diff --git a/data/52/D4/1E/52D41E833A41504F88014FBD39AA1316.xml b/data/52/D4/1E/52D41E833A41504F88014FBD39AA1316.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dab0b8baab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/52/D4/1E/52D41E833A41504F88014FBD39AA1316.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@ + + + +A new toad of Oreolalax Myers & Leviton, 1962 (Anura, Megophryidae) from Sichuan Province, southwest China + + + +Author + +Hou, Yin Meng +0000-0002-4216-9678 +College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China & Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China & The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China + + + +Author + +Zheng, Pu Yang +Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China & College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China + + + +Author + +Yu, Hao Qi +Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China & College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China + + + +Author + +Wang, Bin +0000-0001-6036-5579 +Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China + + + +Author + +Chen, Xiao Hong +College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China & The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China + + + +Author + +Xie, Feng +0000-0001-9532-9586 +Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2024 + +2024-09-16 + + +1212 + + +109 +127 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zookeys.1212.122222 +9996A35A-9485-4906-AD8B-52BEABE11B16 + + + + + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 3 +, +4 +, +5 +, +6 + + + + +Type material. + + + + + +Holotype + +. + +• +CIBSH 20230603020 +(Fig. +3 +), +adult male +, collected by +F. Xie +from +Shuhe town +, +Yanyuan county +, +Sichuan Province +( + +27.473443 ° N +, +101.789624 ° E + +, + +3108 m +a. s. l. + +) +China + +. + + + +Paratypes + +. + +• +Seven adult males +collected from a +small stream +of +Shuhe town +( + +27.475205 ° N +, +101.789108 ° E + +, + +3127 m +a. s. l. + +); on + +June 3, 2023 + +( +CIBSH 20230603016–19 +, +CIBSH 20230603021 +, +CIBSH 20230603023–24 +) by +P. Y. Zheng +, +H. Q. Yu +and +F. Xie + +. + + + + + + +Photos of the holotype CIBSH 20230603020 of + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +A +dorsal view +B +ventral view; the white arrow indicates the position of the pectoral gland +C +lateral view +D +ventral view of hand +E +ventral view of foot. + + + + + +Other specimens. + + +• + +Seven tadpoles +( +CIBSH 20230603 +kd 01–07) collected from a +small stream +of +Shuhe town +( + +27.466241 ° N +, +101.786933 ° E + +, + +3032 m +a. s. l. + +); on + +June 3, 2023 + +; by +P. Y. Zheng +, +H. Q. Yu +and +F. Xie + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +The new species is assigned to genus + +Oreolalax + +based on following characters: maxillary teeth prominent; back rough, scattered with large warts, covered with oval black spots; pupil vertical; tongue moderately broad, notched behind; femoral glands prominent; pectoral and axillary gland present in males. + + +The new species differs from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate +39.8–52.8 mm +in male; head broad; tympanum hidden; distinct black spots present on flanks; toes 1 / 3 webbed, with broad lateral fringes; dorsal body deep brown or yellowish-brown; belly smooth, middle yellow, scattered fine mottling, abdominal margin more spotted; skin on dorsum rough with dense and varied size granules, warts are covered with dark spots or no spots; iris light orange or light yellow above, creamy silver white bellow; and middle pectoral glands are evident in males. + + + + + +Holotype +description + + + + +(Fig. +3 +). + +Body size moderate ( + +SVL + +47.4 mm +). Head width greater than length ( + +HW + +17.6 mm +, +HL +16.2 mm +); maxillary teeth developed, without vomerine teeth or acoustic sac; snout bluntly rounded in dorsal view, slightly projecting over lower jaw, longer than eye diameter ( +SL +6.3 mm +, + +ED + +5.9 mm +); canthus rostralis indistinct, interorbital distance ( + +IOD + +5.0 mm) wider than internarial distance ( + +IND + +3.5 mm +), distinctly larger than upper eyelid ( + +UEW + +3.0 mm); nostrils oval, closer to tip of snout than eyes ( + +EN + +3.1 mm +, + +NS + +3.0 mm); no tympanic membrane; supratympanic fold broad; tongue moderately broad, notched behind; pupil vertical. + + +Fingers moderate, relative finger lengths: I <II <IV < +III +; finger tips slightly dilated; subarticular tubercles absent; inner palmar tubercle large, nearly rounded, outer palmer tubercle small, oval, completely separated. + + +Hindlimbs relatively long, length 177 % of body length; shank length subequal to thigh length, slightly shorter than foot length ( + +THL + +23.4 mm +, +TL +23.8 mm +, +FL +24.4 mm +); heels partially overlap when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body and tibia-tarsal articulation reaches the middle eye when leg stretched; toes 1 / 3 webbed with distinct fringes; inner metatarsal tubercle long oval, small. + +In life, dorsal body and head rough, back with moderate sparse granules, relatively small warts on head; with dark-brown triangular between eyes; dorsal arms and hindlimbs with small granules and bumps; distinct warts cover the fold and posterior of snout. Ventral skin smooth; pectoral glands flat; pectoral glands evident, chest spines and finger spines not visible; femoral glands slightly swollen, distinct on posterior thigh. Small verrucous granules around the anus. +Large brown markings on dorsum, dark brown triangular pattern between eyes; large markings dorsum brown; ventral skin medium yellow, with scattered little dark speckling; supratympanic fold dark brown; lateral head and flanks brown with dark patches; throat mixed pink and orange yellow, margin with small beige warts; chest pink and the pectoral glands medium yellow; forelimbs covered with black irregular spots; dorsal limbs yellowish-brown, the spots and stripes of dorsal upper arms and tibiotarsal articulation black; ventral arms, thigh, tibia medium yellow with flesh marking; upper iris light orange yellow, lower iris creamy white, both parts embedded black mesh lines. + +In preservative (75 % ethanol), dorsal body and head dark grey; irregular spots in forelimbs, black longitudinal stripes on hindlimbs; ventral surface beige, throat and arms beige white; with grayish-brown speckling; mandibular margin warts white; pectoral glands and ventral of the hindlimb beige yellow, scattered black spots; hand and feet dark grey, finger tips and palms grayish-white, inner metatarsal tubercle grey; lateral grey on snout and undereye, patches black; skins beneath supratympanic fold dark grey, flanks grey, covered with creamy white warts, black spots around the edges of warts. Perianal warts and femoral gland creamy-white (Fig. +4 +). + + + + + + +The holotype CIBSH 20230603020 of + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +in preservative +A +dorsal view +B +ventral view +C +lateral view +D +dorsal view of the left hand +E +ventral view of the left foot. + + + + + +Tadpoles. + + +Measurements see Suppl. material +4 +. Description based on preserved tadpole +CIBSH +20230603 kd 01 at Gosner stage 37 ( + +TOL + +62.3 mm +, +BL +20.6 mm +) (Fig. +5 +). The mouth is located below the rostral end; labial tooth row formula I: (5 + 5) / (5 + 5): I; the upper