26, -27; Sea Storm 105, -52°08'59"N +52°08'59"N , -175°06'47"E +175°06'47"E , 201 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123023; Sea Storm 111, 52°16'20:N, -175°29'13"E +175°29'13"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 male and 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1123000, 1123013; Sea Storm 113, -52°03'07"N +52°03'07"N , -177°23'55"E +177°23'55"E , 128 m, 10 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123007; Sea Storm 115, -52°04'16"N +52°04'16"N , -177°19'04"E +177°19'04"E , 165 m, 10 Jul 2002, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123020; Sea Storm 116, -52°04'10"N +52°04'10"N , -177°14'25"E +177°14'25"E , 87-94 m, 11 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1123006; Sea Storm 118, -52°00'14"N +52°00'14"N , -177°49'40"E +177°49'40"E , 104-111 m, 11 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1123283; Sea Storm 122, -52°02'49"N +52°02'49"N , -179°25'18"E +179°25'18"E , 143 m, 13 Jul 2002, 6 male colonies, some in alcohol, and SEM stub 1499, USNM 1123043-44, 1123046, 1123048-49; Sea Storm 124, -52°16'24"N +52°16'24"N , -179°55'47"E +179°55'47"E , 88 m, 13 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol; Sea Storm 129, -51°53'24"N +51°53'24"N , -179°44'07"E +179°44'07"E , 84-93 m, 14 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1123032; Sea Storm 130, -52°12'10"N +52°12'10"N , -176°12'40"E +176°12'40"E , 86 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1123002; Sea Storm 146, -52°15'55"N +52°15'55"N , -174°48'02"W +174°48'02"W , 113 m, 20 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123019; Shishaldin, -51°53.84'N +51°53.84'N , -177°44.88'W +177°44.88'W , 374 m, Feb 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122495; Shishaldin, -52°27'14"N +52°27'14"N , -179°30'54"E +179°30'54"E , 218 m, 2 Feb 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122521; Vesteraalen 3, -52°38'12"N +52°38'12"N , -169°46'35"W +169°46'35"W , 75 m, 21 May 2000, 1 female, USNM 1123373; Vesteraalen 5, -54°40'43"N +54°40'43"N , -169°06'11"W +169°06'11"W , 102 m, 21 May 2000, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1123372; Vesteraalen 8, -53°09'28"N +53°09'28"N , -167°04'14"W +167°04'14"W , 154 m, 22 May 2000, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123371; Vesteraalen 941-36, -52°56'N +52°56'N , -169°31'W +169°31'W , 0-227 m, 10 Jun 1994, 1 male, USNM 96261; Vesteraalen 941-151, -52°10'N +52°10'N , -179°44'E +179°44'E (topotypic), 0-90 m, 10 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96267; Vesteraalen 941-153, -52°10'N +52°10'N , -179°43'E +179°43'E (topotypic), 0-94 m, 10 Jun 1994, 2 female, USNM 96268; Vesteraalen 941-167, -51°54'N +51°54'N , -178°20'E +178°20'E , 0-150 m, 19 Jul 1994, 3 male, SEM stub 1498, USNM 96264; Vesteraalen 941-185, -52°03'N +52°03'N , -176°31'E +176°31'E , 0-91 m, 24 Jul 1994, 1 female, USNM 96263; Vesteraalen 941-210, -53°07'N +53°07'N , -170°56'E +170°56'E , 0-92 m, 30 Jul 1994, 2 males, USNM 96266; University of Washington, -51°32'N +51°32'N , -179°15'W +179°15'W , 278-289 m, 1 Sep 1968, 1 female, USNM 96250; McClusky, coll., -51°53'14"N +51°53'14"N , -179°47'50"E +179°47'50"E , 35 -1 +1 -393 m, 30 Mar 2000, 1 female, USNM 1122448; off Sharma, AK, depth unknown, 2 female, USNM 76539; - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies variable in shape, ranging from planar (Fig. 11G) to multi-planar to bushy (Fig. 11A, E), the growth form possibly moderated by commensals (see Remarks). Branch tips usually blunt and circular to slightly flattened in cross section, 2.5-3.0 mm in diameter, more slender if affected by commensals; branch anastomosis not uncommon. Largest colony (USNM 96523) 28 cm in height; colonies attached by massive, dense basal branches up to 4.2 cm in diameter (USNM 96262). Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, coenosteal strips 50-60 -µm +µm wide, separated by thin slits about 10 -µm +µm wide; granules rounded, 7-8 -µm +µm in diameter. All colonies infested with spionid polychaetes ( -Polydora +Polydora ) and their characteristic binary axial tubes (see Remarks). Coenosteum pale orange. - + Cyclosystems circular, 0.9-1.1 mm in diameter, and slightly (about 1 mm) raised above coenosteum; cyclosystems uniformly arranged on three or all four sides of a branch, rarely in a linear fashion. Gastropores 0.35-0.40 mm in diameter. Gastropore tubes cylindrical, curved (Fig. 13J), and long (often 2-3 times length of gastrostyle), the length and curvature of tube making it difficult to see gastrostyle tip when viewed from above. Ring palisade absent or diffuse, the elements about 50 -µm +µm in height and diameter. Gastrostyles lanceolate and up to 0.7 mm in height, bearing long spines up to 70 -µm +µm in length. - + Dactylotomes 80-110 -µm +µm in width; dactylostyles poorly developed, the cylindrical elements about 20 -µm +µm in height and 8 -µm +µm in diameter. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 6-13 (n = 50, average = 9.22 (σ = 1.43), and mode = 10). Supernumerary dactylopores quite common on coenosteum (Fig. 13 -A-C +A-C ) and even on pseudosepta, presenting as small (0.09-0.11 mm in diameter), circular, slightly raised (rimmed) pores. Pseudosepta variable in width (Fig. 13D), in the same cyclosystem varying between 0.11 and 0.30 mm; adcauline diastemas also frequently present, each about twice pseudoseptal width. - + Female ampullae (Fig. 13J) superficial hemispheres 0.8-1.1 mm in diameter; efferent pores rarely expressed, but if present, occurring in lateral position and somewhat recessed into coenosteum, each about 0.25 mm in diameter. Male ampullae (Fig. 13K) primarily internal, visible on coenosteal surface only as low mounds 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter, often with a small (30 -µm +µm diameter) apical efferent pore. Male ampullae often occur in high density clusters, directly adjacent to one another. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Virtually every colony of -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi examined contained commensal spionid polychaetes of the genus -Polydora +Polydora (K. Fauchald, per. comm.), such that this character was informally used to distinguish it from other -Stylaster +Stylaster species, such as -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus . Almost every branch is bored axially by this robust worm, which forms binary longitudinal tubes 0.7-0.8 mm in diameter that are figure 8-shaped in cross section (Fig. 15K). Several worms may occur in the same colony, each having one or more efferent openings somewhere on the colony surface. It is easy to conjecture an advantage to the worm in this relationship, i.e. a secure place to live and protection from predators, but it is difficult to imagine an -advantage +advantage to the stylasterid, as the worm must weaken the strength of the branches as well as compete for the same filtered plankton in the water. Thus, it would seem that these polychaetes are parasites on the coral. Large colonies of -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi also form substantial three dimensional habitats for a variety of invertebrates, including sponges, bryozoans, hydroids, barnacles, bivalves, and ophiuroids. Heavy encrustation by sponges seems to promote a more delicate colony growth form, in which the terminal branches are only 1.5 mm in diameter (Fig. 11E). In a monograph otherwise devoted to stylasterids from Sagami Bay, Japan, -Eguchi (1968) +Eguchi (1968) inexplicably described -Allopora abei +Allopora abei from "the Aleutian Islands." Although the type was not examined, and -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) suggested a synonymy with -Stylaster polyorchis +Stylaster polyorchis Fisher, 1938, the illustrations provided by Eguchi suggest a synonymy with -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi .Of 86 colonies examined, 35 are female, 40 male, and 11 indeterminate, resulting in a fairly equal sex ratio. -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi is one of the most common and one of the largest growing stylasterids in the Aleutian Islands. It can be distinguished from other Alaskan species in -Stylaster +Stylaster (Group A) by its usually planar growth mode, higher number of dactylopores per cyclosystem, and variable width of its pseudosepta (see Table 2 for additional comparisons). - -Distribution. -Widespread throughout Aleutian Islands from west of Attu Island to Unalaska (including Petrel Bank), with one disjunct record near Sharma (near Anchorage); 75-351 m, but most records between 100-200 m. - - -
- -Errinopora + +Key to the Recent species of Errinopora (bold face = occurs off Alaska) + + + + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
+ +Errinopora fisheri
-Errinopora cestoporina +
+Errinopora cestoporina
-Errinopora porifera +
+Errinopora porifera
-Errinopora undulata +
+Errinopora undulata
-Errinopora nanneca +
+Errinopora nanneca
-Errinopora disticha +
+Errinopora disticha
-Errinopora pourtalesii +
+Errinopora pourtalesii
-Errinopora stylifera +
+Errinopora stylifera
-Errinopora zarhyncha +
+Errinopora zarhyncha
-Errinopora nanneca +
+Errinopora nanneca
-Errinopora dichotoma +
+Errinopora dichotoma
-
 - -Figure + + +Figure 4. Midpoint rooting phylogeny of the Alaskan species of -Errinopora +Errinopora estimated using mitochondrial rDNA 16S sequences. Numbers at nodes are the result of 100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates whenever>70. Shown is one of six most parsimonious trees (length: 38; CI: 0.868). Numbers preceded by -'USNM' +'USNM' represent specimen catalog numbers at the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Numbers preceded by -'EU' +'EU' or -'JN' +'JN' represent GenBank accession numbers. Asterisks (*) indicate the two specimens and rDNA 16S sequences of -Errinopora nanneca +Errinopora nanneca and -Errinopora zarhyncha +Errinopora zarhyncha previously published by -Lindner et al. (2008) +Lindner et al. (2008) . - + +Distribution. +Aleutian Islands: from off Attu Island and north of Amalia Island (Andreanof Islands), including Bowers Bank; 115-366 m. + + Figure 20. -Stylaster trachystomus +Stylaster trachystomus , -A-L +A-L holotype, USNM 43265, M male paratype, USNM 76811: A stereo view of a cyclosystem showing internal decurrent ridges within gastropore B a cyclosystem C a damaged cyclosystem showing decurrent ridges D stereo view of longitudinal section of a cyclosystem and some female ampullae E a gastrostyle and ring palisade F porous pseudosepta G stereo view of ridged coenosteum and a small female ampulla H branch segment I coenosteal texture J rudimentary dactylostyle -K-L +K-L clusters of female ampullae M male ampullae. - + +Distribution. +Known from throughout the Aleutian Islands from Agattu Island to Unalaska, including Petrel and Bowers Banks, two disjunct records in Alexander Archipelago; 82-1011 m, but most records from 150-500 m. + + Figure 17. Color figures of skeleton of various Alaskan stylasterids: -A-D -Stylaster campylecus +A-D +Stylaster campylecus E -Stylaster leptostylus -F-G -Stylaster venustus +Stylaster leptostylus +F-G +Stylaster venustus H -Stylaster trachystomus +Stylaster trachystomus A holotype, USNM 42870 B holotype of -Allopora polyorchis +Allopora polyorchis , USNM 43266 C syntype of -Allopora campyleca tylota +Allopora campyleca tylota , USNM 86000 D holotype of -Allopora moseleyanus +Allopora moseleyanus , USNM 42869 E holotype of -Allopora moseleyanus leptostylus +Allopora moseleyanus leptostylus , USNM 43270 F holotype, MCZ 5525 G three branches, USNM 76545 H holotype, USNM 43265. - + + Figure 18. -Stylaster campylecus +Stylaster campylecus , A male syntype of tylota form, USNM 86000, -B-H +B-H , M male holotype of campylecus, USNM 42870, I male holotype of polyorchis form, USNM 43266, J female syntype of tylota form, USNM 43263, K male holotype of moseleyanus form, USNM 42869, L female paratype of campylecus, USNM 52262: -A-B +A-B distal branches showing male ampullae and striate coenosteum C stereo view of two aligned cyclosystems D rudimentary dactylostyle -E-F +E-F cyclosystems -G-H +G-H porous coenosteal texture I porcellaneous coenosteal texture J longitudinal section of a cyclosystem K gastrostyle L female ampulla M stereo view of a damaged cyclosystems showing curved gastropore, small dactylostyles, and lack of a ring palisade. - + +Distribution. +Common in the Aleutian Islands from the Near Islands to Amukta Pass, including Bowers Bank; off Cape Ommaney, Alexander Archipelago, and Dixon Entrance, Queen Charlotte Islands; 53-1267 m, the shallowest record being from Cape Ommaney. + + Figure 1. Color figures of skeleton of various Alaskan stylasterids: -A-C -Distichopora borealis -D-I -Cyclohelia lamellata +A-C +Distichopora borealis +D-I +Cyclohelia lamellata A arborescent colony, USNM 1122878 B holotype, USNM 43274 C largest known colony, USNM 1122542 D holotype, USNM 85077 E digitate form, USNM 1122492 F intermediate form between lamellar and digitate, USNM 96236 G juvenile corallum -H-I +H-I side and apical views of fully developed lamellar colony. - + + Figure 2. Paratypes of -Distichopora borealis +Distichopora borealis , USNM 76810: A stereo view of carinate branch face -B-C +B-C pore row, B being a stereo view D branch face with longitudinal ridges -E-F +E-F coenosteal texture G gastropore H dactylopore spine I stereo view of two gastrostyles J stereo view of pore row and female ampullae K stereo view of branch face and male ampullae. - + +Distribution. +Aleutian Islands from eastern Rat Islands to Islands of Four Mountains, including Petrel Bank; 40-517 m. + + Figure 10. -Errinopora nanneca +Errinopora nanneca , -A-C +A-C female holotype, -D-K +D-K USNM 96252: -A-B +A-B dactylopore spines on branch tips C stereo view of clustered female ampullae -D-G +D-G lateral views of gastrostyles -H-I +H-I coenosteal texture -J-K +J-K dactylostyle. - + +Distribution. +Known only from type locality. + + Figure 25. Holotype (male) of -Stylaster elassotomus +Stylaster elassotomus , USNM 43268: A stereo view of curved gastropore tube B cyclosystems and supernumerary dactylopores C poorly preserved gastrostyle and ring palisade D truncated gastrostyle showing ring palisade E coenosteal texture F stereo view of cyclosystem showing shallow dactylotomes G male ampulla. - + +Distribution. +Known only from one specimen from the type locality. + + Figure 14. Holotype of -Stylaster stejnegeri +Stylaster stejnegeri , USNM 43271: A stereo view of branch with cyclosystems, female ampullae, and supernumerary dactylopores B stereo view of a cyclosystem -C-E +C-E cyclosystems with adjacent supernumerary dactylopores F coenosteal texture G longitudinal section of a gastropore tube H dactylostyles -I-J +I-J ridged female ampullae. - + +Distribution. +Endemic to Aleutian Islands in a somewhat disjunct distribution: Amchitka Pass, Bowers Bank, and off Seguam Island; 207-658 m. + + Figure 9. -Errinopora zarhyncha +Errinopora zarhyncha , -A-I +A-I , -K-L +K-L male from USNM 1071915, J female from USNM 1123448: -A-C +A-C branch surface showing tall dactylopore spines, gastropores, and ruptured male ampullae in figure C D stereo view of -gastro- +gastro- and dactylostyles and dactylopore spines -E-H +E-H coenosteal texture I lateral view of a gastrostyle J female ampulla K dactylotome of a dactylopore spine L dactylostyle. - + +Distribution. +Known from throughout Aleutian Islands from west of Attu Island to Amukta Pass, including Bowers Bank; 146-582 m. + + Figure 24. -Stylaster alaskanus +Stylaster alaskanus , -A-C +A-C , M male paratype of -Stylaster cancellatus +Stylaster cancellatus , USNM 86005 -D-E +D-E , H, J, L female paratype of -Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus +Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus , USNM 86006, -F-G +F-G , I, K holotype (female) of -Stylaster cancellatus +Stylaster cancellatus , USNM 43267: A stereo view of branch tip with male ampullae -B-C +B-C , J cyclosystems and male ampullae D stereo view of cyclosystem and female ampulla with a distinct efferent pore E cyclosystem and female ampulla F coenosteal texture G stereo view of gastrostyle and ring palisade H a cyclosystem I rudimentary dactylostyle -K-L +K-L female ampullae M cluster of male ampullae. - + +Distribution. +Widespread throughout Aleutian Islands from west of Attu Island to Unalaska (including Petrel Bank), with one disjunct record near Sharma (near Anchorage); 75-351 m, but most records between 100-200 m. + + Table 2. Tabular Key of the Northeast Pacific Species of -Stylaster +Stylaster (AI= Aleutian Islands, BB=Bowers Bank, PB=Petrel Bank, GOA=Gulf of Alaska, CS=Cyclosystem, PS=Pseudosepta, GS=gastrostyle, DP=Dactylopore)