lip papillae is large, the central missing length is close to 3 papillae position, the lower lip papillae is small and pointed; and there are small teeth on the auxiliary processes of the oral corner; jaw sheaths strong, serrated, the lip teeth are daggerlike; body elliptical in dorsal view, body width is 113 % of height; snout rounded, eye positioned dorsolateral; +SL +29 % of BL; eyes relatively small, + +ED + +8.3 % of BL; nostrils near oval; tail long and muscled, +TAL +210 % of BL; +TAH +113 % of +BH +; +TBW +44 % of +BW +; +SS +53 % of BL. Body dark brown in the back and lateral view, creamy yellow in the ventral; tail brown; the single opening of the spiracle lateral, without a free distal tube; tail end blunt; faint brown cloud spots faintly visible on upper caudal fin, caudal fin light and broad. + + + + + + +Photos for the tadpole CIBSH 20230603 kd 01 in preservative of + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +A +dorsal view +B +ventral view +C +lateral view +D +ventral view of head. + + + + + +Variation. + + +Measurements variation of specimens see Suppl. material +1 +(unit in mm). Half of the individuals had faint markings on the abdomen ( +CIBSH +20230603016, +CIBSH +20230603018, +CIBSH +20230603021, +CIBSH +20230603023), and half had more markings on the abdomen ( +CIBSH +20230603017, +CIBSH +20230603019, +CIBSH +20230603020, +CIBSH +20230603022). Color of each specimen was brownish-yellow ( +CIBSH +20230603018, +CIBSH +20230603023), medium brown ( +CIBSH +20230603016, +CIBSH +20230603019, +CIBSH +20230603021, +CIBSH +20230603022), or dark brown ( +CIBSH +20230603017, +CIBSH +20230603020). Dorsal markings are obvious in most individuals ( +CIBSH +20230603016–22), except one ( +CIBSH +20230603023). Lateral markings are obvious in most individuals ( +CIBSH +20230603016–21, +CIBSH +20230603023), except one ( +CIBSH +20230603022). Color of warts covering the back was yellowish-brown ( +CIBSH +20230603022), light brown ( +CIBSH +20230603023), brown ( +CIBSH +20230603016, +CIBSH +20230603020), dark brown ( +CIBSH +20230603018, +CIBSH +20230603019), black ( +CIBSH +20230603017, +CIBSH +20230603021). Wart size was relatively small in some individuals ( +CIBSH +20230603017, +CIBSH +20230603020, +CIBSH +20230603021, +CIBSH +20230603023) and relatively large in others ( +CIBSH +20230603016, +CIBSH +20230603018, +CIBSH +20230603022, +CIBSH +20230603023). Half of the specimens had dark temporal folds ( +CIBSH +20230603017, +CIBSH +20230603018, +CIBSH +20230603020, +CIBSH +20230603021), in others the folds were generally lighter ( +CIBSH +20230603016, +CIBSH +20230603019, +CIBSH +20230603022, +CIBSH +20230603023). + + +Measurements variation of tadpoles see Suppl. material +4 +. The dorsal color of +CIBSH +20230606 kd 01, +CIBSH +20230606 kd 03–04, +CIBSH +20230606 kd 05–06 is nearly black, while numbers +CIBSH +20230606 kd 02 and +CIBSH +20230606 kd 07 are dark brown. Light brown cloud spots on the upper caudal fin, ranged from faintly visible ( +CIBSH +20230606 kd 01, +CIBSH +20230606 kd 03) to obvious ( +CIBSH +20230606 kd 02, +CIBSH +20230606 kd 04–07). + + + + +Comparisons. + + +In + +Oreolalax + +, 19 species occur in southwest +China +and northern +Vietnam +. + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +could be easily distinguished from them by several characters (Suppl. material +5 +). By having moderate body size ( +39.8–52.8 mm +) in males, the new species differs from + +O. major + +(vs. +59.2–68.7 mm +), + +O. popei + +(vs. 60.0–69.0 mm), + +O. rhodostigmatus + +(vs. +57.5–73.5 mm +), + +O. sterlingae + +(vs. +36.8 mm +), and + +O. weigoldi + +(vs. +58.2 mm +). + + +By having head width> head length, the new species