- - diff --git a/data/C4/3D/85/C43D854AD094E2BB4B617F2468CE0D52.xml b/data/C4/3D/85/C43D854AD094E2BB4B617F2468CE0D52.xml index e15f6e33622..fc01dead059 100644 --- a/data/C4/3D/85/C43D854AD094E2BB4B617F2468CE0D52.xml +++ b/data/C4/3D/85/C43D854AD094E2BB4B617F2468CE0D52.xml @@ -1,76 +1,76 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - + + + Genus -Cyclohelia Cairns, 1991 +Cyclohelia Cairns, 1991 - -Diagnosis. -Colonies lamellar, often attaining a large size. Coenosteum reticulate-granular, reddish-orange. Gastro- and dactylopores uniformly distributed on corallum faces, of the axial type. Dactylopore spines circular to elliptical, enclosed by a thin wall for entire perimeter. Dactylostyles absent. Gastrostyles elongate but tabulae absent; a diffuse ring palisade present. Ampullae internal. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies lamellar, often attaining a large size. Coenosteum reticulate-granular, reddish-orange. Gastro- and dactylopores uniformly distributed on corallum faces, of the axial type. Dactylopore spines circular to elliptical, enclosed by a thin wall for entire perimeter. Dactylostyles absent. Gastrostyles elongate but tabulae absent; a diffuse ring palisade present. Ampullae internal. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The genus is monotypic. According to the molecular analysis of -Cairns 2005 +Cairns 2005 ), rendering the colonies of -Distichopora anceps +Distichopora anceps as a -"transition" +"transition" in morphology between the two genera. - -Type Species. - -Cyclohelia lamellata + +Type Species. + +Cyclohelia lamellata Cairns, 1991, by original designation. - -Distribution. -Known only from the Aleutian Islands and Pribilof Islands, 27-567 m. + +Distribution. +Known only from the Aleutian Islands and Pribilof Islands, 27-567 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/C7/CB/BC/C7CBBC8AE2E4C622AC6261BA62E626BC.xml b/data/C7/CB/BC/C7CBBC8AE2E4C622AC6261BA62E626BC.xml index f99ff507870..11f2b3a1eff 100644 --- a/data/C7/CB/BC/C7CBBC8AE2E4C622AC6261BA62E626BC.xml +++ b/data/C7/CB/BC/C7CBBC8AE2E4C622AC6261BA62E626BC.xml @@ -1,292 +1,292 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Crypthelia trophostega Fisher, 1938 + + + +Crypthelia trophostega Fisher, 1938 Figs 27 -H-I30A-L +H-I30A-L - - -Crypthelia trophostega + + +Crypthelia trophostega Fisher, 1938: 533-535, pl. 62, figs 1-8, pl. 63.- -Cairns 1986 +Cairns 1986 : 24 (ampulla code); -1991 +1991 : 386 (off Pribilof Island).- -Cairns and Macintrye 1992 +Cairns and Macintrye 1992 : 102-103 (mineralogy).- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 10, 27, fig. 29.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133, 136 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 107 (listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 530, figs 2L, 3F.-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, and supplemental Table S1: 1 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Cryptohelia trophostega + +Cryptohelia trophostega : -Thompson and Chow 1955 +Thompson and Chow 1955 : 30 (mineralogy). - -Type material. -Holotype: Alb-3480, 1 large dry male colony, 15 cm in width, SEM stubs 1482-1484, USNM 42876 (Fig. 27H). Paratypes: Alb-3480, 2 dry colonies, male and female, USNM 52264; Alb-3480, 1 female colony in alcohol, USNM 43769; Alb-3480, 1 dry colony, CAS 69609. + +Type material. +Holotype: Alb-3480, 1 large dry male colony, 15 cm in width, SEM stubs 1482-1484, USNM 42876 (Fig. 27H). Paratypes: Alb-3480, 2 dry colonies, male and female, USNM 52264; Alb-3480, 1 female colony in alcohol, USNM 43769; Alb-3480, 1 dry colony, CAS 69609. - -Type locality. - + +Type locality. + Alb-3480: -52°06'N +52°06'N , -171°45'W +171°45'W (Amukta Pass), 517 m. - + Material examined.Alaskan Leader 40, -52°09'18"N +52°09'18"N , -175°40'42"W +175°40'42"W , 174 m, 8 Jun 2002, 1 indet., USNM 1137354; Alaskan Leader 54-14, -51°44.4'N +51°44.4'N , -178°16.7'W +178°16.7'W , -567 +567 -680 m, 11 Jun 2002, 1 indet., AB02-29; Alb-4771, -54°30'N +54°30'N , -179°17'E +179°17'E , 779 m, 4 Jun 1906, 2 males, USNM 76780; Alb-4780, -52°01'N +52°01'N , -174°39'E +174°39'E , 1913 m, 7 Jun 1906, 2 female, USNM 62371; Alb-4781, -52°14'30"N +52°14'30"N , -174°13'E +174°13'E , 882 m, 7 Jun 1906, 3 male, USNM 43770; Delta 6230 --20- +-20- 19, -52°28.142'N +52°28.142'N , -173°35.882'W +173°35.882'W , 190 m, 8 Jul 2004, 1 female, AB; Dominator 971-142, -51°43'10"N +51°43'10"N , -178°35'E +178°35'E , 215 m, 17 Jul 1997, 1 male, USNM 1123356; Dominator 971-181, -51°27'43"N +51°27'43"N , -178°35'E +178°35'E , 384 m, 27 Jul 1997, 1 indet., USNM 1123354; Dominator 971-201, 51°54'28"N, 378 m, 1 Aug 1997, 1 male, USNM 1123355; Dominator 971-126, -51°34'16"N +51°34'16"N , -177°47'36"W +177°47'36"W , 237 m, 12 Jul 1997, 1 indet. in alcohol, USNM 1123353; Jason II-2095 --2-9- +-2-9- 5, -51°48.682'N +51°48.682'N , -173°50.070'W +173°50.070'W , 843 m, 26 Jul 2004, 1 male, AB08-0035; Jason II-2099 --17- +-17- 1, -51°30.101'N +51°30.101'N , -177°02.354'W +177°02.354'W , 1453 m, 30 Jul 2004, 1 indet. in alcohol, AB09-0029; Ocean Olympic, -52°22.5'N +52°22.5'N , -176°03.5'E +176°03.5'E , 237 m, 1 female, AB 00-0024; Patricia Lee, -51°59'N +51°59'N , -179°30.08'E +179°30.08'E , 457 m, 1 male, AB00-0042; Sea Storm 93, -51°50'59"N +51°50'59"N , -178°26'02"E +178°26'02"E , 390 m, 5 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1122897; Sea Storm 108, -52°11'32"N +52°11'32"N , -175°28'18"E +175°28'18"E , 208 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1122893; Sea Storm 109, -52°17'16"N +52°17'16"N , -175°20'56"E +175°20'56"E , 238 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1122894; Sea Storm 133, -52°13'40"N +52°13'40"N , -176°02'19"E +176°02'19"E , 148 m, 15 Jul 2002, 1 female and 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1122889-90; Sea Storm 138, -52°13'50"N +52°13'50"N , 175.242'E, 146 m, 16 Jul 2002, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 1122891-92; Sea Storm 148, -52°28'16"N +52°28'16"N , -173°19'10"W +173°19'10"W , 194 m, 2 female, SEM stub 1485, USNM 1122887-88; Sea Storm 150, -52°30'47"N +52°30'47"N , -173.2935°W +173.2935°W , 220 m, 21 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1075952; Sea Storm 151, -52°33'40"N +52°33'40"N , -173.3195°W +173.3195°W , 203 m, 21 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1122895; Sea Storm 155, -52°38'43"N +52°38'43"N , -172°16.38'W +172°16.38'W , 393-401 m, 22 Jul 2002, 1 indet., USNM 1122896; Shishaldin, -54°12'37"N +54°12'37"N , -179°30'05"E +179°30'05"E , 179 m, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 1122435and 1122446; Shishaldin, -54°07'N +54°07'N , -179°45'E +179°45'E , 366 m, 20 Feb 2000, 1 female, SEM stubs 1486-87, USNM 1122487; Vesteraalen 941-138, -51°28'N +51°28'N , -178°38'W +178°38'W , 0-311 m, 7 Jul 1994, 1 male, USNM 96248; Vesteraalen 941-167, -51°54'N +51°54'N , -178°20'E +178°20'E , 0-150 m, 19 Jul 1994, 1 female, USNM 96240; -51°50'32"N +51°50'32"N , -176°00'08"E +176°00'08"E , 272 m, 5 Dec 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122441; "Gulf of Alaska", 219-274 m, 1 female, USNM 77415; "Bering Sea", 1 male in alcohol, USNM 76570; University of Washington, -51°32'N +51°32'N , -179°15'W +179°15'W , 278-289 m, 1 Sep 1968, 1 female, USNM 62372. - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies variable in shape, usually uniplanar (Fig. 27H) but sometimes forming three dimensional bushes (Fig. 27I) or multiplanar colonies. Largest colony known (USNM 1122446) is multiplanar, 20 cm tall and 12 cm wide, with a basal diameter of 11.5 mm, this colony only slightly larger than the holotype. Branching irregularly dichotomous and often anastomotic, which reinforces strength of a uniplanar colony. Coenosteum linear-imbricate in surface texture, the parallel strips 50-70 -µm +µm wide. Strips covered with irregularly shaped platelets, which are rarely continuous across a strip but dissected into 2-5 smaller sections, each of which has an irregular leading edge and only a slight imbricating overlap with more distal platelet, altogether producing a rough microtexture. Shallow, circular (0.06-0.13 mm in diameter) nematopores very common, occurring on branch coenosteum, cyclosystem -lids +lids , and even on pseudosepta (Fig. 30 -A-C +A-C , -F-G +F-G , J), most concentrated around cyclosystem edge. Nematopores flush with coenenchyme or encircled with a very low rim. Coenosteum white. - + Cyclosystems unilinearly arranged either bifacially or on one face, both conditions sometimes occurring on same colony. Unifacially arranged cyclosystems seem to be more common on uniplanar colonies, whereas the bifacial arrangement favors bushy coralla. Cyclosytems circular to slightly elliptical in outline (2.2-2.6 mm in diameter), the greater axis of ellipse being perpendicular to branch axis. Cyclosystems slightly flared, each covered with a horizontal lid that covers most of cyclosystem, sometimes even fusing to opposite side of cyclosystem. Lids usually greatly inflated, containing the male or female ampullae. Cyclosystems have a range of 13-23 dactylopores (n = 50, average = 18.66 (σ=1.96), and mode = 19). Upper gastropore chamber spherical, about 0.9-1.0 mm in diameter, which is separated from lower, flattened chamber by a circular gastropore ring constriction 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter, the lower chamber being about 0.8-0.9 mm in diameter (Fig. 30H). Dactylotomes uniform in width, 0.14-0.16 mm; pseudosepta quite slender, having a thin (20-60 -µm +µm ) blade-like inner edge (Fig. 30F). Upper edges of pseudosepta not exsert, but gradually attenuate in size near cyclosystem edge. - + Female ampullae (Fig. 30 -H-J +H-J ) smooth, massive, hemispherical swellings in cyclosystem lid, often two ampullae contained in same lid (Fig. 30I). Efferent pores quite large (up to 0.5 mm in diameter), opening beneath lid (type A ampulla formula of -Cairns 1986 +Cairns 1986 , Fig. 30 -H-I +H-I ). Male ampullae (Fig. 30 -K-L +K-L ) irregularly shaped swellings in cyclosystem lid, up to 11 occurring in one lid. Efferent pores smaller (10-12 um in diameter), also opening beneath the lid (type A2 ampulla formula of -Cairns 1986 +Cairns 1986 )(Fig. 30C, K). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Among the 31 Recent species of -Crypthelia +Crypthelia ( -Cairns et al. 1999 +Cairns et al. 1999 ; www.marinespecies.org), -Crypthelia trophostega +Crypthelia trophostega is unique in having a tendency to have a bifacial cyclosystem arrangement and for having more than one female ampullae per cyclosystem lid. Furthermore, only one other species is known to have the -A-A +A-A 2 ampulla formula (see -Cairns 1986 +Cairns 1986 ), that being -Crypthelia pudica -Milne Edwards and Haime 1849 +Crypthelia pudica +Milne Edwards and Haime 1849 . -Crypthelia trophostega +Crypthelia trophostega differs from -Crypthelia pudica +Crypthelia pudica in having bifacial cyclosystems, a rougher coenosteal texture, more nematopores, larger cyclosystems, and lower lids. The corallum was found to be 100% aragonitic according to -Cairns and Macintrye (1992) +Cairns and Macintrye (1992) . Of the 42 specimens examined: 18 are female, 18 male, and 6 indeterminate in gender. - -Distribution. -Aleutian Islands from Near Islands to Amuka Pass, Petrel and Bowers Banks, off Pribilof Bank; 146-1913 m, although most records between 200 and 400 m. - diff --git a/data/CF/06/2C/CF062C004A19684B50793FC3CE7BEA48.xml b/data/CF/06/2C/CF062C004A19684B50793FC3CE7BEA48.xml index 73cb3b6dda2..ed81b7919c2 100644 --- a/data/CF/06/2C/CF062C004A19684B50793FC3CE7BEA48.xml +++ b/data/CF/06/2C/CF062C004A19684B50793FC3CE7BEA48.xml @@ -1,102 +1,102 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - + + + Genus -Stylantheca Fisher, 1931 +Stylantheca Fisher, 1931 - -Diagnosis. -Colonies encrusting, forming thin laminae on rocks and shells, rarely forming short stubby branches. Coenosteum reticulate-granular and of many colors; coenosteal papillae quite common. Gastro- and dactylopores arranged in cyclosystems, often with more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem; pores of the peripheral type; supernumerary dactylopores rare. Gastropore tube single-chambered, but may be constricted by a ring palisade. Dactylostyles usually robust. Ampullae usually internal. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies encrusting, forming thin laminae on rocks and shells, rarely forming short stubby branches. Coenosteum reticulate-granular and of many colors; coenosteal papillae quite common. Gastro- and dactylopores arranged in cyclosystems, often with more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem; pores of the peripheral type; supernumerary dactylopores rare. Gastropore tube single-chambered, but may be constricted by a ring palisade. Dactylostyles usually robust. Ampullae usually internal. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + As summarized by -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) , species attributed to this genus have been placed in the genera -Allopora +Allopora , -Stylaster +Stylaster , and as a subgenus of -Stylaster +Stylaster . -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa (Dall, 1884) is indeed very similar to -Stylaster +Stylaster (Group A, i.e., -Allopora +Allopora ). At present the only characters differentiating -Stylantheca +Stylantheca from -Stylaster +Stylaster (Group A) is its tendency to form encrusting colonies, and its tendency to have more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem, although there are exceptions to both of those criteria. Deeper water colonies of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa often have short stubby branches, and the northern range of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa sometimes has only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem (see Remarks of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa ). It is likely that -Stylantheca +Stylantheca belongs to the -Stylaster +Stylaster genus, perhaps as a fifth group, i.e., "Group E", of species sensu -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) that would include encrusting species with a tendency to have multiple gastrostyles per cyclosystems. But until more specimens have been collected to study morphological variation, we choose to retain the genus -Stylantheca +Stylantheca . - -Type species. - -Stylantheca porphyra + +Type species. + +Stylantheca porphyra Fisher, 1931, by monotypy. - -Distribution. -From the Alaska Peninsula to Lower California, 0-27 m. + +Distribution. +From the Alaska Peninsula to Lower California, 0-27 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E3/56/5A/E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79.xml b/data/E3/56/5A/E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79.xml index 99b45c549c7..3fcd1a24678 100644 --- a/data/E3/56/5A/E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79.xml +++ b/data/E3/56/5A/E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79.xml @@ -1,354 +1,354 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylantheca papillosa (Dall, 1884) + + + +Stylantheca papillosa (Dall, 1884) Figs 27 -D-G29A-L +D-G29A-L - - -Allopora papillosa + + +Allopora papillosa Dall, 1884: 113-114.- -Fisher 1938 +Fisher 1938 : 527-528, pl. 54, fig. 4, pl. 59, fig. 3. - -Stylantheca porphyra + +Stylantheca porphyra Fisher, 1931: 395-397, pl. 15, figs 1, 1a, pl. 16, figs 5, 5a-b, pl. 17, figs 6, 6a-c.- -Boschma 1956 +Boschma 1956 : F100, text fig. 81-1a-b; -1960 +1960 : 426-427, text -figs +figs 1e-g.- -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430, 481-483, figs 18A-I, 24H, 27G, J.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 10, 27.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Whitmire and Clarke 2007 +Whitmire and Clarke 2007 : 154 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed). - -Allopora petrograpta + +Allopora petrograpta Fisher, 1938: 530-531, pl. 54, figs 5, 5a, pl. 59, fig. 4.- -Frichman 1974 +Frichman 1974 : 245-258 (larval development). - -Allopora porphyra + +Allopora porphyra : -Fisher 1938 +Fisher 1938 : 528-530, pl. 59, figs 1-2, pl. 60, pl. 61,figs 1, 1a, pl. 70, figs 2, 2a.- -Thompson and Chow 1955 +Thompson and Chow 1955 : 30 (mineralogy). - -Stylaster (Allopora) porphyrus + +Stylaster (Allopora) porphyrus : -Broch 1942 +Broch 1942 : 102. - -Stylaster (Stylantheca) porphyra + +Stylaster (Stylantheca) porphyra : Boschma 1951: 39, text fig. 5b. - -Stylantheca petrograpta + +Stylantheca petrograpta : -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 10, 27.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Whitmire and Clarke 2007 +Whitmire and Clarke 2007 : 154 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, and supplemental Table 1: 2 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Stylantheca papillosa + +Stylantheca papillosa : -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 430.- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 10, 27.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133 (listed).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 (listed).- -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed). - -Stylaster porphyra + +Stylaster porphyra : -Jamieson et al. 2007 +Jamieson et al. 2007 : 224 (listed). - -Type material. - -Allopora papillosa + +Type material. + +Allopora papillosa : holotype, a small (11 mm long) dry encrusting fragment, USNM 6852 (Fig. 27D). - -Type locality. -Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska Peninsula, 11 m. - -Stylantheca porphyrea + +Type locality. +Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska Peninsula, 11 m. + +Stylantheca porphyrea : holotype (USNM 43018, Fig. 27G) and 13 paratype colonies (USNM 43019, 43276, 43277 and SEM stub 136), all dry. - -Type locality. - + +Type locality. + Pescadero Point, Carmel Bay, California ( -36°33'42"N +36°33'42"N , -121°57'13"W +121°57'13"W ), intertidal. - -Allopora petrograpta + +Allopora petrograpta : two small (15 and 17 mm in length) dry, male encrusting fragments, syntypes, and SEM stub 1506, USNM 43272 (Fig. 27F). Type locality. Kyack Island, mouth of Sitka Harbor, Alaska, intertidal. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Types of the three named species; Middle of Cross Sound, AK, 15-21 m, 27 Jul 1978, 5 female colonies, AB78-120; South of Yasha Island, Chatham Strait, AK, depth unknown, 31 Jul 1976, 8 female colonies in alcohol, and SEM stubs 1532-34, AB76-55; Wooden Island, AK, depth unknown, 2002, 1 indet., AB02-150; Wooden Island, AK, depth unknown, 15 May 2009, 1 male in alcohol, AB09-10; Race Rocks, Victoria, British Columbia, depth unknown, 2002, 8 colonies dry and in alcohol, USNM 1073478; Seontary Island, Victoria, BC, 10 m, Jul 2002, 1 large male colony, USNM 1096626; -48°18'N +48°18'N , -123°31.8'W +123°31.8'W , 12.1 m, 6 Sep 1973, 1 female colony, USNM 76559; cactus island Channel, BC, 15 m, 1 male, AB02-0006; Lion's Gate Bridge, Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, 18 m, Jan 2002, 2 indet., AB02-0005; Turn Island, Washington, 0-27 m, 6 Jul 1995, 10 colonies, USNM 1084659; Puget Sound, Washington, 27 m, 2, CAS 117458-59; Squaw Island, Oregon, 20 Jul 1962, 1 female colony, USNM 45685; -43°18'15"N +43°18'15"N , -124°23'56"W +124°23'56"W (Charleston, Oregon), intertidal, 2 indet in alcohol, USNM 1086321; Pillar Point, Half Moon Bay, -California +California , intertidal, 18 Feb 1996, 16 colonies, USNM 1084663; Pigeon Point, California, intertidal, 12 Jul 1995, 12 colonies (forma porphyra), USNM 1084662. - -Description. - + +Description. + The typical form is variable in colony shape, those specimens living in a high energy shallow-water environment usually being encrusting, the layer of coenosteum sometimes less than 1 mm thick (Fig. 27E), the gastrostyle base almost resting on the hard substrate. In deeper water, colonies produce short (up to 17 mm), knobby, clavate, cylindrical branches, which originate from the basal encrustation. Only rarely will these branches bifurcate. Although the types of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa and -Stylantheca petrograpta +Stylantheca petrograpta are small, beach-worn fragments (Figs 27D, F), the species produces mats up to 30 cm in diameter. Parasitic spionid polychaetes ( -Polydora +Polydora ?alloporis Light, 1970) usually present, forming binary tubes/paired burrows throughout the coenosteum. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, the strips about 50-55 -µm +µm in width, separate by slits 12-15 -µm +µm wide. Short, porous, conical papillae (nematopores?) common on coenosteum, each about 0.13 mm in diameter and equally tall (Fig. 29B, D, -F-G +F-G ). Coenosteum purple, pink, red, and occasionally white, the tips of the clavate branches usually white. - + Cyclosystems uniformly arranged on encrustations and on all sides of branchlets; diameter of cyclosystems 0.9-1.2 mm. Gastropore tube highly constricted, the upper larger portion being infundibuliform to spherical, the lower chamber spherical and almost completely occupied by the gastrostyle(s), the two portions of the chamber constricted near gastrostyle tip. Gastropore tube diameter about 0.3 mm, the tube constriction about half that diameter. Just above the constriction numerous small (up to 45 -µm +µm in length) papillae form a wide ring palisade (Fig. 29K) further reducing access to lower chamber. Gastrostyles quite variable and sometimes irregular in shape, including globose (Fig. 29K), lanceolate, or triangular. Regardless, gastrostyles bear quite long (up to 50 -µm +µm long and 15 -µm +µm in diameter) spines that completely obscure the underlying gastrostyle shaft. Usually there is only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem, but occasionally the upper chambers of two cyclosystems are linked together resulting in two gastrostyles in one cavity, and rarely there appears to be 2 gastrostyles in one normal gastropore chamber. - + In well-preserved colonies, dactylopores are slightly raised above surface of coenosteum; dactylotomes 0.10-0.12 mm wide. Number of dactylotomes per cyclosystem variable, depending on size of cyclosystem, but ranges from 2-12, with common modes of 4, 5 and 8 (see Remarks). Dactylostyles robust (Fig. 29A, C, H), the cylindrical elements up to 55 -µm +µm long and 13-17 -µm +µm in diameter, not unlike the gastrostyle elements. -Female ampullae (Fig. 29L) primarily internal, with little superficial relief, even by an efferent pore; internal diameter 0.7-0.9 mm. Male ampullae also internal, the internal diameter being 0.4-0.5 mm. +Female ampullae (Fig. 29L) primarily internal, with little superficial relief, even by an efferent pore; internal diameter 0.7-0.9 mm. Male ampullae also internal, the internal diameter being 0.4-0.5 mm. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Although the holotype of -Allopora papillosa +Allopora papillosa is a small, worn colony measuring only 9.4 -x +x 6.6 mm in width and containing only 28 cyclosystems (Fig. 27D), it is not difficult to see the similarity to the two syntypes of -Allopora petrograpta +Allopora petrograpta Fisher, 1938 (Fig. 27F), also worn specimens (13 and 16 mm in width, constituting over 100 cyclosystems), even though they were collected from shallow water on op -posite +posite sides of the Gulf of Alaska. All of the cyclosystems of the type of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa have only one gastrostyle, whereas all but four of the cyclosystems of the syntypes of -Stylantheca petrograpta +Stylantheca petrograpta have one gastrostyle, the other four having two. The more difficult synonymy is with the more southerly species -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra Fisher, 1931, described from shallow water in Carmel Bay, California. -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra is very similar to the encrusting forms of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa , differing only in usually having more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem, sometimes as many as 8. -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) reported an average of 3.3 gastrostyles per cyclosystem (mode = 3) for the holotype. Another typical population of -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra is reported herein from Monterey Bay (USNM 1084662), also having multiple gastrostyles per cyclosystem, but just 50 km to the north (USNM 1084663) are colonies otherwise identical to -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra that have only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem. -Fisher (1938 +Fisher (1938 : 530) was uncertain as to the systematic importance of the number of gastrostyles per cyclosystems, suggesting that this character might have subgeneric or even generic discriminating power. We suggest that it is a matter of intraspecific variation and thus synonymize -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra with -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa , resulting in only one valid species in the genus -Stylantheca +Stylantheca . The number of dactylopores per cyclosystem of -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra ranges from 