differs from + +O. chuanbeiensis + +, + +O. nanjiangensis + +(vs. head width ≈ head length), + +O. weigoldi + +(vs. head width = head length), + +O. multipunctatus + +, + +O. popei + +, + +O. rhodostigmatus + +, and + +O. schmidti + +(vs. head width <head length). + + +By having no tympanum, the new species differs from + +O. liangbeiensis + +, + +O. major + +, + +O. longmenmontis + +, + +O. sterlingae + +, + +O. chuanbeiensis + +, + +O. multipunctatus + +, + +O. nanjiangensis + +, + +O. pingii + +, + +O. popei + +, + +O. puxiongensis + +, + +O. schmidti + +, + +O. weigoldi + +(vs. hidden), + +O. lichuanensis + +, + +O. omeimontis + +(vs. concealed or slightly visible), and + +O. rhodostigmatus + +(vs. rather visible). + + +By having 1 / 3 toe webbing, the new species differs from + +O. puxiongensis + +, + +O. schmidti + +(vs. no webbing), + +O. longmenmontis + +, + +O. sterlingae + +, + +O. lichuanensis + +, + +O. multipunctatus + +, + +O. nanjiangensis + +, + +O. omeimontis + +, + +O. pingii + +, + +O. popei + +, + +O. rhodostigmatus + +(vs. rudimentary), + +O. xiangchengensis + +, and + +O. weigoldi + +(vs. well webbed). + + +By having triangular pattern between eyes, the new species differs from + +O. rugosus + +, + +O. liangbeiensis + +, + +O. major + +, + +O. xiangchengensis + +, + +O. sterlingae + +, + +O. chuanbeiensis + +, + +O. granulosus + +, + +O. lichuanensis + +, + +O. nanjiangensis + +, + +O. pingii + +, + +O. popei + +, + +O. rhodostigmatus + +, and + +O. weigoldi + +(vs. no triangular pattern). + + +By having middle spiny patches on the chest, the new species differs from + +O. liangbeiensis + +, + +O. major + +, + +O. xiangchengensis + +, + +O. chuanbeiensis + +, + +O. granulosus + +, + +O. weigoldi + +, + +O. omeimontis + +(vs. large patches), + +O. pingii + +, + +O. rhodostigmatus + +, + +O. jingdongensis + +, + +O. lichuanensis + +(vs. relatively large patches), + +O. longmenmontis + +, + +O. sterlingae + +, + +O. multipunctatus + +, + +O. nanjiangensis + +, and + +O. popei + +(vs. small patches). + + +By having dark bars on the limbs, the new species can differ from + +O. rugosus + +(vs. no or irregular), + +O. xiangchengensis + +, + +O. pingii + +, and + +O. puxiongensis + +(vs. no). + + +By having brown yellow or medium yellow scattered variable brown spots on the belly, the new species can differ from + +O. rugosus + +(creamy yellow or yellow, no spots), + +O. liangbeiensis + +(creamy white without any spots), + +O. xiangchengensis + +(light brown, no spots), + +O. sterlingae + +(cream with dark marbling), + +O. granulosus + +(yellow-white or with fine light gray veins), + +O. lichuanensis + +(purplish with dark brown flecks), + +O. multipunctatus + +(grey brown, with few or without spots), + +O. nanjiangensis + +(without dark spots), + +O. pingii + +(gray-white, no spots), + +O. popei + +(brown-red, fully covered with small gray-brown spots), + +O. puxiongensis + +(grayish-yellow, no spots), + +O. rhodostigmatus + +(grayish-brown, no spots), + +O. schmidti + +(entirely purple-yellow, no spots), + +O. weigoldi + +(light brown with dark cloudy spots on ventrolateral), and + +O. longmenmontis + +(flesh red and greyish-white with some black speckles). + + + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +is genetically closest to + +O. rugosus + +, + +O. liangbeiensis + +and + +O. major + +. In addition to the morphological differences (Fig. +6 +; Suppl. material +5 +), the new species distinctly differs from these three in measurement proportions. The new species can differ from + +O. rugosus + +by having larger + +LFT + +, +TL +, and smaller IN, +IOD +, +UEW +, +TW +. The new species distinctly differs from + +O. liangbeiensis + +by having larger +HL +, + +HW + +, + +ED + +, + +LAHL + +, +TL +, + +LFT + +and smaller +SL +, +IOD +. The new species distinctly differs from + +O. major + +by having larger + +HW + +, + +ED + +, +TL +, + +LFT + +and smaller +SL +, IN, +IOD +(Table +2 +). + + + + + + +Morphometric comparisons between + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +and its relatives. Shaded values represent a ratio of body measurements to +SVL +that differs between these three species and the new species. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Measurements / +SVL +(%) + + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. + +O. rugosus + +O. liangbeiensis + +O. major +
8 ♂♂10 ♂♂20 ♂♂6 ♂♂
+HL +35.9 (34.2–37.4)35.433.335.4
+HW +37.6 (36.6–39.5)37.535.235.8
+SL +14.3 (13.2–15.3)14.615.515.5
+IND +9.0 (7.4–10.3)10.49.810.4
+IOD +10.1 (9.2–10.6)11.510.910.8
+ED +11.9 (11.5–12.5)12.210.110.5
+UEW +8.4 (6.3–9.4)9.99.29.0
+FAW +10.3 (8.9–12.4)11.510.910.8
+LAHL +54.6 (51.2–58.0)51.651.055.0
+TL +51.3 (49.6–53.2)47.845.048.0
+TW +11.3 (9.2–13.6)13.712.311.1
+LFT +77.5 (74.3–80.2)67.569.073.8
+FL +50.8 (47.1–54.6)48.148.750.9
+ + + + + + +Specimen photos of + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +and its relative species +A, B +dorsal and ventral view of the holotype CIB 25333 of + +O. rugosus + +C, D +dorsal and ventral view of the topotype CIB 24678 of + +O. liangbeiensis + +E, F +dorsal and ventral view of the topotype CIB 24695 of + +O. major + +G, H +dorsal and ventral view of the topotype CIBSH 20230603020 of + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +Scale bar: equal to 10 mm. + + + +In elevational distribution, the new species (occurring between +3000–3200 m +) can be distinguished from some + +Oreolalax +species + +occurring below +3000 m +(a. s. l.) as follows: + +O. major + +(vs. +1600–2000 m +), + +O. longmenmontis + +(vs. +1300–1450 m +), + +O. chuanbeiensis + +(vs. +2000–2200 m +), + +O. granulosus + +(vs. +2300–2450 m +), + +O. jingdongensis + +(vs. +2300–2450 m +), + +O. lichuanensis + +(vs. +1790–1840 m +), + +O. multipunctatus + +(vs. +1800–1920 m +), + +O. nanjiangensis + +(vs. +1600–1856 m +), + +O. omeimontis + +(vs. +1050–1800 m +), + +O. popei + +(vs. +1000–2000 m +), + +O. puxiongensis + +(vs. +2600–2900 m +), + +O. rhodostigmatus + +(vs. +700–1790 m +), + +O. schmidti + +(vs. +1700–2400 m +), and + +O. sterlingae + +(vs. +2900 m +). + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet “ yanyuan ” refers to the type locality of the species, Yanyuan County, +Sichuan Province +. We suggested the common name as “ Yanyuan toothed toad ”, and the Chinese name as “ Yan Yuan Chi Chan (盐源齿蟾) ”. + + + + +Distribution and ecology. + + + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +is currently only known from the type locality, Shuhe town, Yanyuan county, +Sichuan Prov. +, +China +at elevations of +3000–3200 m +. The new species inhabits subtropical alpine scrub and swamp, and was found in small montane streams (Fig. +7 +). The breeding season is currently uncertain; it is speculated that it breeds in April or May based on the tadpole development stage. Four sympatric amphibian species ( + +Bombina maxima +Boulenger, 1905 + +( +Boulenger 1905 +), + +Rana chaochiaoensis +Liu, 1946 + +( +Liu 1946 +), + +Panophrys binchuanensis +Ye & Fei, 1995 + +( +Ye and Fei 1995 +) and + +Nanorana sichuanensis +Dubois, 1987 + +( +Dubois 1987 +“ 1986 ” )) were found in the same habitat. + + + + + + +Habitats of + +Oreolalax yanyuanensis + +sp. nov. +in southeastern Hengduan Mountains region, Sichuan Province, China +A, B, C +adults’ habitats +D +tadpoles’ habitat. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file