6 to16 (n = 34, average = 9.11, -σ +σ = 2.08, mode = 10) ( -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b ), whereas it is lower for the type of -Stylantheca petrograpta +Stylantheca petrograpta (n = 30, range =2-7, average = 5.07, -σ +σ = 0.94, mode = 5) and slightly lower still for the types of -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa (n = 14, range = 3-5, average and mode= 4.0, -σ +σ = 0.68). Another typical specimen (AB76-55) having only 1 gastrostyle per cyclosystem has a range of 5-12 dactylopores per cyclosystem (n = 30, average = 7.43, -σ +σ = 1.61, mode = 8). The higher number of dactylopores per cyclosystem of -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra is explained by its larger cyclosystems that house multiple gastrostyles, but in general the number of dactylopores per cyclosystem cannot be used as a diagnostic character for this species. Southern populations that have a slightly larger cyclosystems and more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem can be referred to as the -"porphyra" +"porphyra" form, a conclusion first suggested by -Cairns (1983b +Cairns (1983b : 483). The type of -Stylantheca porphyra +Stylantheca porphyra is illustrated by -Cairns (1983b) +Cairns (1983b) and as Fig. 27G herein. - + Two other eastern Pacific species are similar to -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa in color and cyclosystem and gastrostyle shape: -Stylaster venustus +Stylaster venustus (Verrill, 1870) and -Stylaster californicus +Stylaster californicus (Verrill, 1866). -Stylantheca venustus +Stylantheca venustus (Figs 16A-I, 17 -F-G +F-G ) is known from Monterey Bay, California (USA) to Vancouver Island, BC (Canada) at depths of 10-108 m and, although it may originate with an encrusting base (Fig. 17F, MCZ 5525, holotype), it quickly forms small colonies with delicate branches (Fig. 17G). Sixteen locality records are present at the NMNH, most from off Washington and Oregon (USA), but this species is not treated in this review except to illustrate some of its characters (Table 2). On the other hand, the more southern -Stylantheca californicus +Stylantheca californicus , known from off southern California (USA) from approximately 21-45 m (see -Boschma 1957 +Boschma 1957 ), forms large colonies with robust branches; this species is not further discussed in this review except for the table of comparisons (Table 2). - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Widespread from the Alaska Peninsula (Shumagin Islands) to Monterey Bay, California, although not yet reported from the northern Gulf of Alaska -. +. Common in the inner passages of Alaska and British Columbia; intertidal to 27 m. Forma porphyra known only from Monterey Bay area. - - - diff --git a/data/EC/89/2B/EC892B1476B6F7C89F2CB5826CE265DE.xml b/data/EC/89/2B/EC892B1476B6F7C89F2CB5826CE265DE.xml index d8bb561a37d..9c1012e2024 100644 --- a/data/EC/89/2B/EC892B1476B6F7C89F2CB5826CE265DE.xml +++ b/data/EC/89/2B/EC892B1476B6F7C89F2CB5826CE265DE.xml @@ -1,261 +1,261 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Stylaster verrillii (Dall, 1884) + + + +Stylaster verrillii (Dall, 1884) Figs 11B, F, H15 -A-M +A-M - - -Allopora verrillii + + +Allopora verrillii Dall, 1884: 111-113.- -Fisher 1931 +Fisher 1931 : 391-392. - -Allopora moseleyi + +Allopora moseleyi Dall, 1884: 113.- -Fisher 1931 +Fisher 1931 : 391-392. - -Allopora verrilli + +Allopora verrilli : -Fisher 1938 +Fisher 1938 : 521-522, pl. 54, fig. 3, pl. 57, pl. 76, figs 5-6.- -Naumov 1960 +Naumov 1960 : 567, text-fig. 411. - -Stylaster (Allopora) norvegicus + +Stylaster (Allopora) norvegicus forma pacifica -Broch 1936 +Broch 1936 : 52, text fig. 15c-d (in part: record from Snake Island, Strait of Georgia, British Columbia). - -Stylaster (Allopora) verrillii + +Stylaster (Allopora) verrillii : -Broch 1942 +Broch 1942 : 6. - -Allopora norvegicus pacifica + +Allopora norvegicus pacifica .- -Lowenstam 1964 +Lowenstam 1964 : 382 (mineralogy). - -Stylaster verrillii + +Stylaster verrillii : -Cairns 1983b +Cairns 1983b : 429.- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 11, 28, fig. 31.- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 134, 137.- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 108 listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 522, fig. 2B.-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, supplemental Table S1 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Stylaster?norvegicus + +Stylaster?norvegicus .-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed). - -Type material. - -Allopora verrillii + +Type material. + +Allopora verrillii : 5 badly worn, dry, female syntypes, the largest 44 mm in diameter (USNM 4193, Fig. 11H). All branches are eroded from the colony, thus resembling an encrusting colony. Collected together with four dry topotypic specimens (USNM 8850). - -Type locality. -Chika Island, Akutan Pass, near Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, on beach. - -Allopora moseleyi + +Type locality. +Chika Island, Akutan Pass, near Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, on beach. + +Allopora moseleyi : Holotype, 1 small (18 mm) dry colony, USNM 6851 (Fig. 11F). - -Type locality. -Kiska Harbor, Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, on beach. + +Type locality. +Kiska Harbor, Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, on beach. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Types of the two species; Alb-4777, -52°11'N +52°11'N , -179°49'E +179°49'E , 95 m, 5 June 1906, 1 female, 1 male, 1 indet., and SEM stub 1501, USNM 53394 and 76524 (mentioned by -Fisher 1938 +Fisher 1938 ); unnumbered Albatross station, Sucia Islands, near San Juan Island, Washington, 16 Sep 1890, 2 female, 11 male colonies, and SEM stub 1513, USNM 76526-28 (mentioned by -Fisher 1938 +Fisher 1938 ); Delta 5622, -51°57'36.54"N +51°57'36.54"N , -176°49'58.32"W +176°49'58.32"W , 140 m, 24 Jul 2002, 1 male, and SEM stub 1503, USNM 1123299; Delta 5625, -51°57'42"N +51°57'42"N , -176°50'01"W +176°50'01"W , 155 m, 25 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 1027819; Patricia Lee, -51°53.44'N +51°53.44'N , -179°47.7'E +179°47.7'E , 298 m, 1 indet., AB00-41b; Sea Storm 122, -52°02'49"N +52°02'49"N , -179°25'18"E +179°25'18"E , 143 m, 13 Jul 2002, 2 female colonies in alcohol, USNM 1123058 (attached to Distichopora borealis, -USNM +USNM 1123061); Sea Storm 123, -52°10'53"N +52°10'53"N , -179°37'02"E +179°37'02"E , 124 m, 13 Jul 2002, 3 female, 2 male, 1 indet., USNM 1123053, 1123056; Sea Storm 129, -51°52'24"N +51°52'24"N , -179°44'07"E +179°44'07"E , 84-93 m, 14 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1123051; Sea Storm 155, -52°38'43"N +52°38'43"N , -172°27'27"W +172°27'27"W , 393 m, 22 Jul 2002, 1 female, USNM 1122763; Vesteraalen 941-40, -52°53'N +52°53'N , -169°59'W +169°59'W , 0-62 m, 11 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96260; Vesteraalen 941-151, -52°10'36"N +52°10'36"N , -179°43.7'E +179°43.7'E , 87-92 m, 10 Jul 1994, 1 male, and SEM stub 1502, USNM 1123537; south of Semisopochnoi Islands, 366 m, 1 indet., USNM 88368; Ralston Island, near Juneau, depth unknown, 1 indet., AB04-21; Stubbs Island, BC, depth unknown, 2 indet., AB02-02; Wooden Island, AK, depth unknown, 2002, 1 dry, AB02-150b; Middle Cross Sound, AK, 15-21 m, 27 Jul 1978, 1 indet., AB78-120a; North Pass, Lincoln Island, AK, depth unknown, 2 indet. in alcohol, AB05-37. - -Description. - + +Description. + Colonies arborescent, dichotomously branching to form a three dimensional bush; branch tips blunt to slightly clavate, 3.0-4.5 mm in diameter. Largest colony (USNM 1027819, Fig. 11B) 3.5 cm tall, 7.0 cm wide, and attached by a basal branch 11 mm in diameter. Colonies usually attached to stones or bivalve shells. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, coenosteal strips 52-55 -µm +µm wide, separated by thin slits 10-13 -µm +µm wide. Strips covered with small (8-10 -µm +µm in diameter) spines, occurring 4-5 across width of a strip, conferring a fine, granular or "sugary" texture. Coenosteal papillae common. Most colonies infested with spionid worms and their characteristic binary tubes (Fig. 15A, K). Coenosteum light orange. - + Cyclosystems occur on all sides of branches, circular, and 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter. Gastropore circular and small (0.25-0.30 mm in diameter). Gastropore tubes funnel-shaped near surface but cylindrical adjacent to gastrostyle, straight, and often quite long in thick branches. Ring palisade robust near gastrostyle tip, composed of squat, clavate elements about 40 -µm +µm in diameter. Gastrostyles lanceolate to elongate (up to 1.5 mm, Fig. 15H), with a pointed tip; gastrostyles covered with anastomosing, longitudinal, spiny ridges, the spines quite long (up to 65 -µm +µm in length) and sharp. - + Cyclosystems flush to only slightly raised above coenosteum. Dactylotomes 0.07-0.10 mm in width, sometimes becoming obsolete within a system by infilling of the axial slit, resulting in just an apical pore. Dactylostyles robust (Fig. 15F, M), composed of tall slender cylindrical elements up to 60 -µm +µm in height and 10-15 -µm +µm in diameter. Range of dactylopores per cyclosystem 5-10 (n = 50, average = 7.10 (σ=1.16), and mode = 7). Pseudosepta triangular; diastemas rare. -Female ampullae primarily internal (Fig. 15K), with only a slight superficial swelling; internal diameter of ampullae 0.7-0.8 mm. Efferent pores of female ampullae never observed. Male ampullae (Fig. 15H, L) also primarily internal, visible on surface only as small dimples about 0.4 mm in diameter; internal cavity diameter 0.3-0.5 mm. +Female ampullae primarily internal (Fig. 15K), with only a slight superficial swelling; internal diameter of ampullae 0.7-0.8 mm. Efferent pores of female ampullae never observed. Male ampullae (Fig. 15H, L) also primarily internal, visible on surface only as small dimples about 0.4 mm in diameter; internal cavity diameter 0.3-0.5 mm. - -Remarks. - -Stylaster verrillii + +Remarks. + +Stylaster verrillii is similar to -Stylaster venustus +Stylaster venustus (Figs 16 -A-I +A-I , 17 -F-G +F-G ), but differs in having orange, bushy coralla (not pink to purple planar colonies, Fig. 17G); -larger +larger cyclosystems (1.0-1.2 mm vs 0.7-0.9 mm in diameter); larger diameter and blunt distal branches; triangular (not rectangular, Fig. 16B) pseudosepta; and straight-sided gastropore tubes (not hemispherical, Fig. 16B)(also see Table 2). Both species are confined to relatively shallow water and have overlapping distributions off British Columbia and Washington. According to the -ICZN (1999) +ICZN (1999) article 31.1.3, the original spelling verrillii should be preserved in preference to verrilli. - -Distribution. -Known from Kiska Harbor, Aleutian Islands to Sucia Islands, Washington; 21-393 m, although most records between 60-155 m. - - diff --git a/data/F3/83/8B/F3838B6628792A0691A146E604F195CC.xml b/data/F3/83/8B/F3838B6628792A0691A146E604F195CC.xml index bb3be0570d8..313980ce86a 100644 --- a/data/F3/83/8B/F3838B6628792A0691A146E604F195CC.xml +++ b/data/F3/83/8B/F3838B6628792A0691A146E604F195CC.xml @@ -1,226 +1,226 @@ - - - -A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters + + + +A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters - - -Author + + +Author -Cairns, Stephen D. +Cairns, Stephen D. - - -Author + + +Author -Lindner, Alberto +Lindner, Alberto -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2011 - -158 + +2011 + +158 - -1 -88 + +1 +88 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 -1313-2970-158-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910 +1313-2970-158-1 - - - -Cyclohelia lamellata Cairns, 1991 + + + +Cyclohelia lamellata Cairns, 1991 Figs 1 -D-I3A-C +D-I3A-C - - -Cyclohelia lamellata + + +Cyclohelia lamellata Cairns, 1991: 384-386, figs 1a-g, 2a-g.- -Heifetz 2002 +Heifetz 2002 : 22 (listed).- -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 : 10, 27, fig. 25, not Appendix fig. 1 (= -Errinopora undulata +Errinopora undulata ).- -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 107 (listed).- -Brooke and Stone 2007 +Brooke and Stone 2007 : 529-530, figs 2K, 3E.-Jameison et al. 2007: 224 (listed).- -Lindner et al. 2008 +Lindner et al. 2008 : 3, and supplemental Table S1: 3 (phylogeny and DNA sequences). - -Cyclohelia lamellate + +Cyclohelia lamellate .- -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 133, 137 (listed). - -Type material. -The holotype, a dry female colony (USNM 85077, Fig. 1D). Type locality. Off Pribilof Islands, 550 m. + +Type material. +The holotype, a dry female colony (USNM 85077, Fig. 1D). Type locality. Off Pribilof Islands, 550 m. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Alaskan Leader 35, -53°01'48"N +53°01'48"N , -170°06'12"W +170°06'12"W , 172-178 m, 4 Jun 2002, 1 female, 1 male, USNM 1122491; Alaskan Leader, 54-14, -51°44.4'N +51°44.4'N , -178°16.7'W +178°16.7'W , 567-680 m, 11 Jun 2002, 1 female, AB02-0029; Alaska Beauty, -51°42.43'N +51°42.43'N , -176°56.05'E +176°56.05'E , 351 m, 3 Feb 2000, 1 female, AB00-15; Delta 5999-8E-5, -52°21.042'N +52°21.042'N , -179°30.483'W +179°30.483'W , 115 m, 4 Jul 2003, 3 fragments, AB10-0001; Delta 6000-10D-2, -51°50.8545'N +51°50.8545'N , -179°49.6488'E +179°49.6488'E , 150 m, 5 Jul 2003, 1 indet., AB; Delta 6001-10C-1, -51°52.396'N +51°52.396'N , -179°46.191'E +179°46.191'E , 230 m, 5 Jul 2003, 1 female, AB; Delta 6213-12B-1, 2 and 4, 6 males, AB; Delta, -51°50'55"N +51°50'55"N , -179°48'35"W +179°48'35"W , 125 m, 17 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol (digitate form), USNM 1122494; North Pacific, -52°04.28'N +52°04.28'N , -176°05.35'E +176°05.35'E , 366 m, 1 indet., AB00-28; Ocean Olympic, -52°11.89'N +52°11.89'N , -176°17.3'E +176°17.3'E , 366 m, 20 Oct 2000, 1 female (digitate form), USNM 1122513; Pacific Knight 941-121, -51°38'00"N +51°38'00"N , -178°19'00"W +178°19'00"W , 0-373 m, 5 Jul 1994, 1 female and 1 male, USNM 96235 and 1122900; Pacific Knight 941-179, -52°00'N +52°00'N , -176°44'E +176°44'E , 0-90 m, 23 Jul 1994, 1 female (intermediate form), USNM 96236; Patricia Lee, -51°18'42"N +51°18'42"N , -179°30'04"E +179°30'04"E , 329 m, 20 Oct 2000, 1 male, USNM 1122488; Patricia Lee -51°53.44'N +51°53.44'N , -179°47.7'E +179°47.7'E , 298 m, 3 male, SEM stub 1488, AB00-41; Sea Storm 107, -52°10'28"N +52°10'28"N , -175°14'14"E +175°14'14"E , 214 m, 8 Jul 2002, 1 female in alcohol, USNM 1123297; Sea Storm 108, 52°11'32'N, -175°17'E +175°17'E , 208 m, 8 Jul 2002, 10 female, 6 male, 8 indet. (digitate form) in alcohol and dry, USNM 1122951, -54, -55, -57, -58, -59, 61, 1123290, 91; Sea Storm 111, -52°16'20"N +52°16'20"N , -175°59'13"E +175°59'13"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1122949; Sea Storm 112, -52°15'12"N +52°15'12"N , -176°10'42"E +176°10'42"E , 137 m, 9 Jul 2002, 1 indet., USNM 1122946; Sea Storm 116, -52°04'10"N +52°04'10"N , -177°14'25"E +177°14'25"E , 87-94 m, 11 Jul 2002, 1 male in alcohol (digitate form), USNM 1122942; Sea Storm 122, -52°02'49"N +52°02'49"N , -179°25'18"E +179°25'18"E , 143 m, 13 Jul 2002, 8 female, 4 male, 5 indet., USNM 1122899, 1122948, 1123294-96, -98; Sea Storm 123, -52°10'53"N +52°10'53"N , -179°37'02"E +179°37'02"E , 124 m, 13 Jul 2002, 2 male, USNM 1122952; Sea Storm 125, -52°12'53"N +52°12'53"N , -179°56'49"W +179°56'49"W , 89-96 m, 13 Jul 2002, 1 male, USNM 112305; Vesteraalen 3, -52°38'13"N +52°38'13"N , -169°47'14"W +169°47'14"W , 75-83 m, 22 May 2001, 1 male in alcohol, USNM 1076490; Vesteraalen 941-36, -52°56'N +52°56'N , -169°31'W +169°31'W , 0-227 m, 10 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96237; Vesteraalen 941-46, -53°04'N +53°04'N , -170°09'W +170°09'W , 0-174 m, 12 Jun 1994, 1 female, USNM 96238; Vesteraalen 941-153, -52°10'N +52°10'N , -179°43'E +179°43'E , 0-94 m, 11 Jul 1994, 1 male, USNM 96239; "Vessel" 35, -51°45'48"N +51°45'48"N , -178°09'47"W +178°09'47"W , 200-400m, 4 Jun 2000, 2 female and 1 male, USNM 1122493; Renfro, coll., -51°56'35"N +51°56'35"N , -179°17'58"E +179°17'58"E , 236 m, 1 female, USNM 1122456; coll. Slear, -51°59'52"N +51°59'52"N , -176°47'05"E +176°47'05"E , 241 m, 13 Nov 2000, 1 male (digitate form), USNM 1122457; Petrel Bank, 1 male, 1 indet., USNM 1123540; -51°52.11'N +51°52.11'N , -179°49.51'W +179°49.51'W , 27 m, 17 Jul 2002, 1 female (digitate form), USNM 1122492. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + This species is not redescribed herein as it was adequately described originally ( -Cairns 1991 +Cairns 1991 ) and, being the only species in the genus, conforms to the genus -diagnosis +diagnosis above. But, the species was previously known from only two specimens, the type and a specimen sequenced by -Lindner et al. (2008) +Lindner et al. (2008) , and thus more can be added to its description, including details of the male ampullae, based on the 81 additional specimens reported herein. -Colonies are usually firmly attached to a hard substrate by a robust cylindrical base and stem (Fig. 1H) up to 2.5 cm in diameter, which, at the height of about 2 cm, bifurcates into two lamellae or sheets, each sheet increasing its surface area by folding and undulating its surfaces into a complex three dimensional structure. Large colonies may attain a height of about 8 cm and a width of 10 cm, colonies wider than tall being the norm. However, a subset of colonies from seven stations (see Material Examined), termed the "digitate form", differ from the typical colony morphology in having dissected plates, resulting in numerous flattened lobes and clavate branches (Fig. 1E). Furthermore, one colony (Fig. 1F) is intermediate between these two extremes, suggesting that these shapes are simply variations of the same species. - +Colonies are usually firmly attached to a hard substrate by a robust cylindrical base and stem (Fig. 1H) up to 2.5 cm in diameter, which, at the height of about 2 cm, bifurcates into two lamellae or sheets, each sheet increasing its surface area by folding and undulating its surfaces into a complex three dimensional structure. Large colonies may attain a height of about 8 cm and a width of 10 cm, colonies wider than tall being the norm. However, a subset of colonies from seven stations (see Material Examined), termed the "digitate form", differ from the typical colony morphology in having dissected plates, resulting in numerous flattened lobes and clavate branches (Fig. 1E). Furthermore, one colony (Fig. 1F) is intermediate between these two extremes, suggesting that these shapes are simply variations of the same species. + Male ampullae (Fig. 3A) entirely internal, and elliptical in shape, the greater axis of the ellipse perpendicular to the branch surface, unlike that of the female ampullae. Male ampullae are up to 0.6 mm in greater diameter and 0.45 mm in lesser diameter, occurring in great concentrations and invariably present on almost any broken surface. Each ampulla communicates to the surface by a circular efferent duct, the duct about 0.07-0.09 mm in diameter, which is surrounded by small inward projecting granules, giving the pore a star-shaped appearance (Fig. 3 -B-C +B-C ). Of the 81 specimens examined, 34 are female, 29 male, and 18 indeterminate in gender. - -Distribution. -In addition to the type locality off the Pribilof Islands, this species is common throughout the Aleutian Islands from the Rat Islands to the Islands of Four Mountains at 27-567 m, although it was more commonly collected from the western part of this range at depths of 100-300 m. The digitate form is known only from the western Aleutian Islands from 27-366 m. -
-Stylaster brochi + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - -
+Stylaster brochi -Stylaster stejnegeri + +Stylaster stejnegeri -Stylaster verrillii + +Stylaster verrillii -Stylaster repandus + +Stylaster repandus -Stylaster venustus + +Stylaster venustus -Stylaster californicus + +Stylaster californicus -Stylaster campylecus + +Stylaster campylecus -Stylaster leptostylus + +Stylaster leptostylus -Stylaster trachystomus + +Stylaster trachystomus -Stylaster parageus parageus + +Stylaster parageus parageus -Stylaster parageus columbiensis + +Stylaster parageus columbiensis -Stylaster alaskanus + +Stylaster alaskanus -Stylaster elassotomus + +Stylaster elassotomus
-
 - + + Figure 13. -Stylaster brochi +Stylaster brochi , A, E, -G-H +G-H , K male from USNM 96264 -B-D +B-D , F, J female syntype, USNM 43264 I, L male from USNM 1123049: A stereo view of cyclosystems on branch tip B stereo view of cyclosystems and supernumerary dactylopores C branch tip D a cyclosystem E coenosteal texture F dactylostyle G stereo view of longitudinal section through a cyclosystem H a gastrostyle surrounded by its ring palisade I, L an elongate gastrostyle J longitudinal section of a cyclosystem showing curvature of gastropore tube, sectioned female ampulla, and two gastrostyles K cross section through several male ampullae and a gastropore tube. - + +Distribution. +Aleutian Islands from Near Islands to Amuka Pass, Petrel and Bowers Banks, off Pribilof Bank; 146-1913 m, although most records between 200 and 400 m. + + Figure 30. -Crypthelia trophostega +Crypthelia trophostega , -A-B +A-B , F, -H-J +H-J female colony, USNM 1122887 -C-E +C-E , G, -K-L +K-L holotype (male), USNM 42876: -A-B +A-B cyclosystem and lid, covered with numerous nematopores C under side of cyclosystem lid showing numerous male efferent pores -D-E +D-E coenosteal texture F slender pseudosepta bearing nematopores G three nematopores H stereo view of longitudinal section of cyclosystem showing multiple female efferent pores under lid I enlargement of efferent pores of figure H J fractured female lid K stereo view of fractured cyclosystem showing multiple male efferent pores (enlarged in fig. C) L stereo view of cyclosystem missing its lid revealing several male ampullae. - + + Figure 27. Color figures of skeleton of various Alaskan stylasterids: -A-C -Stylaster repandus -D-G -Stylantheca papillosa -H-I -Crypthelia trophostega +A-C +Stylaster repandus +D-G +Stylantheca papillosa +H-I +Crypthelia trophostega : -A-B +A-B lateral and apical views of holotype, USNM 1122740 C small paratype colony, USNM 1122741 D holotype of -Allopora papillosa +Allopora papillosa , USNM 6852 E encrusting colony, AB02-0005 F syntype of -Allopora petrograpta +Allopora petrograpta , USNM 43272 G holotype of -Stylaster porphyrea +Stylaster porphyrea , USNM 43018 H holotype, USNM 42876 I arborescent colony, USNM 1122435. - + + Figure 28. -Stylaster repandus +Stylaster repandus , -A-K +A-K , M holotype (male), USNM 1122740, L female paratype, USNM 1122739: -A-C +A-C cyclosystems and coenosteal papillae D gastrostyle and robust dactylostyle E stereo view of a cyclosystem -F-G +F-G coenosteal texture H stereo view of a gastrostyle and adjacent dactylostyle I stereo view of plate cross section showing some gastrostyles and male ampulla J a robust dactylostyle K elements of a dactylostyle L cross section of a female ampulla M cross section of a male ampulla. - + + Figure 29. -Stylantheca papillosa +Stylantheca papillosa , -A-G +A-G , K topotypic specimen, USNM 43276, -H-J +H-J syntype of -Allopora petrograpta +Allopora petrograpta , USNM 43272, L female colony, AB76-55: A stereo view of a cyclosystem B, D, F coenosteal papillae (nematopores) C robust dactylostyle E supernumerary dactylopore G three cyclosystems and many papillae H stereo view of longitudinal section through cyclosystem I gastrostyle J gastrostyle spines K stereo view of squat gastrostyle and ring palisade L stereo view of longitudinal section of two cyclosystems and a female ampulla. - -Figure + +Distribution. +Known from Kiska Harbor, Aleutian Islands to Sucia Islands, Washington; 21-393 m, although most records between 60-155 m. + + +Figure 15. -Stylaster verrillii +Stylaster verrillii , A, F, -L-M +L-M male from USNM 76524, B, -G-J +G-J male from USNM 1123517, -C-E +C-E USNM 1123299, K female from USNM 76528: A stereo view of blunt branch tip showing cyclosystems and spionid tubes -B-C +B-C cyclosystems -D-E +D-E coenosteal texture F, M dactylostyle -G-J +G-J lateral view of gastrostyles (H a stereo view) K stereo view of axial spionid tubes and cross section of female ampullae L male ampulla. - + + Figure 16. -Stylaster venustus +Stylaster venustus , A, -E-I +E-I USNM 76545, -B-D +B-D holotype, MCZ 5525: A blunt branch tip -B-D +B-D cyclosystems (C a stereo view) E coenosteal texture F stereo view of a gastrostyle and ring palisade G two dactylostyles H cross section of two internal male ampullae I stereo view of branch cross section showing many internal male ampullae. - + +Distribution. +In addition to the type locality off the Pribilof Islands, this species is common throughout the Aleutian Islands from the Rat Islands to the Islands of Four Mountains at 27-567 m, although it was more commonly collected from the western part of this range at depths of 100-300 m. The digitate form is known only from the western Aleutian Islands from 27-366 m. + + Figure 3. -Cyclohelia lamellata +Cyclohelia lamellata , USNM 1122488: A stereo view of male ampullae in cross section -B-C +B-C male efferent pores.